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Jiang Y, Chen L, Zeng J, Wang Y, Chen Y, Chen S, Xu J, He X. Anti-inflammatory monoterpenes from morinda (Morinda officinalis How.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 220:114034. [PMID: 38382668 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Morinda (Morinda officinalis How.) is widely consumed as a functional food owing to its potential to promote health. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory phytochemicals of morinda and isolated 30 monoterpenes, including 6 undescribed iridoids (1, 6, 9-11 and 25), 2 undescribed acyclic monoterpenoids (28, 29), a known acyclic monoterpenoid and 21 known iridoids. Their chemical and stereo-structures were elucidated based on HR-ESI-MS, NMR, 13C-NMR calculations, ECD data and ECD calculations. Notably, compounds 11, 12 and 20 exerted pronounced inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages, with IC50 values of 28.51 ± 1.70, 25.45 ± 4.17 and 29.17 ± 3.71 μM respectively (indomethacin, IC50 of 33.68 ± 2.19 μM). The same compounds exert anti-inflammatory effects by blocking nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κ-B, and down-regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 at mRNA and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that moderate consumption of morinda helps prevent and reduce the occurrence of inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jia Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yihai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Siting Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiangjiu He
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Luo Z, Che X, Han P, Chen Z, Chen Z, Chen J, Xiang S, Ding P. Physiological and transcriptomic analysis reveals the potential mechanism of Morinda officinalis How in response to freezing stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:507. [PMID: 37872484 PMCID: PMC10591367 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morinda officinalis How (MO) is a vine shrub distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, known as one of the "Four Southern Herbal Medicines" in China. The unclear responsive mechanism by which MO adapt to freezing stress limits progress in molecular breeding for MO freezing tolerance. RESULTS In this study, morphological, physiological and microstructure changes in MO exposed to -2℃ for 0 h, 3 h, 8 h and 24 h were comprehensively characterized. The results showed that freezing stress caused seedling dehydration, palisade cell and spongy mesophyll destruction. A significant increase in the content of proline, soluble protein and soluble sugars, as well as the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase was observed. Subsequently, we analyzed the transcriptomic changes of MO leaves at different times under freezing treatment by RNA-seq. A total of 24,498 unigenes were annotated and 3252 unigenes were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Most of these DEGs were annotated in starch and sucrose metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction and MAPK signaling pathways. Family Enrichment analysis showed that the glucosyl/glucuronosyl transferases, oxidoreductase, chlorophyll a/b binding protein and calcium binding protein families were significantly enriched. We also characterized 7 types of transcription factors responding to freezing stress, among which the most abundant family was the MYBs, followed by the AP2/ERFs and NACs. Furthermore, 10 DEGs were selected for qRT-PCR analysis, which validated the reliability and accuracy of RNA-seq data. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide an overall view of the dynamic changes in physiology and insight into the molecular regulation mechanisms of MO in response to freezing stress. This study will lay a foundation for freezing tolerance molecular breeding and improving the quality of MO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoying Che
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Panpan Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zien Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zeyu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jinfang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Sishi Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ping Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Zhong J, Chen Y, Liu Z, Hu C, Li S, Liu H, Zhang W. Bioactive polyketide derivatives from the endophytic fungus Phaeosphaeriopsis musa. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 195:113055. [PMID: 34920274 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two undescribed phenolic derivatives musaones A and B, six undescribed γ-butyrolactone musaolides A-F, together with two undescribed cyclopentanone musaolides G and H were isolated from the solid culture of an endophytic strain Phaeosphaeriopsis musae M. Arzanlou & Crous (Phaeosphaeriaceae). Their structures were unambiguously elucidated by extensive spectral analyses. The absolute configurations of two diastereomers musaolides G and H were assigned by comparing their experimental and calculated ECD data. Moreover, the in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition and cytotoxic activities of isolated compounds (except musaolide D) were evaluated to understand their biological effects, wherein musaone B and musaolide F displayed promising α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 values of 37.3 ± 0.59 μM and 105.18 ± 2.76 μM respectively, compared to the positive control acarbose (24.99 ± 1.28 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yuchan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Zhaoming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Caiyun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Saini Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Hongxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
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Zhao WY, Luan ZL, Sun CP, Zhang BJ, Jin LL, Deng S, Zhang HL, Yu ZL, Wang C, Ma XC. Metabolites isolated from the human intestinal fungus Penicillium oxalicum SL2 and their agonistic effects on PXR and FXR. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 193:112974. [PMID: 34653908 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal commensal fungi are vital to human health, and their metabolites play a key role in the reciprocal relationship. In the present work, eighteen alkaloids and seven monoterpenoids were isolated from the fermentation of the human intestinal fungus Penicillium oxalicum SL2, including seven undescribed alkaloids (penicilloxalines A-G), three undescribed monoterpenoids (penicilloxalines H-J), and fifteen reported compounds. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, electronic circular dichroism spectra and quantum chemical calculations. Some metabolites displayed moderate agonistic effects against the pregnane X receptor (PXR), whereas (6R)3,7-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-2(Z)-octenoic acid displayed a significant agonistic effect against the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) with an EC50 value of 0.43 μM, which was verified by investigating FXR downstream target genes and proteins, such as small heterodimer partner 1 (SHP1), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and bile salt export pump (BSEP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Zhao
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, The National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Lin Luan
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, The National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Peng Sun
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, The National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Jing Zhang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, The National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ling Jin
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, The National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Sa Deng
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, The National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Hou-Li Zhang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, The National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Long Yu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, The National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, The National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, The National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, People's Republic of China.
