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Dougherty GW, Loges NT, Klinkenbusch JA, Olbrich H, Pennekamp P, Menchen T, Raidt J, Wallmeier J, Werner C, Westermann C, Ruckert C, Mirra V, Hjeij R, Memari Y, Durbin R, Kolb-Kokocinski A, Praveen K, Kashef MA, Kashef S, Eghtedari F, Häffner K, Valmari P, Baktai G, Aviram M, Bentur L, Amirav I, Davis EE, Katsanis N, Brueckner M, Shaposhnykov A, Pigino G, Dworniczak B, Omran H. DNAH11 Localization in the Proximal Region of Respiratory Cilia Defines Distinct Outer Dynein Arm Complexes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:213-24. [PMID: 26909801 PMCID: PMC4979367 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0353oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a recessively inherited disease that leads to chronic respiratory disorders owing to impaired mucociliary clearance. Conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a diagnostic standard to identify ultrastructural defects in respiratory cilia but is not useful in approximately 30% of PCD cases, which have normal ciliary ultrastructure. DNAH11 mutations are a common cause of PCD with normal ciliary ultrastructure and hyperkinetic ciliary beating, but its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. We therefore characterized DNAH11 in human respiratory cilia by immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM) in the context of PCD. We used whole-exome and targeted next-generation sequence analysis as well as Sanger sequencing to identify and confirm eight novel loss-of-function DNAH11 mutations. We designed and validated a monoclonal antibody specific to DNAH11 and performed high-resolution IFM of both control and PCD-affected human respiratory cells, as well as samples from green fluorescent protein (GFP)-left-right dynein mice, to determine the ciliary localization of DNAH11. IFM analysis demonstrated native DNAH11 localization in only the proximal region of wild-type human respiratory cilia and loss of DNAH11 in individuals with PCD with certain loss-of-function DNAH11 mutations. GFP-left-right dynein mice confirmed proximal DNAH11 localization in tracheal cilia. DNAH11 retained proximal localization in respiratory cilia of individuals with PCD with distinct ultrastructural defects, such as the absence of outer dynein arms (ODAs). TEM tomography detected a partial reduction of ODAs in DNAH11-deficient cilia. DNAH11 mutations result in a subtle ODA defect in only the proximal region of respiratory cilia, which is detectable by IFM and TEM tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cordula Westermann
- 2 Gerhard-Domagk-Institut for Pathology, University Hospital Muenster, and
| | - Christian Ruckert
- 3 Department of Human Genetics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Virginia Mirra
- 4 Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Rim Hjeij
- 1 Department of General Pediatrics and
| | - Yasin Memari
- 5 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Durbin
- 5 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kavita Praveen
- 6 Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,7 Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, New York; and
| | - Mohammad A Kashef
- 8 Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,9 Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Sara Kashef
- 8 Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fardin Eghtedari
- 10 Australian Capital Territory Health, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Karsten Häffner
- 11 Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pekka Valmari
- 12 Department of Pediatrics, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - György Baktai
- 13 Department of Bronchology, Pediatric Institute Svábhegy, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Israel Amirav
- 16 Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Erica E Davis
- 6 Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- 6 Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Martina Brueckner
- 17 Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Artem Shaposhnykov
- 18 Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gaia Pigino
- 18 Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd Dworniczak
- 3 Department of Human Genetics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Mukhopadhyay AG, Dey CS. Two-headed outer- and inner-arm dyneins of Leishmania sp bear conserved IQ-like motifs. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 4:283-290. [PMID: 29124215 PMCID: PMC5669419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyneins are high molecular weight microtubule based motor proteins responsible for beating of the flagellum. The flagellum is important for the viability of trypanosomes like Leishmania. However, very little is known about dynein and its role in flagellar motility in such trypanosomatid species. Here, we have identified genes in five species of Leishmania that code for outer-arm dynein (OAD) heavy chains α and β, and inner-arm dynein (IAD) heavy chains 1α and 1β using BLAST and MSA. Our sequence analysis indicates that unlike the three-headed outer-arm dyneins of Chlamydomonas and Tetrahymena, the outer-arm dyneins of the genus Leishmania are two-headed, lacking the γ chain like that of metazoans. N-terminal sequence analysis revealed a conserved IQ-like calmodulin binding motif in the outer-arm α and inner-arm 1α dynein heavy chain in the five species of Leishmania similar to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii outer-arm γ. It was predicted that both motifs were incapable of binding calmodulin. Phosphorylation site prediction revealed conserved serine and threonine residues in outer-arm dynein α and inner-arm 1α as putative phosphorylation sites exclusive to Leishmania but not in Trypanosoma brucei suggesting that regulation of dynein activity might be via phosphorylation of these IQ-like motifs in Leishmania sp. Identified outer and inner-arm dynein heavy chain genes in five Leishmania species. Outer-arm dyneins of the genus Leishmania are two-headed like metazoans. Conserved IQ-like motif present in outer-arm α and inner-arm 1α in Leishmania sp. Conserved serine and threonine residues in dynein arms exclusive to Leishmania sp. Possible regulation of dynein activity via phosphorylation of these IQ-like motifs.
