1
|
Guo M, Yu X, Zhu YZ, Yu Y. From Bench to Bedside: What Do We Know about Imidazothiazole Derivatives So Far? Molecules 2023; 28:5052. [PMID: 37446714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Imidazothiazole derivatives are becoming increasingly important in therapeutic use due to their outstanding physiological activities. Recently, applying imidazothiazole as the core, researchers have synthesized a series of derivatives with biological effects such as antitumor, anti-infection, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this review, we summarize the main pharmacological effects and pharmacological mechanisms of imidazothiazole derivates; the contents summarized herein are intended to advance the research and rational development of imidazothiazole-based drugs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mu Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
- Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Xiangbin Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
- Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
- Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation, Fuzhou 350122, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Carrasco E, Gomez-Gutierrez P, Campos PM, Vega M, Messeguer A, Perez JJ. Discovery of novel 2,3,5-trisubstituted pyridine analogs as potent inhibitors of IL-1β via modulation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113620. [PMID: 34186234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1β is a central mediator of innate immune responses and inflammation. It plays a key role in a wide variety of pathologies, ranging from autoinflammatory diseases to metabolic syndrome and malignant tumors. It is well established that its inhibition results in a rapid and sustained reduction in disease severity, underlining the importance of having a repertoire of drugs of this class. At present, there are only three interleukin-1β blockers approved in the clinic. All of them are biologics, requiring parenteral administration and resulting in expensive treatments. In an exercise to identify small molecule allosteric inhibitors of MAP kinases, we discovered a series of compounds that block IL-1β release produced as a consequence of a stimulus involved in triggering an inflammatory response. The present study reports the hit-to-lead optimization process that permitted the identification of the compound 13b (AIK3-305) an orally available, potent and selective inhibitor of IL-1β. Furthermore, the study also reports the results of an in vivo efficacy study of 13b in a LPS endotoxic shock model in male BALB/c mice, where IL-1β inhibition is monitored in different tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Carrasco
- Allinky Biopharma, Campus de Cantoblanco, Faraday 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Gomez-Gutierrez
- Allinky Biopharma, Campus de Cantoblanco, Faraday 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain; Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro M Campos
- Allinky Biopharma, Campus de Cantoblanco, Faraday 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Vega
- Allinky Biopharma, Campus de Cantoblanco, Faraday 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Messeguer
- IQAC CSIC, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Dept. Biological Chemistry, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J Perez
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahmad I, Shaikh M, Surana S, Ghosh A, Patel H. p38α MAP kinase inhibitors to overcome EGFR tertiary C797S point mutation associated with osimertinib in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): emergence of fourth-generation EGFR inhibitor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:3046-3059. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1844801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iqrar Ahmad
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Matin Shaikh
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay Surana
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Microbiology Division, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Harun Patel
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
V K MA, Chandrasekaran VM, Pandurangan S. Protein Domain Level Cancer Drug Targets in the Network of MAPK Pathways. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2019; 16:2057-2065. [PMID: 29993692 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2018.2829507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteins in the MAPK pathways considered as potential drug targets for cancer treatment. Pathways along with the cross-talks increase their scope to view them as a network of MAPK pathways. Side effect causing targeted domains act as a proxy for drug targets due to its structural similarity and frequent reuse of their variants. We proposed to identify non-repeatable protein domains as the drug targets to disrupt the signal transduction than targeting the whole protein. Network based approach is used to understand the contribution of 52 domains in non-hub, non-essential, and intra-pathway cancerous nodes and to identify potential drug target domains. 34 distinct domains in the cancerous proteins are playing vital roles in making cancer as a complex disease and pose challenges to identify potential drug targets. Distribution of domain families follows the power law in the network. Single promiscuous domains are contributing to the formation of hubs like Pkinease, Pkinease Tyr, and Ras. Hub nodes are positively correlated with the domain coverage and targeting them would disrupt functional properties of the proteins. EIF 4EBP, alpha Kinase, Sel1, ROKNT, and KH 1 are the domains identified as potential domain targets for the disruption of the signaling mechanism involved in cancer.
