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Sadek KM, AbdEllatief HY, Mahmoud SFE, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Al‐Hajeili M, Saad HM, Batiha GE. New insights on testicular cancer prevalence with novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic approaches. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e2052. [PMID: 38507271 PMCID: PMC10953835 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular cancer (TC), comprising merely 1% of male neoplasms, holds the distinction of being the most commonly encountered neoplasm among young males. RECENT FINDINGS Most cases of testicular neoplasms can be classified into two main groups, namely germ cell tumors representing approximately 95% of the cases, and sex cord-stromal tumors accounting for about 5% of the cases. Moreover, its prevalence is on the rise across the globe. TC is a neoplastic condition characterized by a favorable prognosis. The advent of cisplatin-based chemotherapeutic agents in the latter part of the 1970s has led to a significant enhancement in the 5-year survival rate, which presently surpasses 95%. Given that TC is commonly detected before reaching the age of 40, it can be anticipated that these individuals will enjoy an additional 40-50 years of life following successful treatment. The potential causes of TC are multifactorial and related to different pathologies. Accurate identification is imperative to guarantee the utmost efficacious and suitable therapy. To a certain degree, this can be accomplished through the utilization of blood examinations for neoplastic indicators; nonetheless, an unequivocal diagnosis necessitates an evaluation of the histological composition of a specimen via a pathologist. CONCLUSION TC is multifactorial and has various pathologies, therefore this review aimed to revise the prenatal and postnatal causes as well as novel diagnostic biomarkers and the therapeutic strategies of TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadry M. Sadek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityAbadiyyat DamanhurEgypt
| | - Hazem Y. AbdEllatief
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityAbadiyyat DamanhurEgypt
| | - Sahar F. E. Mahmoud
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityAbadiyyat DamanhurEgypt
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research and DevelopmentChandigarh UniversityMohaliPunjabIndia
- Department of Research and Development, FunogenAthensGreece
- Department of Research and DevelopmentAFNP MedWienAustria
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery IIUniversity Hospital Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Marwan Al‐Hajeili
- Department of MedicineKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahKingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMatrouh UniversityMarsa MatruhEgypt
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityDamanhourEgypt
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2
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Barnes MVC, Pantazi P, Holder B. Circulating extracellular vesicles in healthy and pathological pregnancies: A scoping review of methodology, rigour and results. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12377. [PMID: 37974377 PMCID: PMC10654380 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in pregnancy, revealed by the presence of placental-derived EVs in maternal blood, their in vitro functionality, and their altered cargo in pregnancy pathologies. These EVs are thought to be involved in the development of pregnancy pathologies, such as pre-eclampsia, pre-term birth, and fetal growth restriction, and have been suggested as a source of biomarkers for gestational diseases. However, to accurately interpret their function and biomarker potential, it is necessary to critically evaluate the EV isolation and characterization methodologies used in pregnant cohorts. In this systematic scoping review, we collated the results from 152 studies that have investigated EVs in the blood of pregnant women, and provide a detailed analysis of the EV isolation and characterization methodologies used. Our findings indicate an overall increase in EV concentrations in pregnant compared to non-pregnant individuals, an increased EV count as gestation progresses, and an increased EV count in some pregnancy pathologies. We highlight the need for improved standardization of methodology, greater focus on gestational changes in EV concentrations, and further investigations into the functionality of EVs. Our review suggests that EVs hold great promise as diagnostic and translational tools for gestational diseases. However, to fully realize their potential, it is crucial to improve the standardization and reliability of EV isolation and characterization methodologies, and to gain a better understanding of their functional roles in pregnancy pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan V. C. Barnes
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of MetabolismDigestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Paschalia Pantazi
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of MetabolismDigestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Beth Holder
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of MetabolismDigestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
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3
