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Frungieri G, Briesen H. A population balance model for the flow-induced preparation of Pickering emulsions. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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2
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Lorenzo T, Marco L. Brownian dynamics simulations of shear-induced aggregation of charged colloidal particles in the presence of hydrodynamic interactions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 624:637-649. [PMID: 35696787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS In spite of the abundant literature on Brownian simulations of the aggregation behavior of colloidal suspensions both under quiescent conditions and in the presence of shear, few works performed simulations including the effect of hydrodynamic interactions. Even fewer works have investigated the effects of shear on the aggregation of electrostatically-stabilized colloidal suspensions. SIMULATIONS In this work, we employed Brownian dynamics simulations implementing the Rotne-Prager-Yamakawa approximation to account for hydrodynamic interactions and investigated the aggregation kinetics of electrostatically-stabilized colloidal suspensions exposed to simple shear, for various Péclet number values, particle volume fractions and surface potential values. RESULTS The increase in Péclet number (i.e., in the shear rate), leads to an overall increase in the aggregation rate and the formation of large aggregates that, for sufficiently high volume fractions, rapidly grow, leading to either breakup and restructuring phenomena or percolation of the system. In some cases, a bimodal distribution of the cluster population was observed. Our simulations further indicate that at the highest Péclet, the aggregation dynamics is independent of the energy barrier and entirely controlled by shear. A comparison with a simple BD method reveals that neglecting long-range hydrodynamic interactions leads to a substantial underestimation of the aggregation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turetta Lorenzo
- University of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lattuada Marco
- University of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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3
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Frungieri G, Boccardo G, Buffo A, Karimi–Varzaneh HA, Vanni M. CFD-DEM characterization and population balance modelling of a dispersive mixing process. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Giuliano LV, Buffo A, Vanni M, Lanotte AS, Arima V, Bianco M, Baldassarre F, Frungieri G. Response of shear‐activated nanotherapeutic particles in a clot‐obstructed blood vessel by
CFD‐DEM
simulations. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Buffo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology Politecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Marco Vanni
- Department of Applied Science and Technology Politecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Alessandra Sabina Lanotte
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni Lecce Italy
- INFN, Sez. Lecce, Via Monteroni Lecce Italy
| | - Valentina Arima
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni Lecce Italy
| | - Monica Bianco
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni Lecce Italy
| | - Francesca Baldassarre
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali Università del Salento & UdR INSTM Salento, via Monteroni Lecce Italy
| | - Graziano Frungieri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology Politecnico di Torino Torino Italy
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Hu X, Jiang H, Ma C, Duan S, Wang Y, Shi J, Jin H, Wang Y, Shen S. Shear-Induced Aggregation and Distribution in Photocatalysis Suspension System for Hydrogen Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Hu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
| | - Heqing Jiang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
| | - Chenyu Ma
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
| | - Shuna Duan
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
| | - Yechun Wang
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Jinwen Shi
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Hui Jin
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yueshe Wang
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Shaohua Shen
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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6
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Turetta L, Lattuada M. The role of hydrodynamic interactions on the aggregation kinetics of sedimenting colloidal particles. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:1715-1730. [PMID: 35147636 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01637g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation kinetics of sedimenting colloidal particles under fully destabilized conditions has been investigated over a wide range of particle volume fractions (Φ) and Péclet numbers (Pe) using the recent PSE algorithm implementing the Rotne-Prager-Yamakawa (RPY) approximation for long-range Hydrodynamic Interactions (HI). Fast Lubrication Dynamics (FLD) and simple Brownian Dynamics (BD) methods have also been employed to assess the importance of long range hydrodynamic interactions on the resulting dynamics. It has been observed that long-range hydrodynamic interactions are essential to capture the fast aggregation rates induced by the increase in sedimentation rate of clusters with increasing mass, which manifests with an explosive-like cluster growth after a given induction time. On the contrary, simulations employing only short-range hydrodynamic interactions (such as FLD) and BD (which neglects completely hydrodynamic interactions) are incapable of predicting this very rapid kinetics, because sedimentation simply leads to all particles and clusters moving vertically with identical velocity. It has been observed that at high volume fractions and low Pe values, a gel point can be formed and a phase diagram predicting when gelation is reached has been obtained. It was also observed that, as Pe increases, the anisotropy of the resulting clusters decreases, suggesting that denser clusters with spherical-like morphology are formed due to cluster breakage and restructuring. We can conclude that long-range hydrodynamic effects are of crucial importance in understanding the aggregation dynamics of settling clusters, revealing important features of the complex interplay between sedimentation, and colloidal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Turetta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Saxena A, Kroll-Rabotin JS, Sanders RS. Numerical investigation of the respective roles of cohesive and hydrodynamic forces in aggregate restructuring under shear flow. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:355-365. [PMID: 34626981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Aggregate structure is conditioned by a balance of cohesive forces between primary particles and hydrodynamic forces induced by the surrounding flow. Numerical simulations for different ratios between radial and tangential components of cohesive forces to hydrodynamic forces should highlight the role of the each force in aggregate restructuring under shear flow. EXPERIMENTS Aggregates sharing similar morphological characteristics were algorithmically created. The forces between primary particles were accounted for using models taken from the literature. Aggregates with different cohesive forces were then submitted to shear by imposing a shear stress in the liquid phase. Hydrodynamic forces were calculated following two approaches: first, with a free draining approximation to extract general trends, then with immersed boundaries in a lattice Boltzmann flow solver to fully resolve the flow and particle dynamics. FINDINGS Aggregate structural changes were tracked over time and their stable final size, or eventual breakage, was recorded. Their final structure was found to depend little on normal cohesive forces but is strongly impacted by tangential forces. Normal forces, however, strongly affect breakage probability. Furthermore, resistance to deformation at the aggregate scale induces a flow disturbance that reduces drag forces compared to the free-draining approximation, significantly impacting aggregate restructuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Saxena
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | | | - R Sean Sanders
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Frungieri G, Vanni M. Aggregation and breakup of colloidal particle aggregates in shear flow: A combined Monte Carlo - Stokesian dynamics approach. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Frungieri G, Babler MU, Vanni M. Shear-Induced Heteroaggregation of Oppositely Charged Colloidal Particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:10739-10749. [PMID: 32814425 PMCID: PMC8011919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates numerically the shear-induced aggregation of mixed populations of colloidal particles leading to the formation of clusters. Suspensions with different amounts of positively and negatively charged colloidal particles are simulated. To resolve the aggregation kinetics and structural properties of the formed clusters, we resort to a mixed deterministic-stochastic simulation method. The method is built on a combination of a Monte Carlo algorithm to sample a statistically expected sequence of encounter events between the suspended particles and a discrete element method built in the framework of Stokesian dynamics to simulate the encounters in a fully predictive manner. Results reveal a strong influence of the composition of the population on both the aggregation kinetics and the aggregate structure. In particular, we observe a size-stabilization phenomenon taking place in the suspension when the relative concentration of the majority particles lies in the range 80-85%; i.e., starting from primary particles, after a short growth period, we observed a cessation of aggregation. Inspection of the aggregate morphology shows that the formed clusters are composed of few minority particles placed in the inner region, while the aggregate surface is covered by majority particles, acting to provide a shielding effect against further growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Frungieri
- Department of Applied
Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Matthaus U. Babler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 42, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Vanni
- Department of Applied
Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
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10
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Krzysko AJ, Nakouzi E, Zhang X, Graham TR, Rosso KM, Schenter GK, Ilavsky J, Kuzmenko I, Frith MG, Ivory CF, Clark SB, Weston JS, Weigandt KM, De Yoreo JJ, Chun J, Anovitz LM. Correlating inter-particle forces and particle shape to shear-induced aggregation/fragmentation and rheology for dilute anisotropic particle suspensions: A complementary study via capillary rheometry and in-situ small and ultra-small angle X-ray scattering. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 576:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Frungieri G, Boccardo G, Buffo A, Marchisio D, Karimi‐Varzaneh HA, Vanni M. A
CFD‐DEM
approach to study the breakup of fractal agglomerates in an internal mixer. CAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Frungieri
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Gianluca Boccardo
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Antonio Buffo
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Daniele Marchisio
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Torino Italy
| | | | - Marco Vanni
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di Torino Torino Italy
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12
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Ultra high temperature (UHT) processability of high protein dispersions prepared from milk protein-soy protein hydrolysate mixtures. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Multiscale Simulation of Non-Metallic Inclusion Aggregation in a Fully Resolved Bubble Swarm in Liquid Steel. METALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/met10040517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Removing inclusions from the melt is an important task in metallurgy with critical impact on the quality of the final alloy. Processes employed with this purpose, such as flotation, crucially depend on the particle size. For small inclusions, the aggregation kinetics constitute the bottleneck and, hence, determine the efficiency of the entire process. If particles smaller than all flow scales are considered, the flow can locally be replaced by a plane shear flow. In this contribution, particle interactions in plane shear flow are investigated, computing the fully resolved hydrodynamics at finite Reynolds numbers, using a lattice Boltzmann method with an immersed boundary method. Investigations with various initial conditions, several shear values and several inclusion sizes are conducted to determine collision efficiencies. It is observed that although finite Reynolds hydrodynamics play a significant role in particle collision, statistical collision efficiency barely depends on the Reynolds number. Indeed, the particle size ratio is found to be the prevalent parameter. In a second step, modeled collision dynamics are applied to particles tracked in a fully resolved bubbly flow, and collision frequencies at larger flow scale are derived.