Collapse
|
5
|
Somakala K, Tariq S, Amir M. Synthesis, evaluation and docking of novel pyrazolo pyrimidines as potent p38α MAP kinase inhibitors with improved anti-inflammatory, ulcerogenic and TNF-α inhibitory properties. Bioorg Chem 2019; 87:550-559. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
6
|
Ansideri F, Macedo JT, Eitel M, El-Gokha A, Zinad DS, Scarpellini C, Kudolo M, Schollmeyer D, Boeckler FM, Blaum B, Laufer SA, Koch P. Structural Optimization of a Pyridinylimidazole Scaffold: Shifting the Selectivity from p38α Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase to c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase 3. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:7809-7831. [PMID: 30087925 PMCID: PMC6072243 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Starting from known p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, a series of inhibitors of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 3 was obtained. Altering the substitution pattern of the pyridinylimidazole scaffold proved to be effective in shifting the inhibitory activity from the original target p38α MAPK to the closely related JNK3. In particular, a significant improvement for JNK3 selectivity could be achieved by addressing the hydrophobic region I with a small methyl group. Furthermore, additional structural modifications permitted to explore structure-activity relationships. The most potent inhibitor 4-(4-methyl-2-(methylthio)-1H-imidazol-5-yl)-N-(4-morpholinophenyl)pyridin-2-amine showed an IC50 value for the JNK3 in the low triple digit nanomolar range and its binding mode was confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ansideri
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität
Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joana T. Macedo
- Interfaculty
Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls
Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Eitel
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität
Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ahmed El-Gokha
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität
Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dhafer S. Zinad
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität
Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Camilla Scarpellini
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität
Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark Kudolo
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität
Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg
University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank M. Boeckler
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität
Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bärbel
S. Blaum
- Interfaculty
Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls
Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan A. Laufer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität
Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pierre Koch
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität
Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- E-mail: . Phone: +49 7071 2974579 (P.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
You W, Chang CEA. Role of Molecular Interactions and Protein Rearrangement in the Dissociation Kinetics of p38α MAP Kinase Type-I/II/III Inhibitors. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 58:968-981. [PMID: 29620886 PMCID: PMC5975198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the governing factors of fast or slow inhibitor binding/unbinding assists in developing drugs with preferred kinetic properties. For inhibitors with the same binding affinity targeting different binding sites of the same protein, the kinetic behavior can profoundly differ. In this study, we investigated unbinding kinetics and mechanisms of fast (type-I) and slow (type-II/III) binders of p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase, where the crystal structures showed that type-I and type-II/III inhibitors bind to pockets with different conformations of the Asp-Phe-Gly (DFG) motif. The work used methods that combine conventional molecular dynamics (MD), accelerated molecular dynamics (AMD) simulations, and the newly developed pathway search guided by internal motions (PSIM) method to find dissociation pathways. The study focuses on revealing key interactions and molecular rearrangements that hinder ligand dissociation by using umbrella sampling and post-MD processing to examine changes in free energy during ligand unbinding. As anticipated, the initial dissociation steps all require breaking interactions that appeared in crystal structures of the bound complexes. Interestingly, for type-I inhibitors such as SB2, p38α keeps barrier-free conformational fluctuation in the ligand-bound complex and during ligand dissociation. In contrast, with a type-II/III inhibitor such as BIRB796, with the rearrangements of p38α in its bound state, ligand unbinding features energetically unfavorable protein-ligand concerted movement. Our results also show that the type-II/III inhibitors preferred dissociation pathways through the allosteric channel, which is consistent with an existing publication. The study suggests that the level of required protein rearrangement is one major determining factor of drug binding kinetics in p38α systems, providing useful information for development of inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanli You
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Chia-en A. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Astolfi A, Manfroni G, Cecchetti V, Barreca ML. A Comprehensive Structural Overview of p38α Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Complex with ATP-Site and Non-ATP-Site Binders. ChemMedChem 2017; 13:7-14. [PMID: 29210532 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein we review all the currently available ATP-site and non-ATP-site ligands bound to p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) available in the RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB). The co-crystallized inhibitors have been classified into different families according to their experimental binding mode and chemical structure, and the ligand-protein interactions are discussed using the most representative compounds. This systematic structural analysis could provide some take-home lessons for drug discovery programs aimed at the rational identification and optimization of new p38α MAPK inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Astolfi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via A. Fabretti 48, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via A. Fabretti 48, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via A. Fabretti 48, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Barreca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via A. Fabretti 48, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bordes I, Castillo R, Moliner V. Theoretical Study of the Phosphoryl Transfer Reaction from ATP to Dha Catalyzed by DhaK from Escherichia coli. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:8878-8892. [PMID: 28850238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b04862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases, representing one of the largest protein families involved in almost all aspects of cell life, have become one of the most important targets for the development of new drugs to be used in, for instance, cancer treatments. In this article an exhaustive theoretical study of the phosphoryl transfer reaction from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to dihydroxyacetone (Dha) catalyzed by DhaK from Escherichia coli (E. coli) is reported. Two different mechanisms, previously proposed for the phosphoryl transfer from ATP to the hydroxyl side chain of specific serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues, have been explored based on the generation of free energy surfaces (FES) computed with hybrid QM/MM potentials. The results suggest that the substrate-assisted phosphoryl and proton-transfer mechanism is kinetically more favorable than the mechanism where an aspartate would be activating the Dha. Although the details of the mechanisms appear to be dramatically dependent on the level of theory employed in the calculations (PM3/MM, B3LYP:PM3/MM, or B3LYP/MM), the transition states (TSs) for the phosphoryl transfer step appear to be described as a concerted step with different degrees of synchronicity in the breaking and forming bonds process in both explored mechanisms. Residues of the active site belonging to different subunits of the protein, such as Gly78B, Thr79A, Ser80A, Arg178B, and one Mg2+ cation, would be stabilizing the transferred phosphate in the TS. Asp109A would have a structural role by posing the Dha and other residues of the active site in the proper orientation. The information derived from our calculations not only reveals the role of the enzyme and the particular residues of its active site, but it can assist in the rational design of new more specific inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Bordes
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I , 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - R Castillo
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I , 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - V Moliner
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I , 12071 Castellón, Spain.,Department of Chemistry, University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pourbasheer E, Ahmadpour S, Zare-Dorabei R, Nekoei M. Quantitative structure activity relationship study of p38α MAP kinase inhibitors. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
11
|
MD Aksam V, Chandrasekaran V, Pandurangan S. Identification of cluster of proteins in the network of MAPK pathways as cancer drug targets. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|
12
|
Somakala K, Amir M, Sharma V, Wakode S. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of pyrazole derivatives containing sulfonamide moiety. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
13
|
Astolfi A, Iraci N, Sabatini S, Barreca ML, Cecchetti V. p38α MAPK and Type I Inhibitors: Binding Site Analysis and Use of Target Ensembles in Virtual Screening. Molecules 2015; 20:15842-61. [PMID: 26334265 PMCID: PMC6331920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200915842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38α plays an essential role in the regulation of pro-inflammatory signaling, and selective blockade of this kinase could be efficacious in many pathological processes. Despite considerable research efforts focused on the discovery and development of p38α MAPK inhibitors, no drug targeting this protein has been approved for clinical use so far. We herein analyze the available crystal structures of p38α MAPK in complex with ATP competitive type I inhibitors, getting insights into ATP binding site conformation and its influence on automated molecular docking results. The use of target ensembles, rather than single conformations, resulted in a performance improvement in both the ability to reproduce experimental bound conformations and the capability of mining active molecules from compound libraries. The information gathered from this study can be exploited in structure-based drug discovery programs having as the ultimate aim the identification of novel p38α MAPK type I inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Astolfi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via A. Fabretti, 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via A. Fabretti, 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Stefano Sabatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via A. Fabretti, 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Maria Letizia Barreca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via A. Fabretti, 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via A. Fabretti, 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Astolfi A, Iraci N, Manfroni G, Barreca ML, Cecchetti V. A Comprehensive Structural Overview of p38α MAPK in Complex with Type I Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:957-69. [PMID: 26012502 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a well-recognized therapeutic target for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Over the past two decades, tremendous efforts have been focused on the discovery and development of small-molecule p38α MAPK inhibitors, although currently no drugs targeting this protein are clinically available. Therefore, the identification of novel chemotypes that are able to inhibit p38α MAPK function is still of great therapeutic significance. With the objective to support drug discovery programs aimed at identifying new immunomodulators acting on p38α MAPK, herein we present a complete overview of the available crystal structures of this protein in complex with ATP-site type I inhibitors. The 85 available complexes are classified by chemotype and experimental binding mode, and the ligand-protein interactions are discussed using the most representative inhibitors. The type and frequency of key inhibitor features are analyzed to give a final summary of the chemical requirements of promising p38α MAPK inhibitors. The proposed pharmacophore can be exploited to enhance the opportunities to identify novel type I inhibitors of p38α MAPK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Astolfi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via A. Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia (Italy)
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via A. Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia (Italy)
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via A. Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia (Italy)
| | - Maria Letizia Barreca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via A. Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia (Italy).
