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Ikemoto K, Hashimoto K, Harada Y, Kumamoto Y, Hayakawa M, Mochizuki K, Matsuo K, Yashiro K, Yaku H, Takamatsu T, Tanaka H. Raman Spectroscopic Assessment of Myocardial Viability in Langendorff-Perfused Ischemic Rat Hearts. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2021; 54:65-72. [PMID: 34012178 PMCID: PMC8116620 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.21-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy, which senses changes in cellular contents of reduced cytochrome c, could be a powerful tool for label-free evaluation of ischemic hearts. However, undetermined is whether it is applicable to evaluation of myocardial viability in ischemic hearts. To address this issue, we investigated sequential changes in Raman spectra of the subepicardial myocardium in the Langendorff-perfused rat heart before and during ligation of the left coronary artery and its subsequent release and re-ligation. Under 532-nm wavelength excitation, the Raman peak intensity of reduced cytochrome c at 747 cm-1 increased quickly after the coronary ligation, and reached a quasi-steady state within 30 min. Subsequent reperfusion of the heart after a short-term (30-min) ligation that simulates reversible conditions resulted in quick recovery of the peak intensity to the baseline. Further re-ligation resulted in resurgence of the peak intensity to nearly the identical value to the first ischemia value. In contrast, reperfusion after prolonged (120-min) ligation that assumes irreversible states resulted in incomplete recovery of the peak intensity, and re-ligation resulted in inadequate resurgence. Electron microscopic observations confirmed the spectral findings. Together, the Raman spectroscopic measurement for cytochrome c could be applicable to evaluation of viability of the ischemic myocardium without labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Ikemoto
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Kosuke Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
- Present address: Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
| | - Yoshinori Harada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Yasuaki Kumamoto
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
- Present address: Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Michiyo Hayakawa
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Kentaro Mochizuki
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Kazuhiko Matsuo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Kenta Yashiro
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Hitoshi Yaku
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Tetsuro Takamatsu
- Department of Medical Photonics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Hideo Tanaka
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
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Nephronophthisis gene products display RNA-binding properties and are recruited to stress granules. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15954. [PMID: 32994509 PMCID: PMC7524721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72905-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of cilia-associated molecules cause multiple developmental defects that are collectively termed ciliopathies. However, several ciliary proteins, involved in gating access to the cilium, also assume localizations at other cellular sites including the nucleus, where they participate in DNA damage responses to maintain tissue integrity. Molecular insight into how these molecules execute such diverse functions remains limited. A mass spectrometry screen for ANKS6-interacting proteins suggested an involvement of ANKS6 in RNA processing and/or binding. Comparing the RNA-binding properties of the known RNA-binding protein BICC1 with the three ankyrin-repeat proteins ANKS3, ANKS6 (NPHP16) and INVERSIN (NPHP2) confirmed that certain nephronophthisis (NPH) family members can interact with RNA molecules. We also observed that BICC1 and INVERSIN associate with stress granules in response to translational inhibition. Furthermore, BICC1 recruits ANKS3 and ANKS6 into TIA-1-positive stress granules after exposure to hippuristanol. Our findings uncover a novel function of NPH family members, and provide further evidence that NPH family members together with BICC1 are involved in stress responses to maintain tissue and organ integrity.
