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Titova E, Shagieva G, Ivanova O, Domnina L, Domninskaya M, Strelkova O, Khromova N, Kopnin P, Chernyak B, Skulachev V, Dugina V. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 suppresses fibrosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma tumour cell growth. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1797-1811. [PMID: 29995559 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1496748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are important regulators of tumour growth and progression due to their specific role in cancer metabolism and modulation of apoptotic pathways. In this paper we describe that mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 designed as a conjugate of decyl-triphenylphosphonium cation (TPP+) with plastoquinone, suppressed the growth of fibrosarcoma HT1080 and rhabdomyosarcoma RD tumour cells in culture and tumour growth of RD in xenograft nude mouse model. Under the same conditions, no detrimental effect of SkQ1 on cell growth of primary human subcutaneous fibroblasts was observed. The tumour growth suppression was shown to be a result of the antioxidant action of low nanomolar concentrations of SkQ1. We have revealed significant prolongation of mitosis induced by SkQ1 in both tumour cell cultures. Prolonged mitosis and apoptosis could be responsible for growth suppression after SkQ1 treatment in RD cells. Growth suppression in HT1080 cells was accompanied by the delay of telophase and cytokinesis, followed by multinuclear cells formation. The effects of SkQ1 on the cell cycle were proved to be at least partially mediated by inactivation of Aurora family kinases. ABBREVIATIONS TPP+: Triphenylphosphonium cation; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; mtROS: Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; NAC: N-acetyl-L-cysteine; DCFH-DA: Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; APC: Anaphase promoting complex; ABPs: Actin-binding proteins; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle media; SDS: sodium dodecyl sulfate; HEPES: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Titova
- a Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
| | - Galina Shagieva
- a Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
| | - Olga Ivanova
- a Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
| | - Lidiya Domnina
- a Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
| | - Maria Domninskaya
- a Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
| | - Olga Strelkova
- a Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
| | - Natalya Khromova
- b Cancerogenesis Research Institute, Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center , Moscow , Russia
| | - Pavel Kopnin
- b Cancerogenesis Research Institute, Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center , Moscow , Russia
| | - Boris Chernyak
- a Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
| | - Vladimir Skulachev
- a Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia.,c Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
| | - Vera Dugina
- a Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
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Mechanical properties of fibroblasts depend on level of cancer transformation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1013-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lomakina ME, Alexandrova AY. Analysis of changes induced by oncogene N-RAS expression in pattern and distribution of pseudopodial activity of fibroblasts. Russ J Dev Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360409040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Shutova MS, Alexandrova AY, Vasiliev JM. Regulation of polarity in cells devoid of actin bundle system after treatment with inhibitors of myosin II activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 65:734-46. [PMID: 18615701 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interplay of two cytoskeletal systems--microfilaments and microtubules is essential for directional cell movement. To better understand the role of those cytoskeletal systems in polarization of cells, rat fibroblasts were incubated with drugs inhibiting activity of myosin II: blebbistatin and Y-27632. Both drugs led to disappearance of actin-myosin bundles and mature focal cell-matrix adhesions but did not affect polarization and directional motility. The rate of motility even increased after inhibitor treatment. The characteristic feature of inhibitor-treated fibroblasts was collapse of the cytoplasm accompanied by bundling of microtubules that led to transformation of lamellae into long immobile tails. The only exception was the leading anterior lamella which was not transformed into the tail and supported directional movement of the cell. The tail at the cell rear determined the position of anterior lamella and direction of locomotion. Depolymerization of microtubules by colcemid stopped directional locomotion of inhibitor-treated cells. These data show that integrity of the microtubular system provides the basic mechanism of polarization and orientation which is only modified by interactions with actin-myosin system and cell-substrate adhesions. We suggest that the position of bundled tail microtubules and dispersed microtubules in leading lamella determine polarization in cells lacking stress fibers and focal adhesions. Thus, polarization is based on microtubule-dependent mechanisms both in non-contractile and contractile cells. These mechanisms could switch dependent on circumstances as fibroblasts may acquire non-contractile phenotype, not only after direct inhibition of myosin II but also in certain conditions of microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Shutova
