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Ozturk S. Molecular determinants of the meiotic arrests in mammalian oocytes at different stages of maturation. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:547-571. [PMID: 35072590 PMCID: PMC8942507 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2026704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes undergo two rounds of developmental arrest during maturation: at the diplotene of the first meiotic prophase and metaphase of the second meiosis. These arrests are strictly regulated by follicular cells temporally producing the secondary messengers, cAMP and cGMP, and other factors to regulate maturation promoting factor (composed of cyclin B1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1) levels in the oocytes. Out of these normally appearing developmental arrests, permanent arrests may occur in the oocytes at germinal vesicle (GV), metaphase I (MI), or metaphase II (MII) stage. This issue may arise from absence or altered expression of the oocyte-related genes playing key roles in nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation. Additionally, the assisted reproductive technology (ART) applications such as ovarian stimulation and in vitro culture conditions both of which harbor various types of chemical agents may contribute to forming the permanent arrests. In this review, the molecular determinants of developmental and permanent arrests occurring in the mammalian oocytes are comprehensively evaluated in the light of current knowledge. As number of permanently arrested oocytes at different stages is increasing in ART centers, potential approaches for inducing permanent arrests to obtain competent oocytes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saffet Ozturk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey,CONTACT Saffet Ozturk Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya07070, Turkey
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2
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Prodanova Hadzhinesheva V, Valcheva Chakarova I, Metodieva Delimitreva S, Dyankova Markova M, Pantaleeva Nikolova V, Sergeeva Mourdjeva M, Istiliyanov Rashev P, Stefanova Zhivkova R. Centriolar satellites associate with condensed chromatin in early mouse oocytes and undergo redistribution during transition to dictyate. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1541761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maya Dyankova Markova
- 1Department of Biology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Milena Sergeeva Mourdjeva
- 2Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Pavel Istiliyanov Rashev
- 3Department of Immunobiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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3
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Bärenz F, Kschonsak YT, Meyer A, Jafarpour A, Lorenz H, Hoffmann I. Ccdc61 controls centrosomal localization of Cep170 and is required for spindle assembly and symmetry. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:3105-3118. [PMID: 30354798 PMCID: PMC6340214 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-02-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule nucleation was uncovered as a key principle of spindle assembly. However, the mechanistic details about microtubule nucleation and the organization of spindle formation and symmetry are currently being revealed. Here we describe the function of coiled-coil domain containing 61 (Ccdc61), a so far uncharacterized centrosomal protein, in spindle assembly and symmetry. Our data describe that Ccdc61 is required for spindle assembly and precise chromosome alignments in mitosis. Microtubule tip-tracking experiments in the absence of Ccdc61 reveal a clear loss of the intrinsic symmetry of microtubule tracks within the spindle. Furthermore, we show that Ccdc61 controls the centrosomal localization of centrosomal protein of 170 kDa (Cep170), a protein that was shown previously to localize to centrosomes as well as spindle microtubules and promotes microtubule organization and microtubule assembly. Interestingly, selective disruption of Ccdc61 impairs the binding between Cep170 and TANK binding kinase 1, an interaction that is required for microtubule stability. In summary, we have discovered Ccdc61 as a centrosomal protein with an important function in mitotic microtubule organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bärenz
- Cell Cycle Control and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne T Kschonsak
- Cell Cycle Control and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annalena Meyer
- Cell Cycle Control and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aliakbar Jafarpour
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holger Lorenz
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hoffmann
- Cell Cycle Control and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Rosselló CA, Lindström L, Eklund G, Corvaisier M, Kristensson MA. γ-Tubulin⁻γ-Tubulin Interactions as the Basis for the Formation of a Meshwork. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103245. [PMID: 30347727 PMCID: PMC6214090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In cytoplasm, protein γ-tubulin joins with various γ-tubulin complex proteins (GCPs) to form a heterotetramer γ-tubulin small complex (γ-TuSC) that can grow into a ring-shaped structure called the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC). Both γ-TuSC and γ-TuRC are required for microtubule nucleation. Recent knowledge on γ-tubulin with regard to its cellular functions beyond participation in its creation of microtubules suggests that this protein forms a cellular meshwork. The present review summarizes the recognized functions of γ-tubulin and aims to unite the current views on this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Ana Rosselló
- Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 20502 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Lisa Lindström
- Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 20502 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Greta Eklund
- Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 20502 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Matthieu Corvaisier
- Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 20502 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Maria Alvarado Kristensson
- Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 20502 Malmö, Sweden.
