1
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Scriba GKE. Update on chiral recognition mechanisms in separation science. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400148. [PMID: 38772711 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The stereospecific analysis of chiral molecules is an important issue in many scientific fields. In separation sciences, this is achieved via the formation of transient diastereomeric complexes between a chiral selector and the selectand enantiomers driven by molecular interactions including electrostatic, ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, van der Waals or π-π interactions as well as hydrogen or halogen bonds depending on the nature of selector and selectand. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and molecular modeling methods are currently the most frequently applied techniques to understand the selector-selectand interactions at a molecular level and to draw conclusions on the chiral separation mechanism. The present short review summarizes some of the recent achievements for the understanding of the chiral recognition of the most important chiral selectors combining separation techniques with molecular modeling and/or spectroscopic techniques dating between 2020 and early 2024. The selectors include polysaccharide derivatives, cyclodextrins, macrocyclic glycopeptides, proteins, donor-acceptor type selectors, ion-exchangers, crown ethers, and molecular micelles. The application of chiral ionic liquids and chiral deep eutectic solvents, as well as further selectors, are also briefly addressed. A compilation of all published literature on chiral selectors has not been attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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2
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Ali I, Nabti R, Belboukhari N, Sekkoum K, Zaid MEA, Kraim K, ALOthman ZA, Locatelli M, Demir E. Enantiomeric separation of thiourea derivatives of naringenin on amylose and cellulose polymeric chromatographic chiral columns. Chirality 2024; 36:e23659. [PMID: 38445305 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Due to a great demand for amylose and cellulose polymeric chromatographic chiral columns, the enantiomeric separation of thiourea derivatives of naringenin was achieved on the different amylose (Chiralpak-IB) and cellulose chiral (Chiralcel-OJ and Chiralcel-OD-3R) columns with varied chromatographic conditions. The isocratic mobile phases used were ethanol and methanol, where ethanol/hexane and methanol/hexane were used as gradient mode and were prepared in volume/volume relation. The separation and resolution factors for all the enantiomers were in the range of 1.25 to 3.47 and 0.48 to 1.75, respectively. The enantiomeric resolution was obtained within 12 min making fast separation. The docking studies confirmed the chiral recognition mechanisms with binding affinities in the range of -4.7 to -5.7 kcal/mol. The reported compounds have good anticoagulant activities and may be used as anticoagulants in the future. Besides, chiral separation is fast and is useful for enantiomeric separation in any laboratory in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Rekia Nabti
- Bioactive Molecules and Chiral Separation Laboratory, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tahri Mohammed's University, Béchar, Algeria
| | - Nasser Belboukhari
- Bioactive Molecules and Chiral Separation Laboratory, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tahri Mohammed's University, Béchar, Algeria
| | - Khaled Sekkoum
- Bioactive Molecules and Chiral Separation Laboratory, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tahri Mohammed's University, Béchar, Algeria
| | - Mohammed El Amin Zaid
- Bioactive Molecules and Chiral Separation Laboratory, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tahri Mohammed's University, Béchar, Algeria
| | - Khairedine Kraim
- Higher Normal School of Technological Education of Skikda (ENSET), Skikda, Algeria
| | - Zeid A ALOthman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ersin Demir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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3
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Yang S, Li X. Vibrational circular dichroism study and gas chromatographic analysis of chiral epichlorohydrin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123237. [PMID: 37598448 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been numerous incidents of serious accidents related to impurities of optical isomers, particularly in pharmaceutical treatment, environmental problems, and pesticide application. Among these impurities, chiral epichlorohydrin (ECH) is an important C3 synthon and a potentially genotoxic impurity. The enantiopure forms of S-ECH and R-ECH are key raw materials for synthesizing many drugs, which make it important to accurately quantify the specific conformation of chiral epichlorohydrin in pharmaceuticals. In this paper, we achieved the separation of chiral ECH by gas chromatography (GC) and based on the combination of vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) experiments and theoretical calculations, the qualitative method of chiral ECH was achieved without relying on a single enantiomeric standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| | - Xiangjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
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Ibrahim AE, El Gohary NA, Aboushady D, Samir L, Karim SEA, Herz M, Salman BI, Al-Harrasi A, Hanafi R, El Deeb S. Recent advances in chiral selectors immobilization and chiral mobile phase additives in liquid chromatographic enantio-separations: A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464214. [PMID: 37506464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