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Wilkins A, Szafranski K, Fraser DJ, Bakthavatsalam D, Müller R, Fisher PR, Glöckner G, Eichinger L, Noegel AA, Insall RH. The Dictyostelium genome encodes numerous RasGEFs with multiple biological roles. Genome Biol 2005; 6:R68. [PMID: 16086850 PMCID: PMC1273635 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2005-6-8-r68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey of the Dictyostelium genome reveals at least 25 RasGEFs, all of which appear to be expressed at some point in development. Disruption of several of these novel RasGEFs reveals that many have clear phenotypes, suggesting that the unexpectedly large number of RasGEF genes reflects an evolutionary expansion of the range of Ras signaling. Background Dictyostelium discoideum is a eukaryote with a simple lifestyle and a relatively small genome whose sequence has been fully determined. It is widely used for studies on cell signaling, movement and multicellular development. Ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (RasGEFs) are the proteins that activate Ras and thus lie near the top of many signaling pathways. They are particularly important for signaling in development and chemotaxis in many organisms, including Dictyostelium. Results We have searched the genome for sequences encoding RasGEFs. Despite its relative simplicity, we find that the Dictyostelium genome encodes at least 25 RasGEFs, with a few other genes encoding only parts of the RasGEF consensus domains. All appear to be expressed at some point in development. The 25 genes include a wide variety of domain structures, most of which have not been seen in other organisms. The LisH domain, which is associated with microtubule binding, is seen particularly frequently; other domains that confer interactions with the cytoskeleton are also common. Disruption of a sample of the novel genes reveals that many have clear phenotypes, including altered morphology and defects in chemotaxis, slug phototaxis and thermotaxis. Conclusion These results suggest that the unexpectedly large number of RasGEF genes reflects an evolutionary expansion of the range of Ras signaling rather than functional redundancy or the presence of multiple pseudogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wilkins
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Karol Szafranski
- Genome Analysis, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Beutenbergstrasse 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Derek J Fraser
- Department of Microbiology, La Trobe University, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Deenadayalan Bakthavatsalam
- Centre for Biochemistry and Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Centre for Biochemistry and Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul R Fisher
- Department of Microbiology, La Trobe University, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Gernot Glöckner
- Genome Analysis, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Beutenbergstrasse 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ludwig Eichinger
- Centre for Biochemistry and Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Angelika A Noegel
- Centre for Biochemistry and Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Robert H Insall
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Harrison RE, Turley EA. Active erk regulates microtubule stability in H-ras-transformed cells. Neoplasia 2001; 3:385-94. [PMID: 11687949 PMCID: PMC1506201 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2001] [Accepted: 04/09/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that activated erk regulates cell functions, at least in part, by mechanisms that do not require gene transcription. Here we show that the map kinase, erk, decorates microtubules (MTs) and mitotic spindles in both parental and mutant active ras-transfected 10T1/2 fibroblasts and MCF10A breast epithelial cells. Approximately 20% of total cellular erk decorated MTs in both cell lines. A greater proportion of activated erk was associated with MTs in the presence of mutant active H-ras than in parental cells. Activation of erk by the ras pathway coincided with a decrease in the stability of MT, as detected by a stability marker. The MKK1 inhibitor, PD98059 and transfection of a dominant negative MKK1 blocked ras-induced instability of MTs but did not modify the association of erk with MTs or affect MT stability of the parental cells. These results indicate that the subset of active erk kinase that associates with MTs contributes to their instability in the presence of a mutant active ras. The MT-associated subset of active erk likely contributes to the enhanced invasive and proliferative abilities of cells containing mutant active H-ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Harrison
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
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Agapova LS, Ivanov AV, Sablina AA, Kopnin PB, Sokova OI, Chumakov PM, Kopnin BP. P53-dependent effects of RAS oncogene on chromosome stability and cell cycle checkpoints. Oncogene 1999; 18:3135-42. [PMID: 10340385 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mutations activating the function of ras proto-oncogenes are often observed in human tumors. Their oncogenic potential is mainly due to permanent stimulation of cellular proliferation and dramatic changes in morphogenic reactions of the cell. To learn more on the role of ras activation in cancerogenesis we studied its effects on chromosome stability and cell cycle checkpoints. Since the ability of ras oncogenes to cause cell transformation may be dependent on activity of the p53 tumor-suppressor the cells with different p53 state were analysed. Ectopic expression of N-ras(asp12) caused in p53-deficient MDAH041 cell line an augmentation in the number of chromosome breaks in mitogenic cells, significant increase in the frequency of metaphases showing chromosome endoreduplication and accumulation of polyploid cells. Similar effects were induced by different exogenous ras genes (N-ras(asp12), H-ras(leu12), N-ras proto-oncogene) in Rat1 and Rat2 cells which have a defect in p53-upstream pathways. In contrast, in REF52 and human LIM1215 cells showing ras-induced p53 up-regulation, ras expression caused only slight increase in the number of chromosome breaks and did not enhance the frequency of endoreduplication and polyploidy. Inactivation in these cells of p53 function by transduction of dominant-negative C-terminal p53 fragment (genetic suppressor element #22, GSE22) or mutant p53s significantly increased the frequency of both spontaneous and ras-induced karyotypic changes. In concordance with these observations we have found that expression of ras oncogene caused in p53-defective cells further mitigation of ethyl-metansulphonate-induced G1 and G2 cell cycle arrest, but did not abrogate G1 and G2 cell cycle checkpoints in cells with normal p53 function. These data indicate that along with stimulation of cell proliferation and morphological transformation ras activation can contribute to cancerogenesis by increasing genetic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Agapova
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Center, Moscow Medical Center, Russia