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5
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Alvarado-Kristensson M. γ-tubulin as a signal-transducing molecule and meshwork with therapeutic potential. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:24. [PMID: 30221013 PMCID: PMC6137058 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-018-0021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of γ-tubulin is increasing with regard to the cellular functions of this protein beyond its participation in microtubule nucleation. γ-Tubulin expression is altered in various malignancies, and changes in the TUBG1 gene have been found in patients suffering from brain malformations. This review recapitulates the known functions of γ-tubulin in cellular homeostasis and discusses the possible influence of the protein on disease development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alvarado-Kristensson
- Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, 20502 Sweden
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6
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Choi YY, Lee SY, Lee WK, Jeon HS, Lee EB, Lee HC, Choi JE, Kang HG, Lee EJ, Bae EY, Yoo SS, Lee J, Cha SI, Kim CH, Kim IS, Lee MH, Kim YT, Jheon S, Park JY. RACK1 is a candidate gene associated with the prognosis of patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6:4451-66. [PMID: 25686824 PMCID: PMC4414203 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study was conducted to identify genetic polymorphisms associated with the prognosis of patients with early stage NSCLC. Materials and Methods We genotyped 1,969 potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 1,151 genes involved in carcinogenesis in 166 NSCLC patients who underwent curative surgery, using the Affymetrix custom-made GeneChip. A replication study was performed in an independent cohort of 626 patients. Results Fifty six SNPs which were associated with both overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) with log-rank P values < 0.05 in discovery set were selected for validation. Among those, five SNPs (RACK1 rs1279736C>A and rs3756585T>G, C3 rs2287845T>C, PCAF rs17006625A>G, and PCM1 rs17691523C>G) were found to be significantly associated with survival in the same direction as the discovery set. In combined analysis, the rs1279736C>A and rs3756585T>G were most significantly associated with OS and DFS in multivariate analysis (P for OS = 4 × 10−5 and 7 × 10−5, respectively; and P for DFS = 0.003, both; under codominant model). In vitro promoter assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that the rs3756585 T-to-G change increased promoter activity and transcription factor binding of RACK1. Conclusions We identified five SNPs, especially RACK1 rs3756585T>G, as markers for prognosis of patients with surgically resected NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Young Choi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Yup Lee
- Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Lung Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kee Lee
- Biostatistics Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sung Jeon
- Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Lung Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung Bae Lee
- Lung Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Cheol Lee
- Diagnosis and Prediction Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Eun Choi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Lung Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Gyoung Kang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Lee
- Lung Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Bae
- Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Soo Yoo
- Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Lung Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehee Lee
- Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ick Cha
- Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kim
- Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hoon Lee
- Diagnosis and Prediction Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Tae Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Jheon
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yong Park
- Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Lung Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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7
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Inhibition of RHO-ROCK signaling enhances ICM and suppresses TE characteristics through activation of Hippo signaling in the mouse blastocyst. Dev Biol 2014; 394:142-55. [PMID: 24997360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Specification of the trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM) lineages in the mouse blastocyst correlates with cell position, as TE derives from outer cells whereas ICM from inner cells. Differences in position are reflected by cell polarization and Hippo signaling. Only in outer cells, the apical-basal cell polarity is established, and Hippo signaling is inhibited in such a manner that LATS1 and 2 (LATS1/2) kinases are prevented from phosphorylating YAP, a key transcriptional co-activator of the TE-specifying gene Cdx2. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate these events are not fully understood. Here, we showed that inhibition of RHO-ROCK signaling enhances ICM and suppresses TE characteristics through activation of Hippo signaling and disruption of apical-basal polarity. Embryos treated with ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 exhibited elevated expression of ICM marker NANOG and reduced expression of CDX2 at the blastocyst stage. Y-27632-treated embryos failed to accumulate YAP in the nucleus, although it was rescued by concomitant inhibition of LATS1/2. Segregation between apical and basal polarity regulators, namely PARD6B, PRKCZ, SCRIB, and LLGL1, was dampened by Y-27632 treatment, whereas some of the polarization events at the late 8-cell stage such as compaction and apical localization of p-ERM and tyrosinated tubulin occurred normally. Similar abnormalities of Hippo signaling and apical-basal polarization were also observed in embryos that were treated with RHO GTPases inhibitor. These results suggest that RHO-ROCK signaling plays an essential role in regulating Hippo signaling and cell polarization to enable proper specification of the ICM and TE lineages.
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8
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Patterer V, Schnittger S, Kern W, Haferlach T, Haferlach C. Hematologic malignancies with PCM1-JAK2 gene fusion share characteristics with myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and abnormalities of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, and FGFR1. Ann Hematol 2013; 92:759-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1695-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Edgerton-Morgan H, Oakley BR. γ-Tubulin plays a key role in inactivating APC/C(Cdh1) at the G(1)-S boundary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 198:785-91. [PMID: 22927465 PMCID: PMC3432763 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201203115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Failure to inactivate APC/CCdhA at the G1–S boundary of the cell cycle as a result of a γ-tubulin mutation that disrupts the APC/CCdhA localization prevents cell cycle progression. A γ-tubulin mutation in Aspergillus nidulans, mipA-D159, causes failure of inactivation of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) in interphase, resulting in failure of cyclin B (CB) accumulation and removal of nuclei from the cell cycle. We have investigated the role of CdhA, the A. nidulans homologue of the APC/C activator protein Cdh1, in γ-tubulin–dependent inactivation of the APC/C. CdhA was not essential, but it targeted CB for destruction in G1, and APC/CCdhA had to be inactivated for the G1–S transition. mipA-D159 altered the localization pattern of CdhA, and deletion of the gene encoding CdhA allowed CB to accumulate in all nuclei in strains carrying mipA-D159. These data indicate that mipA-D159 causes a failure of inactivation of APC/CCdhA at G1–S, perhaps by altering its localization to the spindle pole body, and, thus, that γ-tubulin plays an important role in inactivating APC/CCdhA at this point in the cell cycle.