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Jiang T, Zeng Q, He J. Do alkaline phosphatases have great potential in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of tumors? Transl Cancer Res 2023; 12:2932-2945. [PMID: 37969388 PMCID: PMC10643954 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-23-1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a group of enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of phosphate esters at an alkaline pH, resulting in the generation of inorganic phosphate. These enzymes are widely distributed, and their activity is found in various tissues including bone, liver, intestine, and placenta. However, abnormalities in ALP expression and activity have been observed in certain types of cancer. In some cases, elevated serum levels of ALP are observed in patients with liver and bone metastasis. In other cases, increased levels of ALP have been observed in patients with pancreatic and lung cancer. On the other hand, low expression of ALP has also been associated with poor prognosis in patients with certain types of tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC), breast cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In these cases, low ALP activity may be associated with decreased differentiation of cancer cells and increased cancer cell proliferation. Overall, the role of ALP in cancer is complex and context-dependent. This article reviews application progress of ALP in cancer, and we hypothesize that ALP might be a potential tumor biomarker, combined detection of aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ALP isozymes levels can be used for more accurate diagnosis of a particular tumor. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying ALP dysregulation in cancer and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qun Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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4
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Peruzzo N, Basso J, Buiar PG, Gössling G, Schwartsmann G. A treatment-naive cancer patient in critical condition. Am J Med 2023:S0002-9343(23)00161-4. [PMID: 36893832 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Peruzzo
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil; Hospital Regina, Novo Hamburgo RS, Brazil, 93510-223.
| | - Jeziel Basso
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil; Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil, 90035-000
| | - Pedro Grachinski Buiar
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa PR, Brazil, 84030-900
| | - Gustavo Gössling
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil; Latin American Cooperative Oncology Group, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil, 90619-900
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5
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Siegmund SE, Mehra R, Acosta AM. An update on diagnostic tissue-based biomarkers in testicular tumors. Hum Pathol 2023; 133:32-55. [PMID: 35932825 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Testicular cancer is rare overall but comprises the most common solid malignancy diagnosed in young men aged ∼20-40 years. Most testicular neoplasms generally fall into 2 broad categories: germ cell tumors (GCTs; ∼95%) and sex cord-stromal tumors (SCSTs ∼5%). Given the relative rarity of these tumors, diagnostic biomarkers are highly relevant for their diagnosis. Over the past several decades, diagnostic biomarkers have improved dramatically through targeted immunohistochemical and molecular characterization. Despite these recent advances, most markers are not perfectly sensitive or entirely specific. Therefore, they need to be used in combination and interpreted in context. In this review, we summarize tissue-based biomarkers relevant to the pathologist, with a focus on practical diagnostic issues that relate to testicular GCT and SCST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Siegmund
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Pathology and Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, 1500, East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Andres M Acosta
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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6
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Ghazi B, El Ghanmi A, Kandoussi S, Ghouzlani A, Badou A. CAR T-cells for colorectal cancer immunotherapy: Ready to go? Front Immunol 2022; 13:978195. [PMID: 36458008 PMCID: PMC9705989 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells represent a new genetically engineered cell-based immunotherapy tool against cancer. The use of CAR T-cells has revolutionized the therapeutic approach for hematological malignancies. Unfortunately, there is a long way to go before this treatment can be developed for solid tumors, including colorectal cancer. CAR T-cell therapy for colorectal cancer is still in its early stages, and clinical data are scarce. Major limitations of this therapy include high toxicity, relapses, and an impermeable tumor microenvironment for CAR T-cell therapy in colorectal cancer. In this review, we summarize current knowledge, highlight challenges, and discuss perspectives regarding CAR T-cell therapy in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouchra Ghazi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Adil El Ghanmi
- Mohammed VI International University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sarah Kandoussi
- Immuno-Genetics and Human Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Amina Ghouzlani
- Immuno-Genetics and Human Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abdallah Badou