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Spencer W, Kwon H, Crépieux P, Leclerc N, Lin R, Hiscott J. Taxol selectively blocks microtubule dependent NF-kappaB activation by phorbol ester via inhibition of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation. Oncogene 1999; 18:495-505. [PMID: 9927206 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the NF-kappa-B transcription factors has been shown to be directly influenced by changes in the microtubule cytoskeleton network. To better understand cytoskeletal regulation of NF-kappaB, experiments were performed to determine whether the microtubule (MT) stabilizing agent taxol could modulate NF-kappaB activation in the presence of different NF-kappa-B inducers. Pretreatment of murine NIH3T3 and human 293 cells with 5 microM taxol resulted in complete inhibition of phorbol, 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA) mediated NF-kappaB activation, detected as the loss of DNA binding and reduced NF-kappaB dependent reporter gene activity. Furthermore, in COS-7 and NIH3T3 cells, PMA-induced Ikappa-Balpha turnover was dramatically reduced in taxol treated cells, mediated via the inhibition of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation. However, taxol did not prevent TNF-alpha induced Ikappa-Balpha phosphorylation, degradation, or NF-kappaB activation, indicating that TNF-alpha acts through a microtubule-independent pathway. In vitro kinase assays with PMA stimulated cell extracts demonstrated that taxol reduced protein kinase C activity by 30%, thus implicating the loss of PKC activity as a possible regulatory target of taxol-mediated suppression of NF-kappa-B. Since PMA causes modulation of cytoarchitecture through PKC activation, microtubule integrity and cell morphology was analysed by indirect immunofluorescence. Both PMA and nocodazole, a MT depolymerizing agent, caused microtubule depolymerization, whereas TNF-alpha did not alter MT integrity; concomitant taxol treatment blocked both nocodazole and PMA induced depolymerization of MTs, as well as NF-kappaB induction, thus demonstrating a link between microtubule depolymerization and NF-kappaB activation. These observations illustrate a novel biological activity of taxol as a selective inhibitor of NF-kappa-B activity, suggesting a link between the state of microtubule integrity and gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Spencer
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lane
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, 2.205 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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Gloushankova NA, Krendel MF, Sirotkin VA, Bonder EM, Feder HH, Vasiliev JM, Gelfand IM. Dynamics of active lamellae in cultured epithelial cells: effects of expression of exogenous N-ras oncogene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:5322-5. [PMID: 7777505 PMCID: PMC41686 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.12.5322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the functional consequences of cellular transformation of rat IAR-2 epithelial cells, by a mutant N-ras oncogene, on the dynamics of active lamellae, structures that play an important role in cell motility, adhesion, and surface-receptor capping. Lamellar activity was assessed by measuring the rate of outer-edge pseudopodial activity and by analyzing the motility of Con A-coated beads placed on lamellar surfaces with optical tweezers. Although transformation dramatically affected the shape and size of active cellular lamellae, there was little detectable effect on either pseudopodial activity or bead movement. To investigate the potential relationship between functional lamellar activity and the microtubule cytoskeleton, lamellar activity was examined in nontransformed and transformed cells treated with the microtubule-disrupting drug nocodazole. In the absence of microtubules, transformed cells were less polarized and possessed decreased rates of pseudopodial and bead motility. On the basis of these observations, it is suggested that ras-induced transformation of epithelial cells consists of two cytoskeletal modifications: overall diminished actin cytoskeletal dynamics in lamellae and reorganization of the microtubule cytoskeleton that directs pseudopodial activity to smaller polarized lamellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Gloushankova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Newark 07102, USA
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Allan V. Protein phosphatase 1 regulates the cytoplasmic dynein-driven formation of endoplasmic reticulum networks in vitro. J Cell Biol 1995; 128:879-91. [PMID: 7876311 PMCID: PMC2120396 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.128.5.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interphase Xenopus egg extracts form extensive tubular membrane networks in vitro. These networks are identified here as endoplasmic reticulum by the presence of ER resident proteins, as shown by immunofluorescence, and by the presence of single ribosomes and polysomes, as shown by electron microscopy. The effect of phosphorylation on ER movement in interphase was tested using the phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid. Okadaic acid treatment resulted in an increase of up to 27-fold in the number of ER tubules moving and in the extent of ER networks formed compared to control extracts. This activation was blocked by the broad-specificity kinase inhibitor 6-dimethylaminopurine. Okadaic acid had no effect, however, on the direction of ER tubule movement, which occurred towards the minus end of microtubules, and was sensitive to low concentrations of vanadate. Inhibition of phosphatases also had no effect on the speed or duration of ER tubule extensions, and did not stimulate the activity of soluble cytoplasmic dynein. The sensitivity of ER movement to okadaic acid closely matched that of protein phosphatase 1. Although the amount of ER motility was greatly increased by inhibiting protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), the amount of cytoplasmic dynein associated with the membrane was not altered. The data support a model in which phosphorylation regulates ER movement by controlling the activity of cytoplasmic dynein bound to the ER membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Allan
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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