For decades now, the separation of chiral enantiomers of drugs has been gaining the interest and attention of researchers. In 1991, the first guidelines for development of chiral drugs were firstly released by the US-FDA. Since then, the development in chromatographic enantioseparation tools has been fast and variable, aiming at creating a suitable environment where the physically and chemically identical enantiomers can be separated. Among those tools, the immobilization of chiral selectors (CS) on different stationary phases and the chiral mobile phase additives (CMPA) which have been progressed and studied extensively. This review article highlights the major advances in immobilization of CS together with their different recognition mechanisms as well as CMPA as a cheaper and successful alternative for chiral stationary phases. Moreover, the role of molecular modeling tool as a pre-step in the choice of CS for evaluating possible interactions with different ligands has been pointed up. Illustrations of reported methods and updates for immobilized CS and CMPA have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said 42511, Egypt; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Nesrine Abdelrehim El Gohary
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Dina Aboushady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Liza Samir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shereen Ekram Abdel Karim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Magy Herz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Baher I Salman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rasha Hanafi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38092, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Fouad A, El-Sayed DH, Salman BE, Bakr HH, Adel SE, Alzarak TM, Mahmoud A. Macrocyclic Antibiotics as Effective Chiral Selectors in Liquid Chromatography for Enantiomeric Separation of Pharmaceutical Compounds: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37342891 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2224442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Chiral separation techniques play a crucial role in the pharmaceutical industry, where the enantiomeric purity of drugs can have a significant impact on their efficacy and safety. Macrocyclic antibiotics are highly effective chiral selectors used in various chiral separation techniques, including LC, HPLC, SMB, and TLC, offering reproducible results and a wide range of applications. However, developing robust and efficient immobilization mechanisms for these chiral selectors remains a challenge. This review article focuses on various immobilization approaches, such as immobilization, coating, encapsulation, and photosynthesis, that have been applied to immobilize macrocyclic antibiotics on their support. Commercially available macrocyclic antibiotics for conventional liquid chromatography include Vancomycin, Norvancomycin, Eremomycin, Teicoplanin, Ristocetin A, Rifamycin, Avoparcin, Bacitracin, and others. In addition, capillary (nano) liquid chromatography has also been used in chiral separation utilizing Vancomycin, Polymyxin B, Daptomycin, and Colistin Sulfate. Macrocyclic antibiotic-based CSPs have been extensively applied due to their reproducible results, ease of use, and broad range of applications, capable of separating a large number of racemates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Fouad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | | | - Hanan H Bakr
- Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Shahd E Adel
- Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Abdelrahman Mahmoud
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
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6
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Dombi G, Horváth P, Fiser B, Mirzahosseini A, Dobó M, Szabó ZI, Tóth G. Enantioselective Human Serum Albumin Binding of Apremilast: Liquid Chromatographic, Fluorescence and Molecular Docking Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032168. [PMID: 36768492 PMCID: PMC9916978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between human serum albumin (HSA) and apremilast (APR), a novel antipsoriatic drug, was characterized by multimodal analytical techniques including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking for the first time. Using an HSA chiral stationary phase, the APR enantiomers were well separated, indicating enantioselective binding between the protein and the analytes. The influence of chromatographic parameters-type and concentration of the organic modifier, buffer type, pH, ionic strength of the mobile phase, flow rate and column temperature-on the chromatographic responses (retention factor and selectivity) was analyzed in detail. The results revealed that the eutomer S-APR bound to the protein to a greater extent than the antipode. The classical van 't Hoff method was applied for thermodynamic analysis, which indicated that the enantioseparation was enthalpy-controlled. The stability constants of the protein-enantiomer complexes, determined by fluorescence spectroscopy, were in accordance with the elution order observed in HPLC (KR-APR-HSA = 6.45 × 103 M-1, KS-APR-HSA = 1.04 × 104 M-1), showing that, indeed, the later-eluting S-APR displayed a stronger binding with HSA. Molecular docking was applied to study and analyze the interactions between HSA and the APR enantiomers at the atomic level. It was revealed that the most favored APR binding occurred at the border between domains I and II of HSA, and secondary interactions were responsible for the different binding strengths of the enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Dombi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Horváth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Fiser