- Immuno-Genetics and Human Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
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7
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Uhlig R, Dum D, Gorbokon N, Menz A, Büscheck F, Luebke AM, Hube-Magg C, Hinsch A, Höflmayer D, Fraune C, Möller K, Bernreuther C, Lebok P, Weidemann S, Lennartz M, Jacobsen F, Clauditz TS, Sauter G, Wilczak W, Steurer S, Burandt E, Krech R, Krech T, Marx AH, Simon R, Minner S. Synaptophysin and chromogranin A expression analysis in human tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 555:111726. [PMID: 35921917 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the neuroendocrine markers synaptophysin and chromogranin A was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 14,584 samples from 103 different tumor types and subtypes in a tissue microarray format. At least one of these markers was found to be positive in 96.7% of tumors from various subtypes of neuroendocrine neoplasms. In non-neuroendocrine tumors, synaptophysin and/or chromogranin A staining was seen in 6.3% (n = 584), specifically in 41 of 88 non-neuroendocrine tumor entities. Basal cell carcinomas of the skin (50% positive for chromogranin A alone) and adrenocortical carcinomas (91.7% positive for synaptophysin alone) stood out due to a frequent expression of only one specific marker. A subdivision of non-neuroendocrine neoplasms revealed "neuroendocrine differentiation" most commonly in adenocarcinomas from the female genital tract (18.9%), from pancreatico-/hepato-/biliary tract (15.8%) and the prostate (14.9%) while it was rare in urothelial (1.0%) and squamous cell carcinomas (0.6%). A comparison with clinico-pathological parameters of tumor aggressiveness did not suggest a clinical significance of neuroendocrine marker expression in 204 endometrium cancers, 249 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 233 gastric adenocarcinomas and 1,182 colorectal adenocarcinomas. Within a cohort of 1,073 breast cancers of no special type, synaptophysin positivity was seen in 4.9% of cases and it was significantly linked to advanced tumor stage (p = 0.0427), high tumor grade (p = 0.0319) and loss of estrogen receptor expression (p = 0.0061) but unrelated to patient outcome. In conclusion, "neuroendocrine differentiation" can be observed in many different tumor types with non-neuroendocrine morphology. Evidence for a statistically significant association (p < 0.0001) between such a "neuroendocrine differentiation" and tumor aggressiveness could not be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Uhlig
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Dum
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Gorbokon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Menz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lennartz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till S Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Krech
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Andreas H Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, Fuerth, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Yekehfallah V, Pahlavanneshan S, Sayadmanesh A, Momtahan Z, Ma B, Basiri M. Generation and Functional Characterization of PLAP CAR-T Cells against Cervical Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091296. [PMID: 36139135 PMCID: PMC9496028 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is one of the cancer treatment modalities that has recently shown promising results in treating hematopoietic malignancies. However, one of the obstacles that need to be addressed in solid tumors is the on-target and off-tumor cytotoxicity due to the lack of specific tumor antigens with low expression in healthy cells. Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) is a shared placenta- and tumor-associated antigen (TAA) that is expressed in ovarian, cervical, colorectal, and prostate cancers and is negligible in normal cells. In this study, we constructed second-generation CAR T cells with a fully human scFv against PLAP antigen andthen evaluated the characteristics of PLAP CAR T cells in terms of tonic signaling and differentiation in comparison with ΔPLAP CAR T cells and CD19 CAR T cells. In addition, by co-culturing PLAP CAR T cells with HeLa and CaSki cells, we analyzed the tumor-killing functions and the secretion of anti-tumor molecules. Results showed that PLAP CAR T cells not only proliferated during co-culture with cancer cells but also eliminated them in vitro. We also observed increased secretion of IL-2, granzyme A, and IFN-γ by PLAP CAR T cells upon exposure to the target cells. In conclusion, PLAP CAR T cells are potential candidates for further investigation in cervical cancer and, potentially, other solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Yekehfallah
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 1665666311, Iran
| | - Saghar Pahlavanneshan
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1968917313, Iran
| | - Ali Sayadmanesh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 1665666311, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166653431, Iran
| | - Zahra Momtahan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1916893813, Iran
| | - Bin Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (M.B.); Tel.: +86-21-62933631 (B.M.); +98-21-40223417 (M.B.)
| | - Mohsen Basiri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 1665666311, Iran
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (M.B.); Tel.: +86-21-62933631 (B.M.); +98-21-40223417 (M.B.)
