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Shvydkiv O, Jähnisch K, Steinfeldt N, Yavorskyy A, Oelgemöller M. Visible-light photooxygenation of α-terpinene in a falling film microreactor. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Oelgemöller M, Hoffmann N. Studies in organic and physical photochemistry - an interdisciplinary approach. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:7392-442. [PMID: 27381273 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00842a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, organic photochemistry when applied to synthesis strongly interacts with physical chemistry. The aim of this review is to illustrate this very fruitful interdisciplinary approach and cooperation. A profound understanding of the photochemical reactivity and reaction mechanisms is particularly helpful for optimization and application of these reactions. Some typical reactions and particular aspects are reported such as the Norrish-Type II reaction and the Yang cyclization and related transformations, the [2 + 2] photocycloadditions, particularly the Paternò-Büchi reaction, photochemical electron transfer induced transformations, different kinds of catalytic reactions such as photoredox catalysis for organic synthesis and photooxygenation are discussed. Particular aspects such as the structure and reactivity of aryl cations, photochemical reactions in the crystalline state, chiral memory, different mechanisms of hydrogen transfer in photochemical reactions or fundamental aspects of stereoselectivity are discussed. Photochemical reactions are also investigated in the context of chemical engineering. Particularly, continuous flow reactors are of interest. Novel reactor systems are developed and modeling of photochemical transformations and different reactors play a key role in such studies. This research domain builds a bridge between fundamental studies of organic photochemical reactions and their industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oelgemöller
- James Cook University, College of Science and Engineering, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini A. Ghogare
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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Rehm TH. Photochemical Fluorination Reactions - A Promising Research Field for Continuous-Flow Synthesis. Chem Eng Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201500195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J. Mallia
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1
3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Baxendale
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1
3LE, United Kingdom
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Yoon TP. Visible Light Photocatalysis: The Development of Photocatalytic Radical Ion Cycloadditions. ACS Catal 2013; 3:895-902. [PMID: 23691491 DOI: 10.1021/cs400088e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photochemistry has the potential to significantly impact multiple aspects of chemical synthesis, in part because photoinduced reactions can be used to construct molecular architectures that would otherwise be difficult to produce. Nevertheless, organic chemists have been slow to embrace photochemical synthesis because of technical complications associated with the use of ultraviolet light. Our laboratory has been part of an effort to design synthetically useful reactions that utilize visible light. This strategy enables the synthesis of a diverse range of organic structures by generation of a variety of reactive intermediates under exceptionally mild conditions. This Perspective article describes the reasoning that led to the conception of our first experiments in this area, the features of our reaction design that have been most powerful in the discovery of new processes, and a few of the possible future areas in which visible light photocatalysis might have a large impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehshik P. Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue,
Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Knowles JP, Elliott LD, Booker-Milburn KI. Flow photochemistry: Old light through new windows. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:2025-52. [PMID: 23209538 PMCID: PMC3511038 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic photochemistry carried out in classic batch reactors has, for over half a century, proved to be a powerful but under-utilised technique in general organic synthesis. Recent developments in flow photochemistry have the potential to allow this technique to be applied in a more mainstream setting. This review highlights the use of flow reactors in organic photochemistry, allowing a comparison of the various reactor types to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Knowles
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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Shvydkiv O, Limburg C, Nolan K, Oelgemöller M. Synthesis of Juglone (5-Hydroxy-1,4-Naphthoquinone) in a Falling Film Microreactor. J Flow Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jfchem.2012.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wegner J, Ceylan S, Kirschning A. Flow Chemistry – A Key Enabling Technology for (Multistep) Organic Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Wegner
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, D‐30167 Hannover, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐3011; phone: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐4612
| | - Sascha Ceylan
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, D‐30167 Hannover, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐3011; phone: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐4612
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, D‐30167 Hannover, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐3011; phone: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐4612
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Murray PR, Crawford S, Dawson A, Delf A, Findlay C, Jack L, McInnes EJL, Al-Musharafi S, Nichol GS, Oswald I, Yellowlees LJ. On the electronic structure of nitro-substituted bipyridines and their platinum complexes. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:201-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11456e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Shvydkiv O, Yavorskyy A, Tan SB, Nolan K, Hoffmann N, Youssef A, Oelgemöller M. Microphotochemistry: a reactor comparison study using the photosensitized addition of isopropanol to furanones as a model reaction. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1399-404. [PMID: 21336374 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three types of micro-photoreactor setups were investigated using DMBP-sensitized additions of isopropanol to furanones as model reactions. The results were compared to experiments using a conventional batch reactor. Based on conversion rates, reactor geometries and energy efficiency calculations the microsystems showed superior performances over the batch process. Of the three micro setups examined, the LED-driven microchip gave the best overall results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Shvydkiv
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Ireland
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Shvydkiv O, Yavorskyy A, Nolan K, Youssef A, Riguet E, Hoffmann N, Oelgemöller M. Photosensitized addition of isopropanol to furanones in a 365 nm UV-LED microchip. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:1601-3. [PMID: 20931135 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00223b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The DMBP-sensitized addition of isopropanol to furanones was studied in a novel LED-driven microchip reactor. Complete conversions were achieved after just 2.5 to 5 min of irradiation with 6 × 365 nm high-power LEDs. The results were compared to analogous experiments using a conventional batch reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Shvydkiv
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Murray P, Jack L, McInnes EJL, Yellowlees LJ. Determining the site of reduction of 4-NO2-2,2′-bipyridine and [Pt(4-NO2-2,2′-bipyridine)Cl2]. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:4179-85. [DOI: 10.1039/b923171d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Protti S, Fagnoni M. The sunny side of chemistry: green synthesis by solar light. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:1499-516. [PMID: 19862408 DOI: 10.1039/b909128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The storage of solar energy is one of the main challenges in the near future. A rather unexploited way to fulfil this goal is the solar light induced formation of new chemical bonds, i.e. the synthesis of chemicals. Solar photons can be considered the ideal green reagents since they are costless and leave no residue in the reaction mixture. In many cases the solar radiation could be successfully used in place of toxic or expensive chemical reagents to overcome the activation energy in organic synthesis. In this perspective, the emerging trends on the use of solar light for green synthesis are summarized, highlighting the advantages of this photochemical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Protti
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The University of Pavia, V. Taramelli 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Coyle EE, Oelgemöller M. Micro-photochemistry: photochemistry in microstructured reactors. The new photochemistry of the future? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:1313-22. [DOI: 10.1039/b808778d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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