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10
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Possible linkage of SP6 transcriptional activity with amelogenesis by protein stabilization. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:320987. [PMID: 22046099 PMCID: PMC3199210 DOI: 10.1155/2011/320987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ameloblasts produce enamel matrix proteins such as amelogenin, ameloblastin, and amelotin during tooth development. The molecular mechanisms of ameloblast differentiation (amelogenesis) are currently not well understood. SP6 is a transcription factor of the Sp/KLF family that was recently found to regulate cell proliferation in a cell-type-specific manner. Sp6-deficient mice demonstrate characteristic tooth anomalies such as delayed eruption of the incisors and supernumerary teeth with disorganized amelogenesis. However, it remains unclear how Sp6 controls amelogenesis. In this study, we used SP6 high producer cells to identify SP6 target genes. Based on the observations that long-term culture of SP6 high producer cells reduced SP6 protein expression but not Sp6 mRNA expression, we found that SP6 is short lived and specifically degraded through a proteasome pathway. We established an in vitro inducible SP6 expression system coupled with siRNA knockdown and found a possible linkage between SP6 and amelogenesis through the regulation of amelotin and Rock1 gene expression by microarray analysis. Our findings suggest that the regulation of SP6 protein stability is one of the crucial steps in amelogenesis.
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11
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Brockmann C, Huarte J, Dugina V, Challet L, Rey E, Conne B, Swetloff A, Nef S, Chaponnier C, Vassalli JD. Beta- and gamma-cytoplasmic actins are required for meiosis in mouse oocytes. Biol Reprod 2011; 85:1025-39. [PMID: 21778137 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.091736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, female meiosis consists of two asymmetric cell divisions, which generate a large haploid oocyte and two small polar bodies. Asymmetric partitioning of the cytoplasm results from migration of the meiotic spindle toward the cortex and requires actin filaments. However, the subcellular localization and the role of the existing two cytoplasmic actin (CYA) isoforms, beta and gamma, have not been characterized. We show that beta- and gamma-CYA are differentially distributed in the maturing oocyte from late metaphase I as well as in preimplantation embryos. Gamma-CYA is preferentially enriched in oocyte cortices and is absent from all cell-cell contact areas from metaphase II until the blastocyst stage. Beta-CYA is enriched in contractile structures, at cytokinesis, at cell-cell contacts, and around the forming blastocoel. Alteration of beta- or gamma-CYA function by isoform-specific antibody microinjection suggests that gamma-CYA holds a major and specific role in the establishment and/or maintenance of asymmetry in meiosis I and in the maintenance of overall cortical integrity. In contrast, beta- and gamma-CYA, together, appear to participate in the formation and the cortical anchorage of the second meiotic spindle in waiting for fertilization. Finally, differences in gamma-CYA expression are amongst the earliest markers of cell fate determination in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Brockmann
- Departments of Genetic Medicine and Development and Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Hoeller S, Walz C, Reiter A, Dirnhofer S, Tzankov A. PCM1–JAK2-fusion: a potential treatment target in myelodysplastic–myeloproliferative and other hemato-lymphoid neoplasms. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 15:53-62. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.538683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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13
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Datta SR, McQuillin A, Rizig M, Blaveri E, Thirumalai S, Kalsi G, Lawrence J, Bass NJ, Puri V, Choudhury K, Pimm J, Crombie C, Fraser G, Walker N, Curtis D, Zvelebil M, Pereira A, Kandaswamy R, St Clair D, Gurling HMD. A threonine to isoleucine missense mutation in the pericentriolar material 1 gene is strongly associated with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:615-28. [PMID: 19048012 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Markers at the pericentriolar material 1 gene (PCM1) have shown genetic association with schizophrenia in both a University College London (UCL) and a USA-based case-control sample. In this paper we report a statistically significant replication of the PCM1 association in a large Scottish case-control sample from Aberdeen. Resequencing of the genomic DNA from research volunteers who had inherited haplotypes associated with schizophrenia showed a threonine to isoleucine missense mutation in exon 24 which was likely to change the structure and function of PCM1 (rs370429). This mutation was found only as a heterozygote in 98 schizophrenic research subjects and controls out of 2246 case and control research subjects. Among the 98 carriers of rs370429, 67 were affected with schizophrenia. The same alleles and haplotypes were associated with schizophrenia in both the London and Aberdeen samples. Another potential aetiological base pair change in PCM1 was rs445422, which altered a splice site signal. A further mutation, rs208747, was shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assays to create or destroy a promoter transcription factor site. Five further non-synonymous changes in exons were also found. Genotyping of the new variants discovered in the UCL case-control sample strengthened the evidence for allelic and haplotypic association (P=0.02-0.0002). Given the number and identity of the haplotypes associated with schizophrenia, further aetiological base pair changes must exist within and around the PCM1 gene. PCM1 protein has been shown to interact directly with the disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) protein, Bardet-Biedl syndrome 4, and Huntingtin-associated protein 1, and is important in neuronal cell growth. In a separate study we found that clozapine but not haloperidol downregulated PCM1 expression in the mouse brain. We hypothesize that mutant PCM1 may be responsible for causing a subtype of schizophrenia through abnormal cell division and abnormal regeneration in dividing cells in the central nervous system. This is supported by our previous finding of orbitofrontal volumetric deficits in PCM1-associated schizophrenia patients as opposed to temporal pole deficits in non-PCM1-associated schizophrenia patients. Caution needs to be exercised in interpreting the actual biological effects of the mutations we have found without further cell biology. However, the DNA changes we have found deserve widespread genotyping in multiple case-control populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Datta
