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Lin ZR, Bao MY, Xiong HM, Cao D, Bai LP, Zhang W, Chen CY, Jiang ZH, Zhu GY. Boswellianols A-I, Structurally Diverse Diterpenoids from the Oleo-Gum Resin of Boswellia carterii and Their TGF- β Inhibition Activity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1074. [PMID: 38674483 PMCID: PMC11054202 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Olibanum, a golden oleo-gum resin from species in the Boswellia genus (Burseraceae family), is a famous traditional herbal medicine widely used around the world. Previous phytochemical studies mainly focused on the non-polar fractions of olibanum. In this study, nine novel diterpenoids, boswellianols A-I (1-9), and three known compounds were isolated from the polar methanolic fraction of the oleo-gum resin of Boswellia carterii. Their structures were determined through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis as well as experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data comparison. Compound 1 is a novel diterpenoid possessing an undescribed prenylmaaliane-type skeleton with a 6/6/3 tricyclic system. Compounds 2-4 were unusual prenylaromadendrane-type diterpenoids, and compounds 5-9 were new highly oxidized cembrane-type diterpenoids. Compounds 1 and 5 showed significant transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) inhibitory activity via inhibiting the TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Smad3 and the expression of fibronectin and N-cadherin (the biomarker of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition) in a dose-dependent manner in LX-2 human hepatic stellate cells, indicating that compounds 1 and 5 should be potential anti-fibrosis agents. These findings give a new insight into the chemical constituents of the polar fraction of olibanum and their inhibitory activities on the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Rong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (Z.-R.L.); (M.-Y.B.); (H.-M.X.); (D.C.); (L.-P.B.); (W.Z.)
| | - Meng-Yu Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (Z.-R.L.); (M.-Y.B.); (H.-M.X.); (D.C.); (L.-P.B.); (W.Z.)
| | - Hao-Ming Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (Z.-R.L.); (M.-Y.B.); (H.-M.X.); (D.C.); (L.-P.B.); (W.Z.)
| | - Dai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (Z.-R.L.); (M.-Y.B.); (H.-M.X.); (D.C.); (L.-P.B.); (W.Z.)
| | - Li-Ping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (Z.-R.L.); (M.-Y.B.); (H.-M.X.); (D.C.); (L.-P.B.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (Z.-R.L.); (M.-Y.B.); (H.-M.X.); (D.C.); (L.-P.B.); (W.Z.)
| | - Cheng-Yu Chen
- Jiaheng Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519000, China;
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (Z.-R.L.); (M.-Y.B.); (H.-M.X.); (D.C.); (L.-P.B.); (W.Z.)
| | - Guo-Yuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (Z.-R.L.); (M.-Y.B.); (H.-M.X.); (D.C.); (L.-P.B.); (W.Z.)
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2
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Chen FL, Liu DL, Ren WJ, Xiong HM, Bai LP, Zhang W, Hon C, Jiang ZH, Zhu GY. Atrachinenins D-S, novel meroterpenoids with geranyl hydroquinone moiety from Atractylodes chinensis by the LC/MS-based molecular decoy and targeted isolation. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107111. [PMID: 38218068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
To mine fascinating molecules from the rhizomes of Atractylodes chinensis, the known molecular formula of atrachinenin A was used as a bait to search LC-HRMS data in different subfractions. Sixteen new meroterpenoids, atrachinenins D-S (1-16) including three unprecedented carbon skeletons (1-5) and eleven new oxygen-bridged hybrids (6-16) were obtained by the targeted isolation. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by the spectroscopic data and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity of NO production and compounds 1, 4, 8, and 13 showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity. The proposed biosynthetic pathways of 1-5 were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau
| | - Dong-Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau
| | - Wen-Jing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau
| | - Hao-Ming Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau
| | - Li-Ping Bai
- Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau
| | - Chitin Hon
- Respiratory Disease AI Laboratory on Epidemic and Medical Big Data Instrument Applications, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
| | - Guo-Yuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
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3
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French SA, Sumby CJ, Huang DM, George JH. Total Synthesis of Atrachinenins A and B. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22844-22849. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. French
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Sumby
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - David M. Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jonathan H. George
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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4