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, Egyetemváros, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Ferenc Rakoczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian College of Higher Education, Transcarpathia, 90200 Beregszasz, Ukraine
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 90-149 Łódź, Poland
| | - Arash Mirzahosseini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Dobó
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán-István Szabó
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry and Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Sz-imfidum Ltd., 525401 Lunga, Romania
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Peluso P, Chankvetadze B. Recognition in the Domain of Molecular Chirality: From Noncovalent Interactions to Separation of Enantiomers. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13235-13400. [PMID: 35917234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is not a coincidence that both chirality and noncovalent interactions are ubiquitous in nature and synthetic molecular systems. Noncovalent interactivity between chiral molecules underlies enantioselective recognition as a fundamental phenomenon regulating life and human activities. Thus, noncovalent interactions represent the narrative thread of a fascinating story which goes across several disciplines of medical, chemical, physical, biological, and other natural sciences. This review has been conceived with the awareness that a modern attitude toward molecular chirality and its consequences needs to be founded on multidisciplinary approaches to disclose the molecular basis of essential enantioselective phenomena in the domain of chemical, physical, and life sciences. With the primary aim of discussing this topic in an integrated way, a comprehensive pool of rational and systematic multidisciplinary information is provided, which concerns the fundamentals of chirality, a description of noncovalent interactions, and their implications in enantioselective processes occurring in different contexts. A specific focus is devoted to enantioselection in chromatography and electromigration techniques because of their unique feature as "multistep" processes. A second motivation for writing this review is to make a clear statement about the state of the art, the tools we have at our disposal, and what is still missing to fully understand the mechanisms underlying enantioselective recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB, CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Li Punti, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Avenue 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
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8
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Varfaj I, Pershina MV, Stepanova MV, Sardella R, Asnin LD, Carotti A. Elucidation of retention mechanism of dipeptides on a ristocetin A-based chiral stationary phase using a combination of chromatographic and molecular simulation techniques. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1675:463158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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De Gauquier P, Vanommeslaeghe K, Heyden YV, Mangelings D. Modelling approaches for chiral chromatography on polysaccharide-based and macrocyclic antibiotic chiral selectors: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1198:338861. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Zhu Y, Zhang H, Ma S, Miao L, Jin G, Li J, Nuerkaman T, Sun Q, Liu Y, Yin S. Stereoselective quantitative analysis of ranolazine in plasma and tissue samples: application in pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution studies. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02302d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a rapid and sensitive reversed-phase mode high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization coupled with a tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of ranolazine enantiomers in rat plasma and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Siman Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Lizhi Miao
- Safety Evaluation Center of Shenyang SYRICI Testing Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110141, China
| | - Ge Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- School of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tohutanguli Nuerkaman
- School of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qiruo Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, China
| | - Shiliang Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, China