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Nakayama K, Katoh Y. Architecture of the IFT ciliary trafficking machinery and interplay between its components. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:179-196. [PMID: 32456460 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1768206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella serve as cellular antennae and propellers in various eukaryotic cells, and contain specific receptors and ion channels as well as components of axonemal microtubules and molecular motors to achieve their sensory and motile functions. Not only the bidirectional trafficking of specific proteins within cilia but also their selective entry and exit across the ciliary gate is mediated by the intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery with the aid of motor proteins. The IFT-B complex, which is powered by the kinesin-2 motor, mediates anterograde protein trafficking from the base to the tip of cilia, whereas the IFT-A complex together with the dynein-2 complex mediates retrograde protein trafficking. The BBSome complex connects ciliary membrane proteins to the IFT machinery. Defects in any component of this trafficking machinery lead to abnormal ciliogenesis and ciliary functions, and results in a broad spectrum of disorders, collectively called the ciliopathies. In this review article, we provide an overview of the architectures of the components of the IFT machinery and their functional interplay in ciliary protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Katoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Blasius TL, Takao D, Verhey KJ. NPHP proteins are binding partners of nucleoporins at the base of the primary cilium. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222924. [PMID: 31553752 PMCID: PMC6760808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the surface of eukaryotic cells to generate motility and to sense and respond to environmental cues. In order to carry out these functions, the complement of proteins in the cilium must be specific for the organelle. Regulation of protein entry into primary cilia has been shown to utilize mechanisms and components of nuclear gating, including nucleoporins of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). We show that nucleoporins also localize to the base of motile cilia on the surface of trachea epithelial cells. How nucleoporins are anchored at the cilium base has been unclear as transmembrane nucleoporins, which anchor nucleoporins at the nuclear envelope, have not been found to localize at the cilium. Here we use the directed yeast two-hybrid assay to identify direct interactions between nucleoporins and nephronophthisis proteins (NPHPs) which localize to the cilium base and contribute to cilium assembly and identity. We validate NPHP-nucleoporin interactions in mammalian cells using the knocksideways assay and demonstrate that the interactions occur at the base of the primary cilium using bimolecular fluorescence complementation. We propose that NPHP proteins anchor nucleoporins at the base of primary cilia to regulate protein entry into the organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Lynne Blasius
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Daisuke Takao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kristen J. Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Frassetto R, Parolini F, Marceddu S, Satta G, Papacciuoli V, Pinna MA, Mela A, Secchi G, Galleri G, Manetti R, Bercich L, Villanacci V, Dessanti A, Antonucci R, Tanda F, Alberti D, Schwarz KB, Clemente MG. Intrahepatic bile duct primary cilia in biliary atresia. Hepatol Res 2018; 48:664-674. [PMID: 29330965 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM The etiopathogenesis of non-syndromic biliary atresia (BA) is obscure. The primary aim was to investigate intrahepatic bile duct cilia (IHBC) in BA at diagnosis and its correlation with clinical outcome. The secondary aim was to analyze IHBC in routine paraffin-embedded liver biopsies using conventional scanning electron microscopy (SEM). METHODS Surgical liver biopsies taken at diagnosis from 22 BA infants (age range, 39-116 days) and from eight children with non-BA chronic cholestasis (age range, 162 days -16.8 years) were evaluated for IHBC by immunofluorescence (IF) and SEM. A minimum 18-month follow-up after surgery was available for all patients. RESULTS By IF, cilia were present in 6/8 (75%) non-BA but only in 3/22 (14%) BA cases, and cilia were reduced or absent in 19/22 (86%) BA and 2/8 (25%) non-BA livers (P < 0.01). In BA, cilia presence was found to be associated with clearance of jaundice at 6-month follow-up (P < 0.05). However, high overall survival rates with native liver, >90% at 12 months, and >70% at 24 months post-surgery, were recorded regardless of cilia presence/absence at diagnosis. Electron microscopy was able to detect bile ducts and cilia in routine liver biopsies, revealing significant abnormalities in 100% BA livers. CONCLUSIONS The presence of IHBC in BA livers at the diagnosis was associated with resolution of cholestasis, although was not predictive of short-term survival with native liver. Scanning electron microscopy represents a powerful new tool to study routine liver biopsies in biliary disorders. Cilia dysfunction in BA pathogenesis and/or disease progression warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Frassetto
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Filippo Parolini
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, "Spedali Civili" Children's Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Marceddu
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy
| | - Giulia Satta
- Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Valeria Papacciuoli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Antonia Pinna
- Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mela
- Experimental Immunology and Cytofluorimetry Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giannina Secchi
- Experimental Immunology and Cytofluorimetry Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Grazia Galleri
- Experimental Immunology and Cytofluorimetry Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberto Manetti