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Research Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
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14
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Eastwood SL, Walker M, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Harrison PJ. The DISC1 Ser704Cys substitution affects centrosomal localization of its binding partner PCM1 in glia in human brain. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:2487-96. [PMID: 20360304 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) has been genetically associated with schizophrenia, and with brain phenotypes including grey matter volume and working memory performance. However, the molecular and cellular basis for these associations remains to be elucidated. One potential mechanism may be via an altered interaction of DISC1 with its binding partners. In this context, we previously demonstrated that one DISC1 variant, Leu607Phe, influenced the extent of centrosomal localization of pericentriolar material 1 (PCM1) in SH-SY5Y cells. The current study extends this work to human brain, and includes another DISC1 coding variant, Ser704Cys. Using immunohistochemistry, we first characterized the distribution of PCM1 in human superior temporal gyrus (STG). PCM1 immunoreactivity was localized to the centrosome in glia, but not in neurons, which showed widespread immunoreactivity. We quantified centrosomal PCM1 immunoreactivity in STG glia of 81 controls and 67 subjects with schizophrenia, genotyped for the two polymorphisms. Centrosomal PCM1 immunoreactive area was smaller in Cys704 carriers than in Ser704 homozygotes, with a similar trend in Phe607 homozygotes compared with Leu607 carriers, replicating the finding in SH-SY5Y cells. No differences were seen between controls and subjects with schizophrenia. These findings confirm in vivo that DISC1 coding variants modulate centrosomal PCM1 localization, highlight a role for DISC1 in glial function and provide a possible cellular mechanism contributing to the association of these DISC1 variants with psychiatric phenotypes. Whether this influence of DISC1 genotype extends to other centrosomal proteins and DISC1 binding partners remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Eastwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK.
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15
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Wawrousek KE, Fortini BK, Polaczek P, Chen L, Liu Q, Dunphy WG, Campbell JL. Xenopus DNA2 is a helicase/nuclease that is found in complexes with replication proteins And-1/Ctf4 and Mcm10 and DSB response proteins Nbs1 and ATM. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:1156-66. [PMID: 20237432 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.6.11049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used the Xenopus laevis egg extract system to study the roles of vertebrate Dna2 in DNA replication and double-strand-break (DSB) repair. We first establish that Xenopus Dna2 is a helicase, as well as a nuclease. We further show that Dna2 is a nuclear protein that is actively recruited to DNA only after replication origin licensing. Dna2 co-localizes in foci with RPA and is found in a complex with replication fork components And-1 and Mcm10. Dna2 interacts with the DSB repair and checkpoint proteins Nbs1 and ATM. We also determine the order of arrival of ATM, MRN, Dna2, TopBP1, and RPA to duplex DNA ends and show that it is the same both in S phase and M phase extracts. Interestingly, Dna2 can bind to DNA ends independently of MRN, but efficient nucleolytic resection, as measured by RPA recruitment, requires both MRN and Dna2. The nuclease activity of Mre11 is required, since its inhibition delays both full Dna2 recruitment and resection. Dna2 depletion inhibits but does not block resection, and Chk1 and Chk2 induction occurs in the absence of Dna2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Wawrousek
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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16
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Inhibition of centriole duplication by centrobin depletion leads to p38-p53 mediated cell-cycle arrest. Cell Signal 2010; 22:857-64. [PMID: 20085806 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have identified a novel centrosomal protein centrobin that asymmetrically localizes to the daughter centriole. We found that depletion of centrobin expression inhibited the centriole duplication and impaired cytokinesis. However, the biological significance of centrobin in the cell cycle remains unknown. In the current study, we observed that silencing centrobin significantly inhibited the proliferation of lung cancer cell A549 and prevented the cells from G1 to S transition, whereas the growth rate of lung cancer cell line H1299, a p53-null cell line, was not affected. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the G1-S-phase arrest induced by centrobin knockdown in A549 cells is mediated by the upregulation of cell-cycle regulator p53, which is associated with the activation of cellular stress induced p38 pathway instead of DNA damage induced ATM pathway. Inhibition of p38 activity or downregulation of p38 expression could overcome the cell-cycle arrest caused by centrobin depletion. Taken together, our current findings demonstrated that centrobin plays an important role in the progression of cell cycle, and a tight association between the cell-cycle progression and defective centrosomes caused by depletion of centrobin.