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Gruy F, Nortier P. Multi(4)-variate population balance modeling for shear aggregation in 3D space. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Blais B, Vidal D, Bertrand F, Patience GS, Chaouki J. Experimental Methods in Chemical Engineering: Discrete Element Method—DEM. CAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Blais
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPolytechnique Montréal C.P. 6079, Succ. CV Montréal QC, H3C 3A7 Canada
| | - David Vidal
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPolytechnique Montréal C.P. 6079, Succ. CV Montréal QC, H3C 3A7 Canada
| | - Francois Bertrand
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPolytechnique Montréal C.P. 6079, Succ. CV Montréal QC, H3C 3A7 Canada
| | - Gregory S. Patience
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPolytechnique Montréal C.P. 6079, Succ. CV Montréal QC, H3C 3A7 Canada
| | - Jamal Chaouki
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPolytechnique Montréal C.P. 6079, Succ. CV Montréal QC, H3C 3A7 Canada
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Wilson JF, Kroupa M, Kosek J, Soos M. Numerical Study of Soft Colloidal Nanoparticles Interaction in Shear Flow. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:15600-15611. [PMID: 30475624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical behavior of nanoparticle assemblies depends on complex particle interactions that are difficult to study experimentally. Depending on the nanoparticle morphology, these interactions could lead to adhesive and elastic-plastic behavior during contact deformation. The aim of this research is to study the effect of contact interactions between polymer nanoparticles and their impact on the macroscopic properties of formed aggregates. For this purpose, the discrete element method (DEM) was used to develop an interaction model combining elastic-plastic deformation and adhesion to study the behavior of spherical polymeric nanoparticles. Initially, a pair of particles interacting in the normal direction was simulated to evaluate the effect of adhesion and plastic deformation in the pull-off force of the contact. Based on these results, the simulations were extended to a dispersed system of nanoparticles, in which multibody interactions become dominant. Considering the aggregation between the nanoparticles induced by a shear flow, we performed an analysis of the number of aggregates and aggregates size in time to characterize the strength of clusters formed during the process. The simulation results showed that the interaction strength upon breakage of the clusters, correlating with the aggregates size, depends on the nanoparticle's softness. In this way, we verified that the type of contact interaction directly influences the macroscopic mechanical response of nanoparticle assemblies. Therefore, our model represents a new way of predicting the mechanical behavior of polymer nanoparticle systems and of optimizing it by adjusting primary particle properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Wilson
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5 , 16628 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kroupa
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5 , 16628 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Kosek
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5 , 16628 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Soos
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5 , 16628 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
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Gruy F, Nortier P. Statistics about collisions of ellipsoids under shear flow. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bellot JP, Kroll-Rabotin JS, Gisselbrecht M, Joishi M, Saxena A, Sanders S, Jardy A. Toward Better Control of Inclusion Cleanliness in a Gas Stirred Ladle Using Multiscale Numerical Modeling. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11071179. [PMID: 29996521 PMCID: PMC6073398 DOI: 10.3390/ma11071179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The industrial objective of lowering the mass of mechanical structures requires continuous improvement in controlling the mechanical properties of metallic materials. Steel cleanliness and especially control of inclusion size distribution have, therefore, become major challenges. Inclusions have a detrimental effect on fatigue that strongly depends both on inclusion content and on the size of the largest inclusions. Ladle treatment of liquid steel has long been recognized as the processing stage responsible for the inclusion of cleanliness. A multiscale modeling has been proposed to investigate the inclusion behavior. The evolution of the inclusion size distribution is simulated at the process scale due to coupling a computational fluid dynamics calculation with a population balance method integrating all mechanisms, i.e., flotation, aggregation, settling, and capture at the top layer. Particular attention has been paid to the aggregation mechanism and the simulations at an inclusion scale with fully resolved inclusions that represent hydrodynamic conditions of the ladle, which have been specifically developed. Simulations of an industrial-type ladle highlight that inclusion cleanliness is mainly ruled by aggregation. Quantitative knowledge of aggregation kinetics has been extracted and captured from mesoscale simulations. Aggregation efficiency has been observed to drop drastically when increasing the particle size ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Bellot
- Institut Jean Lamour-UMR 7198 CNRS/Université de Lorraine, CS 50840, 54011 Nancy CEDEX, France.
- Laboratory of Excellence on Design of Alloy Metals for low-mAss Structures (Labex DAMAS), Université de Lorraine, 57073 Metz, France.
| | - Jean-Sebastien Kroll-Rabotin
- Institut Jean Lamour-UMR 7198 CNRS/Université de Lorraine, CS 50840, 54011 Nancy CEDEX, France.
- Laboratory of Excellence on Design of Alloy Metals for low-mAss Structures (Labex DAMAS), Université de Lorraine, 57073 Metz, France.
| | - Matthieu Gisselbrecht
- Institut Jean Lamour-UMR 7198 CNRS/Université de Lorraine, CS 50840, 54011 Nancy CEDEX, France.
- Laboratory of Excellence on Design of Alloy Metals for low-mAss Structures (Labex DAMAS), Université de Lorraine, 57073 Metz, France.
| | - Manoj Joishi
- Institut Jean Lamour-UMR 7198 CNRS/Université de Lorraine, CS 50840, 54011 Nancy CEDEX, France.
- Laboratory of Excellence on Design of Alloy Metals for low-mAss Structures (Labex DAMAS), Université de Lorraine, 57073 Metz, France.
| | - Akash Saxena
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Sean Sanders
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Alain Jardy
- Institut Jean Lamour-UMR 7198 CNRS/Université de Lorraine, CS 50840, 54011 Nancy CEDEX, France.
- Laboratory of Excellence on Design of Alloy Metals for low-mAss Structures (Labex DAMAS), Université de Lorraine, 57073 Metz, France.
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