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Kitzmann WR, Freudenthal J, Reponen APM, VanOrman ZA, Feldmann S. Fundamentals, Advances, and Artifacts in Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) Spectroscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302279. [PMID: 37658497 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Objects are chiral when they cannot be superimposed with their mirror image. Materials can emit chiral light with an excess of right- or left-handed circular polarization. This circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is key to promising future applications, such as highly efficient displays, holography, sensing, enantiospecific discrimination, synthesis of drugs, quantum computing, and cryptography. Here, a practical guide to CPL spectroscopy is provided. First, the fundamentals of the technique are laid out and a detailed account of recent experimental advances to achieve highly sensitive and accurate measurements is given, including all corrections required to obtain reliable results. Then the most common artifacts and pitfalls are discussed, especially for the study of thin films, for example, based on molecules, polymers, or halide perovskites, as opposed to dilute solutions of emitters. To facilitate the adoption by others, custom operating software is made publicly available, equipping the reader with the tools needed for successful and accurate CPL determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winald R Kitzmann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55122, Mainz, Germany
- Rowland Institute, Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - John Freudenthal
- Hinds Instruments Inc., 7245 NE Evergreen Parkway, Hillsboro, OR, 97124, USA
| | - Antti-Pekka M Reponen
- Rowland Institute, Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Zachary A VanOrman
- Rowland Institute, Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sascha Feldmann
- Rowland Institute, Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
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2
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Climent C, Schelter EJ, Waldeck DH, Vinogradov SA, Subotnik JE. On the circularly polarized luminescence of individual triplet sublevels. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:134304. [PMID: 37791627 DOI: 10.1063/5.0159932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We discuss the possibility of using circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) as a tool to probe individual triplet spin sublevels that are populated nonadiabatically following photoexcitation. This study is motivated by a mechanism proposed for chirality-induced spin selectivity in which coupled electronic-nuclear dynamics may lead to a non-statistical population of the three triplet sublevels in chiral systems. We find that low-temperature CPL should aid in quantifying the exact spin state/s populated through coupled electronic-nuclear motion in chiral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clàudia Climent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Eric J Schelter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - David H Waldeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Sergei A Vinogradov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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3
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Li P, Guo Y, Liu A, Yue X, Yuan T, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Li F. Deterministic Relation between Optical Polarization and Lattice Symmetry Revealed in Ion-Doped Single Microcrystals. ACS NANO 2022; 16:9535-9545. [PMID: 35579446 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rare-earth ion doped crystals are of great significance for microsensing and quantum information, while the ions in the crystals emit light with spontaneous partial polarization, which is, though believed to be originated from the crystal lattice structure, still lacking a deterministic explanation that can be tested with quantitative accuracy. We report experimental evidence showing the profound physical relation between the polarization degree of light emitted by the doped ion and the lattice symmetry by demonstrating, with high precision, that the lattice constant ratio c/a directly quantifies the macroscopic effective polar angle of the electric and magnetic dipoles, which essentially determines the linear polarization degree of the emission. Based on this result, we further propose a pure optical technology to identify the three-dimensional orientation of a rod-shaped single microcrystal using the polarization-resolved microspectroscopy. Our results, demonstrating the physical origin of light polarization in ion-doped crystals, allow work toward on-demand polarization control with crystallography and provide a versatile platform for polarization-based microscale sensing in dynamical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Ao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yue
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Taoli Yuan
- School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Jingping Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
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Schwartz G, Hananel U, Avram L, Goldbourt A, Markovich G. A Kinetic Isotope Effect in the Formation of Lanthanide Phosphate Nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9451-9457. [PMID: 35594149 PMCID: PMC9189826 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Mechanisms of nucleation and growth
of crystals are still attracting
a great deal of interest, in particular with recent advances in experimental
techniques aimed at studying such phenomena. Studies of kinetic isotope
effects in various reactions have been useful for elucidating reaction
mechanisms, and it is believed that the same may apply for crystal
formation kinetics. In this work, we present a kinetic study of the
formation of europium-doped terbium phosphate nanocrystals under acidic
conditions, including a strong H/D isotope effect. The nanocrystal
growth process could be quantitatively followed through monitoring
of the europium luminescence intensity. Hence, such lanthanide-based
nanocrystals may serve as unique model systems for studying crystal
nucleation and growth mechanisms. By combining the luminescence and
NMR kinetics data, we conclude that the observed delayed nucleation
occurs due to initial formation of pre-nucleation clusters or polymers
of the lanthanide and phosphate ions, which undergo a phase transformation
to crystal nuclei and further grow by cluster attachment. A scaling
behavior observed on comparison of the H2O and D2O-based pre-nucleation and nanocrystal growth kinetics led us to
conclude that both pre-nucleation and nanocrystal growth processes
are of similar chemical nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Schwartz
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Uri Hananel
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Liat Avram
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Amir Goldbourt
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Gil Markovich
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Yu M, Liu C, Zhao Y, Li S, Yu Y, Lv J, Chen L, Jiang F, Hong M. White‐Light Emission and Circularly Polarized Luminescence from a Chiral Copper(I) Coordination Polymer through Symmetry‐Breaking Crystallization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201590. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mu‐Xin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- Organic Optoelectronics Engineering Research Center of Fujian's Universities College of Electronics and Information Science Fujian Jiangxia University Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
| | - Cai‐Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Yun‐Fang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Sheng‐Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Yun‐Long Yu
- Organic Optoelectronics Engineering Research Center of Fujian's Universities College of Electronics and Information Science Fujian Jiangxia University Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
| | - Jiang‐Quan Lv
- Organic Optoelectronics Engineering Research Center of Fujian's Universities College of Electronics and Information Science Fujian Jiangxia University Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
| | - Lian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Fei‐Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Mao‐Chun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
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6
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Yu M, Liu C, Zhao Y, Li S, Yu Y, Lv J, Chen L, Jiang F, Hong M. White‐Light Emission and Circularly Polarized Luminescence from a Chiral Copper(I) Coordination Polymer through Symmetry‐Breaking Crystallization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mu‐Xin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- Organic Optoelectronics Engineering Research Center of Fujian's Universities College of Electronics and Information Science Fujian Jiangxia University Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
| | - Cai‐Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Yun‐Fang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Sheng‐Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Yun‐Long Yu
- Organic Optoelectronics Engineering Research Center of Fujian's Universities College of Electronics and Information Science Fujian Jiangxia University Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
| | - Jiang‐Quan Lv
- Organic Optoelectronics Engineering Research Center of Fujian's Universities College of Electronics and Information Science Fujian Jiangxia University Fuzhou Fujian 350108 China
| | - Lian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Fei‐Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Mao‐Chun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
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7
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Meskers SCJ. Circular Polarization of Luminescence as a Tool To Study Molecular Dynamical Processes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan C. J. Meskers
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. box 513 (STW 4.37) NL 5600 MB Eindhoven Netherlands
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