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17
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Moynihan KL, Pooley R, Miller PM, Kaverina I, Bader DM. Murine CENP-F regulates centrosomal microtubule nucleation and interacts with Hook2 at the centrosome. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:4790-803. [PMID: 19793914 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-07-0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) network is essential in a broad spectrum of cellular functions. Many studies have linked CENP-F to MT-based activities as disruption of this protein leads to major changes in MT structure and function. Still, the basis of CENP-F regulation of the MT network remains elusive. Here, our studies reveal a novel and critical localization and role for CENP-F at the centrosome, the major MT organizing center (MTOC) of the cell. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identify Hook2, a linker protein that is essential for regulation of the MT network at the centrosome, as a binding partner of CENP-F. With recently developed immunochemical reagents, we confirm this interaction and reveal the novel localization of CENP-F at the centrosome. Importantly, in this first report of CENP-F(-/-) cells, we demonstrate that ablation of CENP-F protein function eliminates MT repolymerization after standard nocodazole treatment. This inhibition of MT regrowth is centrosome specific because MT repolymerization is readily observed from the Golgi in CENP-F(-/-) cells. The centrosome-specific function of CENP-F in the regulation of MT growth is confirmed by expression of truncated CENP-F containing only the Hook2-binding domain. Furthermore, analysis of partially reconstituted MTOC asters in cells that escape complete repolymerization block shows that disruption of CENP-F function impacts MT nucleation and anchoring rather than promoting catastrophe. Our study reveals a major new localization and function of CENP-F at the centrosome that is likely to impact a broad array of MT-based actions in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Moynihan
- Stahlman Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Program in Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA
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18
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Borojerdi JP, Ming J, Cooch C, Ward Y, Semino-Mora C, Yu M, Braun HM, Taylor BJ, Poirier MC, Olivero OA. Centrosomal amplification and aneuploidy induced by the antiretroviral drug AZT in hamster and human cells. Mutat Res 2009; 665:67-74. [PMID: 19427513 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The centrosome directs chromosomal migration by a complex process of tubulin-chromatin binding. In this contribution centrosomal abnormalities, including centrosomal amplification, were explored in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and normal human mammary epithelial cells (NHMECs) exposed to the antiretroviral drug zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, AZT). Centrosomal amplification/fragmentation was observed in both cell types and kinetochore positive micronuclei were found in AZT-exposed CHO cells in correlation with dose. Normal human mammary epithelial cell (NMHEC) strain M99005, previously identified as a strain that incorporates high levels of AZT into DNA (high incorporator, HI), showed greater centrosomal amplification when compared with a second strain, NHMEC M98040, which did not incorporate AZT into DNA (low incorporator, LI). Additionally, an abnormal tubulin distribution was observed in AZT-exposed HI cells bearing multiple centrosomes. Immunofluorescent staining of human cells with Aurora A, a kinase involved in the maturation of the centrosome, confirmed the induction of centrosomal amplification and revealed multipolar mitotic figures. Flow cytometric studies revealed that cells bearing abnormal numbers of centrosomes and abnormal tubulin distribution had similar S-phase percentages suggesting that cells bearing unbalanced chromosomal segregation could divide. Therefore, AZT induces genomic instability and clastogenicity as well as alterations in proteins involved in centrosomal activation, all of which may contribute to the carcinogenic properties of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Borojerdi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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19
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Wang YY, Charlesworth A, Byrd SM, Gregerson R, MacNicol MC, MacNicol AM. A novel mRNA 3' untranslated region translational control sequence regulates Xenopus Wee1 mRNA translation. Dev Biol 2008; 317:454-66. [PMID: 18395197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle progression during oocyte maturation requires the strict temporal regulation of maternal mRNA translation. The intrinsic basis of this temporal control has not been fully elucidated but appears to involve distinct mRNA 3' UTR regulatory elements. In this study, we identify a novel translational control sequence (TCS) that exerts repression of target mRNAs in immature oocytes of the frog, Xenopus laevis, and can direct early cytoplasmic polyadenylation and translational activation during oocyte maturation. The TCS is functionally distinct from the previously characterized Musashi/polyadenylation response element (PRE) and the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE). We report that TCS elements exert translational repression in both the Wee1 mRNA 3' UTR and the pericentriolar material-1 (Pcm-1) mRNA 3' UTR in immature oocytes. During oocyte maturation, TCS function directs the early translational activation of the Pcm-1 mRNA. By contrast, we demonstrate that CPE sequences flanking the TCS elements in the Wee1 3' UTR suppress the ability of the TCS to direct early translational activation. Our results indicate that a functional hierarchy exists between these distinct 3' UTR regulatory elements to control the timing of maternal mRNA translational activation during oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 814, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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20
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Mikule K, Delaval B, Kaldis P, Jurcyzk A, Hergert P, Doxsey S. Loss of centrosome integrity induces p38-p53-p21-dependent G1-S arrest. Nat Cell Biol 2007; 9:160-70. [PMID: 17330329 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes organize the microtubule cytoskeleton for both interphase and mitotic functions. They are implicated in cell-cycle progression but the mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that depletion of 14 out of 15 centrosome proteins arrests human diploid cells in G1 with reduced Cdk2-cyclin A activity and that expression of a centrosome-disrupting dominant-negative construct gives similar results. Cell-cycle arrest is always accompanied by defects in centrosome structure and function (for example, duplication and primary cilia assembly). The arrest occurs from within G1, excluding contributions from mitosis and cytokinesis. The arrest requires p38, p53 and p21, and is preceded by p38-dependent activation and centrosomal recruitment of p53. p53-deficient cells fail to arrest, leading to centrosome and spindle dysfunction and aneuploidy. We propose that loss of centrosome integrity activates a checkpoint that inhibits G1-S progression. This model satisfies the definition of a checkpoint in having three elements: a perturbation that is sensed, a transducer (p53) and a receiver (p21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Mikule
