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Gonçalves LDS, Rusch G, Alves AG, Krüger LD, Paim MP, Martins CC, da Motta KP, Neto JSS, Luchese C, Wilhelm EA, Brüning CA, Bortolatto CF. Acute 2-phenyl-3-(phenylselanyl)benzofuran treatment reverses the neurobehavioral alterations induced by sleep deprivation in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 226:116339. [PMID: 38848781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental state for maintaining the organism homeostasis. Disruptions in sleep patterns predispose to the appearance of memory impairments and mental disorders, including depression. Recent pre-clinical studies have highlighted the antidepressant-like properties of the synthetic compound 2-phenyl-3-(phenylselanyl)benzofuran (SeBZF1). To further investigate the neuromodulatory effects of SeBZF1, this study aimed to assess its therapeutic efficacy in ameliorating neurobehavioral impairments induced by sleep deprivation (SD) in mice. For this purpose, a method known as multiple platforms over water was used to induce rapid eye movement (REM) SD. Two hours after acute SD (24 h), male Swiss mice received a single treatment of SeBZF1 (5 mg/kg, intragastric route) or fluoxetine (a positive control, 20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal route). Subsequently, behavioral tests were conducted to assess spontaneous motor function (open-field test), depressive-like behavior (tail suspension test), and memory deficits (Y-maze test). Brain structures were utilized to evaluate oxidative stress markers, monoamine oxidase (MAO) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. Our findings revealed that SD animals displayed depressive-like behavior and memory impairments, which were reverted by SeBZF1 and fluoxetine treatments. SeBZF1 also reverted the increase in lipoperoxidation levels and glutathione peroxidase activity in the pre-frontal cortex in mice exposed to SD. Besides, the increase in hippocampal AChE activity induced by SD was overturned by SeBZF1. Lastly, cortical MAO-B activity was reestablished by SeBZF1 in mice that underwent SD. Based on the main findings of this study, it can be inferred that the compound SeBZF1 reverses the neurobehavioral alterations induced by sleep deprivation in male Swiss mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane da Silva Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Neurofarmacologia Molecular (LABIONEM), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Rusch
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Neurofarmacologia Molecular (LABIONEM), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Amália Gonçalves Alves
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Neurofarmacologia Molecular (LABIONEM), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Letícia Devantier Krüger
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Neurofarmacologia Molecular (LABIONEM), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Mariana Parron Paim
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Neurofarmacologia Molecular (LABIONEM), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Carolina Cristóvão Martins
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Ketlyn Pereira da Motta
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Cristiane Luchese
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Ethel Antunes Wilhelm
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - César Augusto Brüning
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Neurofarmacologia Molecular (LABIONEM), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brasil.
| | - Cristiani Folharini Bortolatto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Neurofarmacologia Molecular (LABIONEM), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brasil.
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Słoczyńska K, Orzeł J, Murzyn A, Popiół J, Gunia-Krzyżak A, Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk P, Pękala E. Antidepressant pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems, individual-level ecotoxicological effects: growth, survival and behavior. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 260:106554. [PMID: 37167880 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing consumption of antidepressant pharmaceuticals has resulted in their widespread occurrence in the environment, particularly in waterways with a typical concentration range from ng L-1 to μg L-1. An increasing number of studies have confirmed the ecotoxic potency of antidepressants, not only at high concentrations but also at environmentally relevant levels. The present review covers literature from the last decade on the individual-level ecotoxicological effects of the most commonly used antidepressants, including their impact on behavior, growth, and survival. We focus on the relationship between antidepressants physico-chemical properties and dynamics in the environment. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages of considering behavioral changes as sensitive endpoints in ecotoxicology, as well as some current methodological shortcomings in the field, including low standardization, reproducibility and context-dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Słoczyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Justyna Orzeł
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Murzyn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Popiół