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Li M, Jiang Z, Guo X, Di X, Yu J. Enantioseparation and modelling study of six proton pump inhibitors on a novel 3, 5-dichloro-phenylcarbamated β-cyclodextrin chemically bonded chiral stationary phase by high performance liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Sui X, Guan J, Li X, Gu L, Yan F, Shi S, Zhang D. Preparation of a polydopamine/β-cyclodextrin coated open tubular capillary electrochromatography column and application for enantioseparation of five proton pump inhibitors. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3295-3304. [PMID: 34185396 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An open tubular capillary electrochromatography column was prepared by immobilizing β-cyclodextrin on the inner wall of pretreated capillary via noncovalent adsorption of polydopamine. The resulting coating layer on the capillary was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Electroosmotic flow was studied to evaluate the variation of the immobilized columns. The prepared columns showed good chiral separation performance toward five proton pump inhibitors including lansoprazole, pantoprazole, tenatoprazole, rabeprazole, and omeprazole. The influences of β-cyclodextrin concentration, coating time, buffer pH, buffer concentration, and applied voltage on separation were investigated. In the optimum conditions, the enantiomers of five analytes were fully resolved within 15 min with high resolutions of 4.57 to 8.13. The method was extensively validated in terms of accuracy, precision, and linearity and proved to be robust. The relative standard deviation values for migration times and peak areas of the analytes representing intraday and interday were less than 1.9 and 3.6%, respectively. Further, the polydopamine/β-cyclodextrin coated capillary column could be successively used over 100 runs without showing significant decrease in the separation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyu Sui
- School of Chemical Technology, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China
| | - Jin Guan
- School of Chemical Technology, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Chemical Technology, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China
| | - Lei Gu
- School of Chemical Technology, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- School of Chemical Technology, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Shi
- School of Chemical Technology, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China
| | - Dongxiang Zhang
- School of Chemical Technology, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China
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Berkecz R, Tanács D, Péter A, Ilisz I. Enantioselective Liquid Chromatographic Separations Using Macrocyclic Glycopeptide-Based Chiral Selectors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113380. [PMID: 34205002 PMCID: PMC8199854 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous chemical compounds of high practical importance, such as drugs, fertilizers, and food additives are being commercialized as racemic mixtures, although in most cases only one of the isomers possesses the desirable properties. As our understanding of the biological actions of chiral compounds has improved, the investigation of the pharmacological and toxicological properties has become more and more important. Chirality has become a major issue in the pharmaceutical industry; therefore, there is a continuous demand to extend the available analytical methods for enantiomeric separations and enhance their efficiency. Direct liquid chromatography methods based on the application of chiral stationary phases have become a very sophisticated field of enantiomeric separations by now. Hundreds of chiral stationary phases have been commercialized so far. Among these, macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral selectors have proved to be an exceptionally useful class of chiral selectors for the separation of enantiomers of biological and pharmacological importance. This review focuses on direct liquid chromatography-based enantiomer separations, applying macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral selectors. Special attention is paid to the characterization of the physico-chemical properties of these macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotics providing detailed information on their applications published recently.
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Papp LA, Hancu G, Kelemen H, Tóth G. Chiral separation in the class of proton pump inhibitors by chromatographic and electromigration techniques: An overview. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1761-1789. [PMID: 34004039 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are benzimidazole-derivative chiral sulfoxides, frequently used in the treatment of gastric hyperacidity-related disorders. Due to their stereoselective metabolism, the eutomeric forms of PPIs can present a more advantageous pharmacokinetic profile by comparison with the distomers or racemates. Moreover, two representatives of the class are used in therapy both as racemates and as pure enantiomers (esomeprazole, dexlansoprazole). A relatively large number of enantioseparation methods employed for the stereoselective determination of PPIs from pharmaceutical, biological, and environmental matrices were published in the past three decades. The purpose of the current overview is to provide a systematic survey of the available chiral separation methods published since the introduction of PPIs in the therapy up to the present. Analytical and bioanalytical methods using different chromatographic and electromigration techniques reported for the enantioseparation of omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, ilaprazole, and tenatoprazole are included. The analytical conditions of the presented methods are summarized in three comprehensive tables, while a critical discussion of the applied techniques, possible mechanism of enantiorecognition, and future perspectives on the topic are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Attila Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Hajnal Kelemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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