- Experimental Immunology and Cytofluorimetry Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luisa Bercich
- Institute of Pathology, "Spedali Civili" Children's Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Villanacci
- Institute of Pathology, "Spedali Civili" Children's Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Dessanti
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberto Antonucci
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Tanda
- Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Alberti
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, "Spedali Civili" Children's Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Kathleen B Schwarz
- Pediatric Liver Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Grazia Clemente
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Nakajima Y, Kiyonari H, Mukumoto Y, Yokoyama T. The Inv compartment of renal cilia is an intraciliary signal-activating center to phosphorylate ANKS6. Kidney Int 2018; 93:1108-1117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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O'Hagan R, Silva M, Nguyen KCQ, Zhang W, Bellotti S, Ramadan YH, Hall DH, Barr MM. Glutamylation Regulates Transport, Specializes Function, and Sculpts the Structure of Cilia. Curr Biol 2017; 27:3430-3441.e6. [PMID: 29129530 PMCID: PMC5698134 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ciliary microtubules (MTs) are extensively decorated with post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as glutamylation of tubulin tails. PTMs and tubulin isotype diversity act as a "tubulin code" that regulates cytoskeletal stability and the activity of MT-associated proteins such as kinesins. We previously showed that, in C. elegans cilia, the deglutamylase CCPP-1 affects ciliary ultrastructure, localization of the TRP channel PKD-2 and the kinesin-3 KLP-6, and velocity of the kinesin-2 OSM-3/KIF17, whereas a cell-specific α-tubulin isotype regulates ciliary ultrastructure, intraflagellar transport, and ciliary functions of extracellular vesicle (EV)-releasing neurons. Here we examine the role of PTMs and the tubulin code in the ciliary specialization of EV-releasing neurons using genetics, fluorescence microscopy, kymography, electron microscopy, and sensory behavioral assays. Although the C. elegans genome encodes five tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL) glutamylases, only ttll-11 specifically regulates PKD-2 localization in EV-releasing neurons. In EV-releasing cephalic male (CEM) cilia, TTLL-11 and the deglutamylase CCPP-1 regulate remodeling of 9+0 MT doublets into 18 singlet MTs. Balanced TTLL-11 and CCPP-1 activity fine-tunes glutamylation to control the velocity of the kinesin-2 OSM-3/KIF17 and kinesin-3 KLP-6 without affecting the intraflagellar transport (IFT) kinesin-II. TTLL-11 is transported by ciliary motors. TTLL-11 and CCPP-1 are also required for the ciliary function of releasing bioactive EVs, and TTLL-11 is itself a novel EV cargo. Therefore, MT glutamylation, as part of the tubulin code, controls ciliary specialization, ciliary motor-based transport, and ciliary EV release in a living animal. We suggest that cell-specific control of MT glutamylation may be a conserved mechanism to specialize the form and function of cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O'Hagan
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Malan Silva
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ken C Q Nguyen
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Winnie Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sebastian Bellotti
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yasmin H Ramadan
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - David H Hall
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Silva M, Morsci N, Nguyen KCQ, Rizvi A, Rongo C, Hall DH, Barr MM. Cell-Specific α-Tubulin Isotype Regulates Ciliary Microtubule Ultrastructure, Intraflagellar Transport, and Extracellular Vesicle Biology. Curr Biol 2017; 27:968-980. [PMID: 28318980 PMCID: PMC5688951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are found on most non-dividing cells in the human body and, when faulty, cause a wide range of pathologies called ciliopathies. Ciliary specialization in form and function is observed throughout the animal kingdom, yet mechanisms generating ciliary diversity are poorly understood. The "tubulin code"-a combination of tubulin isotypes and tubulin post-translational modifications-can generate microtubule diversity. Using C. elegans, we show that α-tubulin isotype TBA-6 sculpts 18 A- and B-tubule singlets from nine ciliary A-B doublet microtubules in cephalic male (CEM) neurons. In CEM cilia, tba-6 regulates velocities and cargoes of intraflagellar transport (IFT) kinesin-2 motors kinesin-II and OSM-3/KIF17 without affecting kinesin-3 KLP-6 motility. In addition to their unique ultrastructure and accessory kinesin-3 motor, CEM cilia are specialized to produce extracellular vesicles. tba-6 also influences several aspects of extracellular vesicle biology, including cargo sorting, release, and bioactivity. We conclude that this cell-specific α-tubulin isotype dictates the hallmarks of CEM cilia specialization. These findings provide insight into mechanisms generating ciliary diversity and lay a foundation for further understanding the tubulin code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malan Silva
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Waksman Institute for Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Natalia Morsci
- Waksman Institute for Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ken C Q Nguyen
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Anza Rizvi
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Christopher Rongo
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Waksman Institute for Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - David H Hall
- Center for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Waksman Institute for Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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