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gunia-Krzyżak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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Szabó ZI, Bartalis-Fábián Á, Tóth G. Simultaneous Determination of Escitalopram Impurities including the R-enantiomer on a Cellulose tris(3,5-Dimethylphenylcarbamate)-Based Chiral Column in Reversed-Phase Mode. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27249022. [PMID: 36558157 PMCID: PMC9783879 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27249022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the related substances-three potential synthesis-related chemical impurities and the distomer-of escitalopram. The separation capacity of seven different polysaccharide-type chiral columns, including three amylose-based (Lux Amylose-1, Lux i-Amylose-1, Lux Amylose-2) and four cellulose-based columns (Lux Cellulose-1, Lux Cellulose-2, Lux Cellulose-3, and Lux Cellulose-4) were screened in the polar organic and reversed-phase modes. Lux Cellulose-1, based on cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) as the chiral selector with an acetonitrile-water mixture containing 0.1% diethylamine was identified as the most promising separation system. Using the "one factor at a time" optimization approach, the effect of column temperature, flow rate, and mobile phase constituents on separation performance was evaluated, and the critical resolution values were determined. A U-shaped retention pattern was obtained when plotting the retention factors of the citalopram enantiomers versus the water content of the binary mobile phases on the Lux Cellulose-1 column. A thermodynamic analysis revealed enthalpy-driven enantioseparation in both the polar organic and reversed-phase modes. For further method optimizations, an L9 orthogonal array table was employed. Using the optimized parameters (Lux Cellulose-1 column with 0.1% (v/v) diethylamine in water/acetonitrile 55/45 (v/v); 0.8 mL/min flow rate at 25 °C), baseline separations were achieved between all compounds. Our newly developed HPLC method was validated according to the ICH guidelines and its application was tested with a commercially available pharmaceutical formulation. The method proved to be suitable for routine quality control of related substances and the enantiomeric purity of escitalopram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán-István Szabó
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry and Management, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Gh. Marinescu 38, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
- Sz-Imfidum Ltd., Lunga nr. 504, 525401 Covasna, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-744231522
| | - Ágnes Bartalis-Fábián
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry and Management, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Gh. Marinescu 38, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
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Kumari Rayala VVSP, Kandula JS, P R. Advances and challenges in the pharmacokinetics and bioanalysis of chiral drugs. Chirality 2022; 34:1298-1310. [PMID: 35883279 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective analytical approaches are essential for monitoring pharmacokinetics and acquiring accurate data to better understand the role of stereochemistry in pharmacokinetics. Enantioselectivity significantly impacts the pharmacokinetics of chiral drugs, especially in metabolic profile, leading to toxicity of enantiomer. Consequently, there is a need to study the pharmacokinetics of enantiomerically pure drugs and racemates as they differ in affinity with enzymes and proteins. Combining the best enantioseparation conditions with the specified biological matrix and the intended purpose of the analysis is a challenging task. This review discusses the importance of chirality in stereoselective pharmacokinetics with more relevant examples, various enantioselective analytical techniques, and stationary phases employed. Challenges such as lack of universal chiral columns, biological inversion of the isomers, and others have been discussed. Further presented the recent advances in the screening of chiral drugs and innovative improvements in the analytical approaches for chiral molecule analysis such as supercritical fluid chromatography, simulated moving bed chromatography, and other techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V S Prasanna Kumari Rayala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Jony Susanna Kandula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Radhakrishnanand P
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
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Rygaard K, Nielsen MKK, Linnet K, Banner J, Johansen SS. Concentrations of citalopram and escitalopram in postmortem hair segments. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 336:111349. [PMID: 35660811 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Hair analysis can provide information regarding previous drug intake and use patterns, as the drugs consumed are incorporated into the hair. Therefore, reference values for drugs in hair are valuable in forensic investigations, especially when evaluating drug intake and assessing drug tolerance. The aim of the study was to determine concentrations of citalopram, escitalopram, and their primary metabolites in hair segments from deceased individuals with mental illness. Concentrations in up to six months prior to death were evaluated and compared with the estimated daily doses. Hair samples collected from 47 deceased individuals, were segmented in one to six 1 cm segments, and extracted overnight in medium. The concentrations in hair were quantified via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Following this quantification, the extracts were reanalyzed qualitatively using a chiral method to distinguish between citalopram and escitalopram intake. We found hair concentrations (10-90 percentile (perc.)) of citalopram from 0.12 to 67 ng/mg with a median of 8.2 ng/mg (N = 40 individuals, n = 182 segments) and of escitalopram from 0.027 to 7.0 ng/mg with a median of 3.9 ng/mg (N = 4, n = 23). The metabolite-to-drug ratios in hair (10-90 perc.) of citalopram were 0.091-0.57 with a median of 0.30 (N = 39) and of escitalopram were 0.053-0.63 with a median of 0.41 (N = 3). No correlations were found between concentrations in the hair and the estimated daily dose. However, our results indicate higher concentrations in dark hair compared to light hair, given the estimated doses, and thus an influence of hair color on the results. A significant positive correlation was found between the concentration of citalopram in the proximal segment and the blood concentrations. The median R/S-ratio of citalopram in hair was 1.5 and was similar to previously reported ratios in blood. In the present study, we report concentrations of citalopram and escitalopram in postmortem hair and their relation to an estimated daily dose and thus contribute valuable information in forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rygaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark.
| | - Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Jytte Banner
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, DK-2100, Denmark
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Vashistha VK, Sethi S, Tyagi I, Das DK. Chirality of antidepressive drugs: an overview of stereoselectivity. ASIAN BIOMED 2022; 16:55-69. [PMID: 37551287 PMCID: PMC10321182 DOI: 10.2478/abm-2022-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stereochemistry plays an important role in drug design because the enantiomers of a drug frequently vary in their biological action and pharmacokinetic profiles. Racemates of a drug with either an inactive or an unsafe enantiomer can lead to detrimental effects. The manufacturing industry may still produce racemates, but such decisions must pass through rigorous analyses of the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the particular enantiomer related to the racemates. The pharmacokinetics of antidepressants or antidepressive agents is stereoselective and predominantly favors one enantiomer. The use of pure enantiomers offers (i) better specificity than the racemates in terms of certain pharmacological actions, (ii) enhanced clinical indications, and (iii) optimized pharmacokinetics. Therefore, controlling the stereoselectivity in the pharmacokinetics of antidepressive drugs is of critical importance in dealing with depression and psychiatric conditions. The objective of this review is to highlight the importance of the stereochemistry of antidepressants in the context of the design and development of new chirally pure pharmaceuticals, the potential complications caused by using racemates, and the benefits of using pure enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonika Sethi
- Department of Chemistry, GD Goenka University, Gurgaon, Haryana122103, India
| | - Inderjeet Tyagi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, Kolkata700053, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Das
- Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh281406, India
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Stereoselective enrichment and determination of citalopram enantiomers by cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping coupled with cyclodextrin modified electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1669:462951. [PMID: 35303575 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An highly sensitive, rapid and enantioselective method was developed for the enantioseparation and determination of citalopram enantiomers by cation selective exhaustive injection-sweeping-cyclodextrin modified electrokinetic chromatography (CSEI-sweeping-CDEKC). The optimized conditions were: 50 mM pH 3.0 phosphate solution with 25 mg·mL-1 S-β-CD used as background buffer, 50 mbar 300 s hydrodynamical injection of 150 mM pH 3.0 NaH2PO4 buffer followed with 5 s water plug, 10 kV 600 s electrokinetic sample injection, -20 kV CDEKC run. Under the optimized conditions, the resolution was Rs=8.04, the enrichment factor as up to 2163 folds, the LOD values were: 3.6 ng·mL-1 for R-citalopram, 4.1 ng·mL-1 for S-citalopram, and 3 ng·mL-1 for both enantiomers in plasma samples. This new method showed good precision, repeatability and stability, which had been successfully applied to the impurity inspection of escitalopram oxalate and the stereoselective pharmacokinetic study of citalopram enantiomers.