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Toba S, Koyasako K, Yasunaga T, Hirotsune S. Lis1 restricts the conformational changes in cytoplasmic dynein on microtubules. Microscopy (Oxf) 2015; 64:419-27. [PMID: 26371280 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfv055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is a microtubule-based motor protein that transports intracellular cargo and performs various functions during cell division. We previously reported that Lis1 suppressed dynein motility on microtubules in an idling state. Recently, a model showed that Lis1 prevents the ATPase domain of dynein from transmitting a detachment signal to its microtubule-binding domain. However, conformational information on dynein is limited. We used electron microscopy to investigate the conformation of dynein and nucleotide-induced conformational changes on microtubules. The conformation of dynein differed depending on the presence or absence of a nucleotide. In the presence of the nucleotide ADP-vanadate, dynein displayed an extended form on microtubules (extended form), whereas in the absence of a nucleotide, dynein lay along microtubules (compact form). This conformational change reflects chemomechanical coupling in dynein walking on microtubules. We also found that Lis1 fixed the conformation of dynein in the compact form regardless of the nucleotide condition. Removal of the Lis1 dimerization motif abolished Lis1-dependent fixation of dynein in the compact form. This suggests that the idling state of dynein on microtubules induced by Lis1 occurs through the Lis1-dependent arrest of dynein chemomechanical coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Toba
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3 Abeno, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kotaro Koyasako
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan JST-SENTAN, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takuo Yasunaga
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan JST-SENTAN, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan JST-CREST, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shinji Hirotsune
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 1-4-3 Abeno, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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Kubo G, Sakamoto S, Fujii S, Sanada Y, Yasunaga T, Takahara A, Sakurai K. Transformation from Multi- to Single-lamellar Vesicle by Addition of a Cationic Lipid to 1,2-Dilauroyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Explored with SAXS and TEM. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Genki Kubo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Kitakyushu
| | - Shunsuke Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Kitakyushu
- Structural Materials Science Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center
| | - Shota Fujii
- Structural Materials Science Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center
- Graduate School of Engineering and Institute of Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Yusuke Sanada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Kitakyushu
- Structural Materials Science Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center
| | - Takuo Yasunaga
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology
- SENTAN, JST
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Structural Materials Science Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center
- Graduate School of Engineering and Institute of Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Kazuo Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Kitakyushu
- Structural Materials Science Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center
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Höög JL, Bouchet-Marquis C, McIntosh JR, Hoenger A, Gull K. Cryo-electron tomography and 3-D analysis of the intact flagellum in Trypanosoma brucei. J Struct Biol 2012; 178:189-98. [PMID: 22285651 PMCID: PMC3355306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is a uni-cellular protist that causes African sleeping sickness. These parasites have a flagellum that is attached to the cell body and is indispensible for its motility. The flagellum consists of a canonical 9+2 axoneme and a paraflagellar rod (PFR), an intricate tripartite, fibrous structure that is connected to the axoneme. In this paper we describe results from cryo-electron tomography of unperturbed flagella. This method revealed novel structures that are likely involved in attaching the flagellum to the cell. We also show the first cryo-electron tomographic images of a basal body in situ, revealing electron dense structures inside its triplet microtubules. Sub-tomogram averaging of the PFR revealed that its distal region is organized as an orthorhombic crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L Höög
- The Boulder Laboratory for 3-D Electron Microscopy of Cells, MCD-Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA.
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Structure-function analysis of dynein light chain 1 identifies viable motility mutants in bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:884-94. [PMID: 21378260 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00298-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The flagellum of Trypanosoma brucei is an essential and multifunctional organelle that is receiving increasing attention as a potential drug target and as a system for studying flagellum biology. RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown is widely used to test the requirement for a protein in flagellar motility and has suggested that normal flagellar motility is essential for viability in bloodstream-form trypanosomes. However, RNAi knockdown alone provides limited functional information because the consequence is often loss of a multiprotein complex. We therefore developed an inducible system that allows functional analysis of point mutations in flagellar proteins in T. brucei. Using this system, we identified point mutations in the outer dynein light chain 1 (LC1) that allow stable assembly of outer dynein motors but do not support propulsive motility. In procyclic-form trypanosomes, the phenotype of LC1 mutants with point mutations differs from the motility and structural defects of LC1 knockdowns, which lack the outer-arm dynein motor. Thus, our results distinguish LC1-specific functions from broader functions of outer-arm dynein. In bloodstream-form trypanosomes, LC1 knockdown blocks cell division and is lethal. In contrast, LC1 point mutations cause severe motility defects without affecting viability, indicating that the lethal phenotype of LC1 RNAi knockdown is not due to defective motility. Our results demonstrate for the first time that normal motility is not essential in bloodstream-form T. brucei and that the presumed connection between motility and viability is more complex than might be interpreted from knockdown studies alone. These findings open new avenues for dissecting mechanisms of flagellar protein function and provide an important step in efforts to exploit the potential of the flagellum as a therapeutic target in African sleeping sickness.
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