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via A. Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia (Italy)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sabatini S, Manfroni G, Barreca ML, Bauer SM, Gargaro M, Cannalire R, Astolfi A, Brea J, Vacca C, Pirro M, Massari S, Tabarrini O, Loza MI, Fallarino F, Laufer SA, Cecchetti V. The Pyrazolobenzothiazine Core as a New Chemotype of p38 Alpha Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:531-45. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sabatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Perugia; Via A. Fabretti, 48 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Perugia; Via A. Fabretti, 48 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Barreca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Perugia; Via A. Fabretti, 48 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Silke M. Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry; Institute of Pharmacy; Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Piazzale Gambuli 06100 Perugia Italy
| | - Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Perugia; Via A. Fabretti, 48 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Andrea Astolfi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Perugia; Via A. Fabretti, 48 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Jose Brea
- CIMUS Research Center; University of Santiago de Compostela; Avda de Barcelona s/n, Planta 3. Despacho 1 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Carmine Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Piazzale Gambuli 06100 Perugia Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Department of Medicine; University of Perugia; Piazzale Gambuli 06100 Perugia Italy
| | - Serena Massari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Perugia; Via A. Fabretti, 48 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Perugia; Via A. Fabretti, 48 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Maria Isabel Loza
- CIMUS Research Center; University of Santiago de Compostela; Avda de Barcelona s/n, Planta 3. Despacho 1 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Piazzale Gambuli 06100 Perugia Italy
| | - Stefan A. Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry; Institute of Pharmacy; Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tuebingen Germany
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Perugia; Via A. Fabretti, 48 06123 Perugia Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bachstetter AD, Xing B, Van Eldik LJ. The p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase limits the CNS proinflammatory cytokine response to systemic lipopolysaccharide, potentially through an IL-10 dependent mechanism. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:175. [PMID: 25297465 PMCID: PMC4193976 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a well-characterized intracellular kinase involved in the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines from glia. As such, p38α appears to be a promising therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases associated with neuroinflammation. However, the in vivo role of p38α in cytokine production in the CNS is poorly defined, and prior work suggests that p38α may be affecting a yet to be identified negative feedback mechanism that limits the acute, injury-induced proinflammatory cytokine surge in the CNS. METHODS To attempt to define this negative feedback mechanism, we used two in vitro and two in vivo models of neuroinflammation in a mouse where p38α is deficient in cells of the myeloid lineage. RESULTS We found that p38α in myeloid cells has an important role in limiting amplitude of the acute proinflammatory cytokine response to a systemic inflammatory challenge. Moreover, we identified IL-10 as a potential negative feedback mechanism regulated by p38α. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that p38α regulates a proper balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses to systemic inflammation, and that if circulating IL-10 levels are not elevated to counter-balance the increased systemic proinflammatory responses, the spread of the inflammatory response from the periphery to the CNS is exaggerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S, Limestone Street, Lexington 40536, KY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
In vivo RNAi screening identifies a mechanism of sorafenib resistance in liver cancer. Nat Med 2014; 20:1138-46. [PMID: 25216638 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In solid tumors, resistance to therapy inevitably develops upon treatment with cytotoxic drugs or molecularly targeted therapies. Here, we describe a system that enables pooled shRNA screening directly in mouse hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) in vivo to identify genes likely to be involved in therapy resistance. Using a focused shRNA library targeting genes located within focal genomic amplifications of human HCC, we screened for genes whose inhibition increased the therapeutic efficacy of the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib. Both shRNA-mediated and pharmacological silencing of Mapk14 (p38α) were found to sensitize mouse HCC to sorafenib therapy and prolong survival by abrogating Mapk14-dependent activation of Mek-Erk and Atf2 signaling. Elevated Mapk14-Atf2 signaling predicted poor response to sorafenib therapy in human HCC, and sorafenib resistance of p-Mapk14-expressing HCC cells could be reverted by silencing Mapk14. Our results suggest that a combination of sorafenib and Mapk14 blockade is a promising approach to overcoming therapy resistance of human HCC.