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9
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Dum D, Henke TLC, Mandelkow T, Yang C, Bady E, Raedler JB, Simon R, Sauter G, Lennartz M, Büscheck F, Luebke AM, Menz A, Hinsch A, Höflmayer D, Weidemann S, Fraune C, Möller K, Lebok P, Uhlig R, Bernreuther C, Jacobsen F, Clauditz TS, Wilczak W, Minner S, Burandt E, Steurer S, Blessin NC. Semi-automated validation and quantification of CTLA-4 in 90 different tumor entities using multiple antibodies and artificial intelligence. J Transl Med 2022; 102:650-657. [PMID: 35091676 PMCID: PMC9162915 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-022-00728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 is an inhibitory immune checkpoint receptor and a negative regulator of anti-tumor T-cell function. This study is aimed for a comparative analysis of CTLA-4+ cells between different tumor entities. To quantify CTLA-4+ cells, 4582 tumor samples from 90 different tumor entities as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format. Two different antibody clones (MSVA-152R and CAL49) were validated and quantified using a deep learning framework for automated exclusion of unspecific immunostaining. Comparing both CTLA-4 antibodies revealed a clone dependent unspecific staining pattern in adrenal cortical adenoma (63%) for MSVA-152R and in pheochromocytoma (67%) as well as hepatocellular carcinoma (36%) for CAL49. After automated exclusion of non-specific staining reaction (3.6%), a strong correlation was observed for the densities of CTLA-4+ lymphocytes obtained by both antibodies (r = 0.87; p < 0.0001). A high CTLA-4+ cell density was linked to low pT category (p < 0.0001), absent lymph node metastases (p = 0.0354), and PD-L1 expression in tumor cells or inflammatory cells (p < 0.0001 each). A high CTLA-4/CD3-ratio was linked to absent lymph node metastases (p = 0.0295) and to PD-L1 positivity on immune cells (p = 0.0026). Marked differences exist in the number of CTLA-4+ lymphocytes between tumors. Analyzing two independent antibodies by a deep learning framework can facilitate automated quantification of immunohistochemically analyzed target proteins such as CTLA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dum
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tjark L. C. Henke
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Mandelkow
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cheng Yang
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elena Bady
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas B. Raedler
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany ,grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558College of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Guido Sauter
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lennartz
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M. Luebke
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Menz
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Möller
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ria Uhlig
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till S. Clauditz
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Niclas C. Blessin
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Aparicio C, Belver M, Enríquez L, Espeso F, Núñez L, Sánchez A, de la Fuente MÁ, González-Vallinas M. Cell Therapy for Colorectal Cancer: The Promise of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11781. [PMID: 34769211 PMCID: PMC8583883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a global public health problem as it is the third most prevalent and the second most lethal cancer worldwide. Major efforts are underway to understand its molecular pathways as well as to define the tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) and tumour-specific antigens (TSAs) or neoantigens, in order to develop an effective treatment. Cell therapies are currently gaining importance, and more specifically chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, in which genetically modified T cells are redirected against the tumour antigen of interest. This immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising advances in cancer treatment, having successfully demonstrated its efficacy in haematological malignancies. However, in solid tumours, such as colon cancer, it is proving difficult to achieve the same results due to the shortage of TSAs, on-target off-tumour effects, low CAR-T cell infiltration and the immunosuppressive microenvironment. To address these challenges in CRC, new approaches are proposed, including combined therapies, the regional administration of CAR-T cells and more complex CAR structures, among others. This review comprehensively summarises the current landscape of CAR-T cell therapy in CRC from the potential tumour targets to the preclinical studies and clinical trials, as well as the limitations and future perspectives of this novel antitumour strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Margarita González-Vallinas
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), University of Valladolid (UVa)-CSIC, 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (C.A.); (M.B.); (L.E.); (F.E.); (L.N.); (A.S.); (M.Á.d.l.F.)
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