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Chen L, Wang J, Xu T, Feng X, Huang C, Shen X. Recent sample pretreatment methods for determination of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 206:114364. [PMID: 34543943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine (FLU), sertraline (SER), paroxetine (PAR), fluvoxamine (FLV) and citalopram (CIT) have been the first treatment drugs for pregnant and breastfeeding women. Quantitative analysis of SSRIs in biological samples is extremely needed in public health and clinical practice. During the analysis, sample pretreatment is an important step that can obtain an accurate quantitative analysis of SSRIs in the complex samples. The present paper discussed the recent development of sample preparation methods for SSRI analysis. Traditional sample preparation techniques such as liquid liquid extraction (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE), which have been widely used in the separation of SSRIs in biological samples, were extensively presented. Moreover, the new sample preparation techniques including liquid phase microextraction (LPME), solid phase microextraction (SPME), electromembrane extraction (EME) and other miniaturized extraction techniques, which are becoming highly popular in SSRI analysis, were also critically reviewed. In this review, both the advantages and disadvantages of these sample pretreatment methods were addressed. As a summary, we prospected the challenges and promising directions for the future of sample pretreatment methods in SSRI analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Tyllis Xu
- Shanghai American School, 258 Jinfeng Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 201107, China; Wuhan Egaotech Company Lmt., 9F, Building 3, Science and Technolge new energy Base, East Lake High-Tech District, Wuhan 430075, China
| | - Xinrui Feng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chuixiu Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiantao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Coelho MM, Fernandes C, Remião F, Tiritan ME. Enantioselectivity in Drug Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity: Pharmacological Relevance and Analytical Methods. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113113. [PMID: 34070985 PMCID: PMC8197169 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes, receptors, and other binding molecules in biological processes can recognize enantiomers as different molecular entities, due to their different dissociation constants, leading to diverse responses in biological processes. Enantioselectivity can be observed in drugs pharmacodynamics and in pharmacokinetic (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), especially in metabolic profile and in toxicity mechanisms. The stereoisomers of a drug can undergo to different metabolic pathways due to different enzyme systems, resulting in different types and/or number of metabolites. The configuration of enantiomers can cause unexpected effects, related to changes as unidirectional or bidirectional inversion that can occur during pharmacokinetic processes. The choice of models for pharmacokinetic studies as well as the subsequent data interpretation must also be aware of genetic factors (such as polymorphic metabolic enzymes), sex, patient age, hepatic diseases, and drug interactions. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of a racemate or an enantiomerically pure drug are not equal and need to be studied. Enantioselective analytical methods are crucial to monitor pharmacokinetic events and for acquisition of accurate data to better understand the role of the stereochemistry in pharmacokinetics and toxicity. The complexity of merging the best enantioseparation conditions with the selected sample matrix and the intended goal of the analysis is a challenge task. The data gathered in this review intend to reinforce the importance of the enantioselectivity in pharmacokinetic processes and reunite innovative enantioselective analytical methods applied in pharmacokinetic studies. An assorted variety of methods are herein briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Miguel Coelho
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.C.); (C.F.)
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.C.); (C.F.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas (UCIBIO)-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.C.); (C.F.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Dindar ÇK, Erkmen C, Yıldırım S, Bozal-Palabiyik B, Uslu B. Interaction of citalopram and escitalopram with calf Thymus DNA: A spectrofluorometric, voltammetric, and liquid chromatographic approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 195:113891. [PMID: 33422834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Citalopram (CIT) and its S-enantiomer, escitalopram (ESC), are antidepressants belonging to the class called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and have many different pharmacological and biological properties. Understanding the interaction mechanism of small drug molecules with DNA both helps in the development of new DNA-targeted drugs and provides more in-depth knowledge for controlling gene expression. In this study, the interaction of CIT and ESC with double-stranded calf thymus DNA (ct-dsDNA) was investigated for the first time. Spectrofluorometric, liquid chromatographic, and voltammetric response profiles of drugs and ct-dsDNA at different concentrations showed DNA-drug complex formation. Calculated binding constants were greater with all three techniques for ESC compared to CIT and were of the order of 103-104, which is in accordance with those of well-known groove binders. The results also showed the significant effect of chirality on complex formation. The thermodynamic parameters, including free energy change (ΔG < 0) and enthalpy change (ΔH < 0) obtained at different temperatures, indicated that complex formation was mainly driven by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces for both drugs. The results of this study may enhance the understanding of the interaction between CIT or ESC and ct-dsDNA and can be considered as the pioneer for future studies to uncover possible hidden phenotypes of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çiğdem Kanbeş Dindar
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cem Erkmen
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sercan Yıldırım
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Burcin Bozal-Palabiyik
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bengi Uslu
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560, Ankara, Turkey.
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