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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21
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Cowan CR, Hyman AA. Cyclin E–Cdk2 temporally regulates centrosome assembly and establishment of polarity in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Nat Cell Biol 2006; 8:1441-7. [PMID: 17115027 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of polarity in C. elegans embryos is dependent on the centrosome. The sperm contributes a pair of centrioles to the egg and these centrioles remain incapable of polarizing the cortex while the egg completes meiosis. Coincident with the establishment of polarity, the centrioles recruit centrosomal proteins, several of which are required for polarity, suggesting that the temporal regulation of centrosome assembly may control the initiation of polarization. We found that cyclin E-Cdk2 is required for the establishment of polarity. Cyclin E-Cdk2 controls the recruitment of centrosomal proteins specifically at the time of polarity establishment. Cyclin E is required for several examples of asymmetric cell division and fate determination in C. elegans and Drosophila. Here, we suggest a possible mechanism for cyclin E-Cdk2-dependent differentiation: the establishment of cortical polarity by the centrosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie R Cowan
- Max Planck Institute, Molecular Cell Biology & Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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22
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Srsen V, Gnadt N, Dammermann A, Merdes A. Inhibition of centrosome protein assembly leads to p53-dependent exit from the cell cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 174:625-30. [PMID: 16943179 PMCID: PMC2064305 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200606051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous evidence has indicated that an intact centrosome is essential for cell cycle progress and that elimination of the centrosome or depletion of individual centrosome proteins prevents the entry into S phase. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of centrosome-dependent cell cycle progress, we performed RNA silencing experiments of two centrosome-associated proteins, pericentriolar material 1 (PCM-1) and pericentrin, in primary human fibroblasts. We found that cells depleted of PCM-1 or pericentrin show lower levels of markers for S phase and cell proliferation, including cyclin A, Ki-67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, minichromosome maintenance deficient 3, and phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein. Also, the percentage of cells undergoing DNA replication was reduced by >50%. At the same time, levels of p53 and p21 increased in these cells, and cells were predisposed to undergo senescence. Conversely, depletion of centrosome proteins in cells lacking p53 did not cause any cell cycle arrest. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase rescued cell cycle activity after centrosome protein depletion, indicating that p53 is activated by the p38 stress pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlastimil Srsen
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK
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23
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Doxsey S, Zimmerman W, Mikule K. Centrosome control of the cell cycle. Trends Cell Biol 2006; 15:303-11. [PMID: 15953548 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Early observations of centrosomes, made a century ago, revealed a tiny dark structure surrounded by a radial array of cytoplasmic fibers. We now know that the fibers are microtubules and that the dark organelles are centrosomes that mediate functions far beyond the more conventional role of microtubule organization. More recent evidence demonstrates that the centrosome serves as a scaffold for anchoring an extensive number of regulatory proteins. Among these are cell-cycle regulators whose association with the centrosome is an essential step in cell-cycle control. Such studies show that the centrosome is required for several cell-cycle transitions, including G(1) to S-phase, G(2) to mitosis and metaphase to anaphase. In this review (which is part of the Chromosome Segregation and Aneuploidy series), we discuss recent data that provide the most direct links between centrosomes and cell-cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Doxsey
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Centrosomes, spindle pole bodies, and related structures in other organisms are a morphologically diverse group of organelles that share a common ability to nucleate and organize microtubules and are thus referred to as microtubule organizing centers or MTOCs. Features associated with MTOCs include organization of mitotic spindles, formation of primary cilia, progression through cytokinesis, and self-duplication once per cell cycle. Centrosomes bind more than 100 regulatory proteins, whose identities suggest roles in a multitude of cellular functions. In fact, recent work has shown that MTOCs are required for several regulatory functions including cell cycle transitions, cellular responses to stress, and organization of signal transduction pathways. These new liaisons between MTOCs and cellular regulation are the focus of this review. Elucidation of these and other previously unappreciated centrosome functions promises to yield exciting scientific discovery for some time to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Doxsey
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
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25
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Bousquet M, Quelen C, De Mas V, Duchayne E, Roquefeuil B, Delsol G, Laurent G, Dastugue N, Brousset P. The t(8;9)(p22;p24) translocation in atypical chronic myeloid leukaemia yields a new PCM1-JAK2 fusion gene. Oncogene 2005; 24:7248-52. [PMID: 16091753 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Several tyrosine kinase genes are involved in chromosomal translocations in chronic myeloproliferative disorders, but there are still uncharacterized translocations in some cases. We report two such cases corresponding to atypical chronic myeloid leukaemia with a t(8;9)(p22;p24) translocation. By fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) on the corresponding metaphases with a bacterial artificial chromosome probe encompassing the janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene at 9p24, we observed a split for both patients, suggesting that this gene was rearranged. The locus at 8p22 contains different candidate genes including the pericentriolar material 1 gene (PCM1), already implicated in reciprocal translocations. The rearrangement of the PCM1 gene was demonstrated by FISH, for both patients. By RT-PCR, we confirmed the fusion of 3' part of JAK2 with the 5' part of PCM1. Sequence analysis of the chimeric PCM1-JAK2 mRNA suggests that the putative protein displays the coiled-coil domains of PCM1 and the tyrosine kinase domain of JAK2. This new translocation identifies JAK2 as a possible therapeutic target for compounds with anti-tyrosine kinase activity.