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Iridoids with anti-inflammatory effect from the aerial parts of Morinda officinalis How. Fitoterapia 2021; 153:104991. [PMID: 34265404 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Morinda officinalis How was widely applied to alleviate symptom like impotence, menstrual disorders, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. To expand resources usage, phytochemistry of the aerial parts was studied and the structures of compounds were elucidated based on NMR, HRESIMS, IR and UV. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect and possible mechanism were investigated by Griess kit, RT-qPCR, ELISA, western blot and molecular docking on LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells. Herein, we isolated and identified 16 iridoid derivatives, including seven new iridoids officinaloside A-G (1-7) and nine known iridoids. All the compounds were safe to RAW 264.7 cells. Luckily, compounds 5 and 6 showed inhibitory effect on production of NO, and decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines at mRNA and protein levels in a dose-dependent way. The possible mechanism of their anti-inflammation may be the affinity interaction between 5 with COX-2 protein, and 6 with iNOS protein. Overall, compounds 5 and 6 exert promising effects in inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, indicating that they could be used as lead compounds for developing health products or clinical practice for inflammation, which provides a scientific basis for further sustainable development and usage of the aerial parts of Morinda officinalis How.
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Zhao WY, Yan JJ, Zhang M, Wang C, Feng L, Lv X, Huo XK, Sun CP, Chen LX, Ma XC. Natural soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors from Inula britanica and their potential interactions with soluble epoxide hydrolase: Insight from inhibition kinetics and molecular dynamics. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109571. [PMID: 34217688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a potential drug target to treat inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we found that the extract of Inula britanica exhibited significantly inhibitory effects against sEH, therefore, we investigated its phytochemical constituents to obtain seven new compounds together with sixteen known ones (1-20), including two pairs of novel enantiomers, (2S,3S)-britanicafanin A (1a), (2R,3R)-britanicafanin A (1b), (2R,3S)-britanicafanin B (2a), and (2S,3R)-britanicafanin B (2b), and three new lignans britanicafanins C-E (3-5). Their structures were determined by HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra as well as quantum chemical computations. All the isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against sEH, compounds 1-3, 5-7, 9, 10, 13, 14, and 17-20 showed significant inhibitory effects against sEH with IC50 values from 3.56 μM to 26.93 μM. The inhibition kinetics results indicated that compounds 9, 10, 13, and 19 were all uncompetitive inhibitors, and their inhibition constants (Ki) values were 7.11, 1.99, 4.06, and 8.78 μM, respectively. Their potential interactions were analyzed by molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD), which suggested that amino acid residues Asp335 and Asn359, especially Gln384, played an important role in the inhibition of compounds 10 and 13 on sEH, and compounds 10 and 13 could be considered as the potential candidates for the development of sEH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Zhao
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Juan-Juan Yan
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xia Lv
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Kui Huo
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng-Peng Sun
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Li-Xia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
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Zhao WY, Zhang XY, Zhou MR, Tian XG, Lv X, Zhang HL, Deng S, Zhang BJ, Sun CP, Ma XC. Natural soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors from Alisma orientale and their potential mechanism with soluble epoxide hydrolase. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:811-817. [PMID: 33957203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is considered to be an effective treatment for inflammation-related diseases, and small molecules origin from natural products show promising activity against sEH. Two undescribed protostanes, 3β-hydroxy-25-anhydro-alisol F (1) and 3β-hydroxy-alisol G (2) were isolated from Alisma orientale and identified as new sEH inhibitors with IC50 values of 10.06 and 30.45 μM, respectively. Potential lead compound 1 was determined as an uncompetitive inhibitor against sEH, which had a Ki value of 5.13 μM. In-depth molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that amino acid residue Ser374 plays an important role in the inhibition of 1, which also provides an idea for the development of sEH inhibitors based on protostane-type triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Zhao
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xin-Yue Zhang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Mei-Rong Zhou
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiang-Ge Tian
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xia Lv
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hou-Li Zhang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Sa Deng
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bao-Jing Zhang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng-Peng Sun
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
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