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Wu XJ, Cao D, Chen FL, Shen RS, Gao J, Bai LP, Zhang W, Jiang ZH, Zhu GY. Chlorfortunones A and B, Two Sesquiterpenoid Dimers, Possessing Dispiro[4,2,5,2]pentadecane-6,10,14-tren Moiety from Chloranthus fortunei. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:35063-35068. [PMID: 36211056 PMCID: PMC9535645 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlorfortunones A (1) and B (2), two novel sesquiterpenoid dimers, were isolated from the roots of Chloranthus fortunei. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 represent a new type of sesquiterpenoid dimer possessing an unprecedented 3/5/6/6/6/5 hexacyclic system with a unique dispiro[4,2,5,2]pentadecane-6,10,14-trien moiety. A plausible biosynthetic pathway of 1 and 2 was proposed. Compound 1 showed transforming growth factor (TGF)-β inhibitory activity in MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Jia Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau
Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Dai Cao
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau
Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Fei-Long Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau
Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Rong-Sheng Shen
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau
Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jin Gao
- Increasepharm(Hengqin)
Institute Co., Limited, National Engineering Research Center for Modernization
of Traditional Chinese Medicine New DDS Branch, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Aerosol Inhalation
Preparation, Zhuhai 519000, China
- College
of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li-Ping Bai
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau
Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau
Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau
Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau
Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
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5
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Zhou JS, Huang SL, Gao Y, Liu QF, Leng Y, Zhou B, Yue JM. Spicatulides A-G, Phenolic-Monoterpenoid Hybrids from Chloranthus spicatus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2090-2099. [PMID: 35957573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spicatulides A-G (1-7), seven new phenolic-monoterpenoid hybrid molecules, along with two known compounds, 8 and 9, were isolated and identified from Chloranthus spicatus. Compound 1 represents an unprecedented skeleton featuring an aryl-fused 2-oxabicyclo[4.3.1]decane moiety, and compound 2 is the first example of a denudaquinol-normonoterpenoid adduct. Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data analyses and TDDFT-ECD calculations. Compounds 3, 5, 6, and 9 exhibited the activity of reducing lipogenesis in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Su Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Ling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, People's Republic of China
- Research Units of Discovery of New Drug Lead Molecules, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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6
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Yin T, Yu Y, Liu Q, Zhou M, Zhu G, Bai L, Zhang W, Jiang Z. 2D NMR
‐based
MatchNat
Dereplication Strategy Enables Explosive Discovery of Novel Diterpenoid Alkaloids. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian‐Peng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa Macau China
- Faculty of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai China
| | - Yi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa Macau China
| | - Qing‐Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa Macau China
| | - Ming‐Yue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa Macau China
| | - Guo‐Yuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa Macau China
| | - Li‐Ping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa Macau China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa Macau China
| | - Zhi‐Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa Macau China
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7
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Fu Q, Wang Y, Nan F. Construction of the hexacyclic core of dispirocochlearoids A−C via a Diels−Alder reaction. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy, Fudan University 826 Zhangheng Road Shanghai 201203 China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy, Fudan University 826 Zhangheng Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Fajun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
- Drug Discovery Shandong Laboratory, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery Yantai Shandong 264117 China
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8
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Chen FL, Liu DL, Fu J, Fu L, Gao J, Bai LP, Zhang W, Jiang ZH, Zhu GY. Atrachinenynes A–D, four diacetylenic derivatives with unprecedented skeletons from the rhizomes of Atractylodes chinensis. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02149h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atrachinenynes A–D (1–4), four undescribed acetylenic derivatives with diverse skeletons, were isolated from Atractylodes chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P. R. China
| | - Jing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P. R. China
| | - Lu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P. R. China
| | - Jin Gao
- Increasepharm (Hengqin) Institute Co., Ltd, National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine New DDS Branch, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Aerosol Inhalation Preparation, Zhuhai 519000, China
- Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li-Ping Bai
- Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Yuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P. R. China
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