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MESH Headings
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Autoantigens
- Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Cytarabine/therapeutic use
- Fatal Outcome
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Hydroxyurea/therapeutic use
- Idarubicin/therapeutic use
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Janus Kinase 2
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Open Reading Frames
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Secondary Prevention
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Translocation, Genetic
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bousquet
- Inserm U563 CPTP and laboratoire de cytogénétique des hémopathies, CHU Purpan, Place Baylac, 31059 Toulouse Cedex, France
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26
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Abstract
The well recognized activities of the mammalian centrosome--microtubule nucleation, duplication, and organization of the primary cilium--are under the control of the cell cycle. However, the centrosome is more than just a follower of the cell cycle; it can also be essential for the cell to transit G1 and enter S phase. How the centrosome influences G1 progression is a mystery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greenfield Sluder
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01605, USA.
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27
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Patzke S, Hauge H, Sioud M, Finne EF, Sivertsen EA, Delabie J, Stokke T, Aasheim HC. Identification of a novel centrosome/microtubule-associated coiled-coil protein involved in cell-cycle progression and spindle organization. Oncogene 2005; 24:1159-73. [PMID: 15580290 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the identification of a novel vertebrate-specific centrosome/spindle pole-associated protein (CSPP) involved in cell-cycle regulation. The protein is predicted to have a tripartite domain structure, where the N- and C-terminal domains are linked through a coiled-coil mid-domain. Experimental analysis of the identified domains revealed that spindle association is dependent on the N-terminal and the coiled-coil mid domain. The expression of CSPP at the mRNA level was detected in all tested cell lines and in testis tissue. Ectopic expression of CSPP in HEK293T cells blocked cell-cycle progression in early G1 phase and in mitosis in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, mitosis-arrested cells contained aberrant spindles and showed impairment of chromosome congression. Inhibition of CSPP gene expression by small interfering RNAs induced cell-cycle arrest/delay in S phase. This phenotype was characterized by elevated levels of cyclin A, decreased levels of cyclin E and hyperphosphorylation of the S-phase checkpoint kinase Chk1. The activation of Chk1 may indicate a replication stress response due to an inappropriate G1/S-phase transition. Taken together, we demonstrate that CSPP is associated with centrosomes and microtubules and may play a role in the regulation of G(1)/S-phase progression and spindle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Patzke
- Department of Immunology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
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28
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Simerly C, Navara C, Hyun SH, Lee BC, Kang SK, Capuano S, Gosman G, Dominko T, Chong KY, Compton D, Hwang WS, Schatten G. Embryogenesis and blastocyst development after somatic cell nuclear transfer in nonhuman primates: overcoming defects caused by meiotic spindle extraction. Dev Biol 2004; 276:237-52. [PMID: 15581862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Revised: 09/28/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic cloning or nuclear transfer for stem cells (NTSC) seeks to overcome immune rejection through the development of embryonic stem cells (ES cells) derived from cloned blastocysts. The successful derivation of a human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line from blastocysts generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) provides proof-of-principle for "therapeutic cloning," though immune matching of the differentiated NT-hES remains to be established. Here, in nonhuman primates (NHPs; rhesus and cynomologus macaques), the strategies used with human SCNT improve NHP-SCNT development significantly. Protocol improvements include the following: enucleation just prior to metaphase-II arrest; extrusion rather than extraction of the meiotic spindle-chromosome complex (SCC); nuclear transfer by electrofusion with simultaneous cytoplast activation; and sequential media. Embryo transfers (ET) of 135 SCNT-NHP into 25 staged surrogates did not result in convincing evidence of pregnancies after 30 days post-ET. These results demonstrate that (i) protocols optimized in humans generate preimplantation embryos in nonhuman primates; (ii) some, though perhaps not yet all, hurdles in deriving NT-nhpES cells from cloned macaque embryos (therapeutic cloning) have been overcome; (iii) reproductive cloning with SCNT-NHP embryos appears significantly less efficient than with fertilized embryos; (iv) therapeutic cloning with matured metaphase-II oocytes, aged oocytes, or "fertilization failures" might remain difficult since enucleation is optimally performed prior to metaphase-II arrest; and (v) challenges remain for producing reproductive successes since NT embryos appear inferior to fertilized ones due to spindle defects resulting from centrosome and motor deficiencies that produce aneuploid preimplantation embryos, among other anomalies including genomic imprinting, mitochondrial and cytoplasmic heterogeneities, cell cycle asynchronies, and improper nuclear reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Simerly