Collapse
|
18
|
Selig R, Goettert M, Schattel V, Schollmeyer D, Albrecht W, Laufer S. A Frozen Analogue Approach to Aminopyridinylimidazoles Leading to Novel and Promising p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8429-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300852w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Selig
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076
Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marcia Goettert
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076
Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Verena Schattel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076
Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Albrecht
- c-a-i-r biosciences GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 15, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076
Tuebingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Asano T, Yamazaki H, Kasahara C, Kubota H, Kontani T, Harayama Y, Ohno K, Mizuhara H, Yokomoto M, Misumi K, Kinoshita T, Ohta M, Takeuchi M. Identification, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 6-[(6R)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]-2-(2-methylphenyl)pyridazin-3(2H)-one (AS1940477), a potent p38 MAP kinase inhibitor. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7772-85. [PMID: 22905713 DOI: 10.1021/jm3008008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several p38 MAPK inhibitors have been shown to effectively block the production of cytokines such as IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6. Inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase therefore have significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of autoimmune disease. Compound 2a was identified as a potent TNFα production inhibitor in vitro but suffered from poor oral bioavailability. Structural modification of 2a led to the discovery of tetrahydropyrazolopyrimidine derivatives, exemplified by compound 3, with an improved pharmacokinetic profile. We found that blocking metabolism at the methyl group of the amine and constructing the tetrahydropyrimidine core were important to obtaining compounds with good biological profiles and oral bioavailability. Pursuing the structure-activity relationships of this series led to the discovery of AS1940477 (3f), with excellent cellular activity and a favorable pharmacokinetic profile. This compound represents a highly potent inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase with regard to in vivo activity in an adjuvant-induced arthritis model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Asano
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Structure-based design, synthesis and biological evaluation of N-pyrazole, N′-thiazole urea inhibitors of MAP kinase p38α. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 48:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
21
|
Muzzioli E, Del Rio A, Rastelli G. Assessing protein kinase selectivity with molecular dynamics and mm-pbsa binding free energy calculations. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:252-9. [PMID: 21585710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An application of molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area techniques to the prediction of protein kinase inhibitor selectivity is presented. A highly active and selective ERK2 inhibitor was placed in equivalent orientations in five different protein kinases (SRC, LCK, GSK3, JNK3 and Aurora-A). Binding free energies were then computed with the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area approach using 15 nanosecond fully solvated molecular dynamics trajectories of the corresponding protein-ligand complexes. The results show correlation with experimentally determined selectivities and provide useful insights into the underlying structural determinants for selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Muzzioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Milburn RR, Thiel OR, Achmatowicz M, Wang X, Zigterman J, Bernard C, Colyer JT, DiVirgilio E, Crockett R, Correll TL, Nagapudi K, Ranganathan K, Hedley SJ, Allgeier A, Larsen RD. Development of a Practical Synthesis of a Pyrazolopyridinone-Based p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitor. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op100205s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Milburn
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91362, United States
| | - Oliver R. Thiel
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91362, United States
| | - Michal Achmatowicz
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91362, United States
| | - Xiang Wang
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91362, United States
| | - Jamie Zigterman
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91362, United States
| | - Charles Bernard
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91362, United States
| | - John T. Colyer
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91362, United States
| | - Evan DiVirgilio
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91362, United States
| | - Rich Crockett
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91362, United States
| | - Tiffany L. Correll
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91362, United States
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91362, United States
| | - Kumar Ranganathan
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91362, United States
| | - Simon J. Hedley
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91362, United States
| | - Alan Allgeier
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91362, United States
| | - Robert D. Larsen
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, 91362, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nakao A, Ohkawa N, Nagasaki T, Kagari T, Doi H, Shimozato T, Ushiyama S, Aoki K. Tetrahydropyridine derivatives with inhibitory activity on the production of proinflammatory cytokines: Part 3. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4774-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
24
|
Fluorescence polarization binding assay to develop inhibitors of inactive p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase. Anal Biochem 2010; 401:125-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
25
|
A computational workflow for the design of irreversible inhibitors of protein kinases. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2010; 24:183-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-010-9324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
26
|
Munoz L, Ramsay EE, Manetsch M, Ge Q, Peifer C, Laufer S, Ammit AJ. Novel p38 MAPK inhibitor ML3403 has potent anti-inflammatory activity in airway smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 635:212-8. [PMID: 20226180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
SB203580 is the prototypical p38 MAPK inhibitor; however it cannot be used clinically due to liver toxicity. We developed a structural analogue of SB203580 - ML3403 - with equal in vitro and ex vivo p38alpha MAPK inhibition as SB203580, but with reduced activity towards liver cytochrome P450 enzymes. In addition, we developed a selective p38alpha MAPK inhibitor - CP41. The aim of this study is to compare the anti-inflammatory activity of ML3403 and CP41, with SB203580. We compare and contrast the ability of the p38 MAPK inhibitors to repress tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-induced interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) mRNA expression and protein secretion from airway smooth muscle cells. We also examined and compared the binding affinities of ML3403 and SB203580 to the active and inactive p38alpha MAPK. We demonstrate that ML3403 binds to both active and inactive p38 MAPK with high affinity and that it inhibits p38 MAPK-mediated airway smooth muscle synthetic function to an equivalent degree with SB203580. CP41 was not able to reduce IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in airway smooth muscle cells; a function of its higher IC(50) against p38alpha MAPK when compared to SB203580 and ML3403. We show that p38 MAPK-mediated pro-inflammatory pathways in airway smooth muscle cells can be inhibited by ML3403. The anti-inflammatory activity is equivalent to the prototypical p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. Our results implicate a future pharmacotherapeutic strategy towards reducing inflammation in asthma and airway remodelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Munoz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Del Rio A, Baldi BF, Rastelli G. Activity Prediction and Structural Insights of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 2 Inhibitors with Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 74:630-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
28
|
Gege C, Klein C. Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry 2009-a Summary of the Meeting at Heidelberg University. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1371-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
29
|
Wurz RP, Pettus LH, Xu S, Henkle B, Sherman L, Plant M, Miner K, McBride H, Wong LM, Saris CJ, Lee MR, Chmait S, Mohr C, Hsieh F, Tasker AS. Part 1: Structure–Activity Relationship (SAR) investigations of fused pyrazoles as potent, selective and orally available inhibitors of p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4724-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
30
|
Abstract
In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, new evidence shows that l-DOPA, which is used to treat the symptoms of the disease but also causes dyskinesia, results in a persistent activation of the protein kinase mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) in a subset of striatal medium spiny neurons. Moreover, blockade of a specific type of mTOR signaling (mTORC1) prevents the development of dyskinesia, but not the antiakinetic benefits produced by l-DOPA. Thus, mTORC1 may be a viable therapeutic target for dyskinesia caused by l-DOPA treatment in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Klann
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Thiel OR, Achmatowicz M, Bernard C, Wheeler P, Savarin C, Correll TL, Kasparian A, Allgeier A, Bartberger MD, Tan H, Larsen RD. Development of a Practical Synthesis of a p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitor. Org Process Res Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/op800250v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R. Thiel
- Department of Chemical Process Research and Development, Department of Molecular Structure and Design, and Department of Analytical Research and Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, U.S.A
| | - Michal Achmatowicz
- Department of Chemical Process Research and Development, Department of Molecular Structure and Design, and Department of Analytical Research and Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, U.S.A
| | - Charles Bernard
- Department of Chemical Process Research and Development, Department of Molecular Structure and Design, and Department of Analytical Research and Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, U.S.A
| | - Philip Wheeler
- Department of Chemical Process Research and Development, Department of Molecular Structure and Design, and Department of Analytical Research and Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, U.S.A
| | - Cecile Savarin
- Department of Chemical Process Research and Development, Department of Molecular Structure and Design, and Department of Analytical Research and Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, U.S.A
| | - Tiffany L. Correll
- Department of Chemical Process Research and Development, Department of Molecular Structure and Design, and Department of Analytical Research and Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, U.S.A
| | - Annie Kasparian
- Department of Chemical Process Research and Development, Department of Molecular Structure and Design, and Department of Analytical Research and Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, U.S.A
| | - Alan Allgeier
- Department of Chemical Process Research and Development, Department of Molecular Structure and Design, and Department of Analytical Research and Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, U.S.A
| | - Michael D. Bartberger
- Department of Chemical Process Research and Development, Department of Molecular Structure and Design, and Department of Analytical Research and Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, U.S.A
| | - Helming Tan
- Department of Chemical Process Research and Development, Department of Molecular Structure and Design, and Department of Analytical Research and Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, U.S.A
| | - Robert D. Larsen
- Department of Chemical Process Research and Development, Department of Molecular Structure and Design, and Department of Analytical Research and Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Achmatowicz M, Thiel OR, Wheeler P, Bernard C, Huang J, Larsen RD, Faul MM. Practical Synthesis of a p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitor. J Org Chem 2008; 74:795-809. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802186m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Achmatowicz
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799
| | - Oliver R. Thiel
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799
| | - Philip Wheeler
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799
| | - Charles Bernard
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799
| | - Jinkun Huang
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799
| | - Robert D. Larsen
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799
| | - Margaret M. Faul
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sun S. Bone disease drug discovery: examining the interactions between osteoblast and osteoclast. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:239-51. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
34
|
Winckler T, Zündorf I, Dingermann T. [Protein tyrosine kinases as drug targets. An important group of intracellular regulators]. PHARMAZIE IN UNSERER ZEIT 2008; 37:370-380. [PMID: 18729262 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.200800278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Winckler
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 07743 Jena.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|