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology-Reproductive Sciences, Pittsburgh Development Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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29
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Metge B, Ofori-Acquah S, Stevens T, Balczon R. Stat3 activity is required for centrosome duplication in chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:41801-6. [PMID: 15294906 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407094200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is the major microtubule organizing center in mammalian cells. During interphase, the single centrosome is duplicated and the progeny centrosomes then serve as the spindle poles during mitosis. Little is known about the signals that drive centrosome doubling. In these studies, various inhibitors and molecular approaches were used to demonstrate a role for the Stat pathway in regulating the events of centrosome doubling. Both piceatannol and a dominant negative behaving Stat3 adenovirus were able to disrupt centrosome duplication in hydroxyurea-arrested Chinese hamster ovary cells, demonstrating that Stat3 is a key signaling molecule in the events of centrosome duplication. Investigation into the role of Stat3 signaling during centrosome production demonstrated that Stat3 does not directly regulate the transcription of the centrosome genes encoding gamma-tubulin and PCM-1. Instead, Stat3 apparently regulated gamma-tubulin levels through post-transcriptional mechanisms whereas PCM-1 levels actually increased when Stat3 was inhibited, suggesting more complex mechanisms for regulating PCM-1 production. These studies demonstrate that Stat3 plays a vital role in centrosome duplication events, although the downstream targets of Stat3 activation leading to centrosome production remain to be established. The proposed signaling pathway utilizes Stat3 as a fundamental signaling molecule that directs the production of the various centrosome proteins indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Metge
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, and Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA
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30
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Megraw TL, Kilaru S, Turner FR, Kaufman TC. The centrosome is a dynamic structure that ejects PCM flares. J Cell Sci 2002; 115:4707-18. [PMID: 12415014 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila Centrosomin (Cnn) protein is an essential core component of centrosomes in the early embryo. We have expressed a Cnn-GFP fusion construct in cleavage stage embryos, which rescues the maternal effect lethality of cnn mutant animals. The localization patterns seen with GFP-Cnn are identical to the patterns we see by immunofluorescent staining with anti-Cnn antibodies. Live imaging of centrosomes with Cnn-GFP reveals surprisingly dynamic features of the centrosome. Extracentrosomal particles of Cnn move radially from the centrosome and frequently change their direction. D-TACC colocalized with Cnn at these particles. We have named these extrusions 'flares'. Flares are dependent on microtubules, since disruption of the microtubule array severs the movement of these particles. Movement of flare particles is cleavage-cycle-dependent and appears to be attributed mostly to their association with dynamic astral microtubules. Flare activity decreases at metaphase, then increases at telophase and remains at this higher level of activity until the next metaphase. Flares appear to be similar to vertebrate PCM-1-containing 'centriolar satellites' in their behavior. By injecting rhodamine-actin, we observed that flares extend no farther than the actin cage. Additionally, disruption of the microfilament array increased the extent of flare movement. These observations indicate that centrosomes eject particles of Cnn-containing pericentriolar material that move on dynamic astral microtubules at a rate that varies with the cell cycle. We propose that flare particles play a role in organizing the actin cytoskeleton during syncytial cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Megraw
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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31
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Dammermann A, Merdes A. Assembly of centrosomal proteins and microtubule organization depends on PCM-1. J Cell Biol 2002; 159:255-66. [PMID: 12403812 PMCID: PMC2173044 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200204023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2002] [Revised: 09/12/2002] [Accepted: 09/18/2002] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein PCM-1 localizes to cytoplasmic granules known as "centriolar satellites" that are partly enriched around the centrosome. We inhibited PCM-1 function using a variety of approaches: microinjection of antibodies into cultured cells, overexpression of a PCM-1 deletion mutant, and specific depletion of PCM-1 by siRNA. All approaches led to reduced targeting of centrin, pericentrin, and ninein to the centrosome. Similar effects were seen upon inhibition of dynactin by dynamitin, and after prolonged treatment of cells with the microtubule inhibitor nocodazole. Inhibition or depletion of PCM-1 function further disrupted the radial organization of microtubules without affecting microtubule nucleation. Loss of microtubule organization was also observed after centrin or ninein depletion. Our data suggest that PCM-1-containing centriolar satellites are involved in the microtubule- and dynactin-dependent recruitment of proteins to the centrosome, of which centrin and ninein are required for interphase microtubule organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dammermann
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK
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