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Strumfs B, Velikijs K, Uljanovs R, Sinkarevs S, Strumfa I. Non-Aziridination Approaches to 3-Arylaziridine-2-carboxylic Acid Derivatives and 3-Aryl-(aziridin-2-yl)ketones. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115919. [PMID: 35682596 PMCID: PMC9180376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly functionalized aziridines, including compounds with aromatic moieties, are attractive substrates both in synthetic and medical areas of chemistry. There is a broad and interesting set of synthetic methods for reaching these compounds. Aziridination represents the most explored tool, but there are several other more specific, less well-known, but highly promising approaches. Therefore, the current review focuses on recently described or updated ways to obtain 3-arylated aziridines via different non-aziridination-based synthetic methods, reported mainly since 2000. The presented methods belong to two main directions of synthesis, namely, cyclization of open-chain substrates and rearrangement of other heterocycles. Cyclization of open-chain substrates includes the classic Gabriel-Cromwell type cyclization of halogenated substrates with amines, base-promoted cyclization of activated aminoalcohols (or its analogues), and the oxidative cyclization of β-dicarbonyls. Rearrangements of other heterocycles are presented as the Baldwin rearrangement of 4-isoxazolines, the cycloaddition of 1.3-dipoles or dienes to 2H-azirines, and the addition of C- and N-nucleophiles to the double bond of azirines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boriss Strumfs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Street, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; or
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (K.V.); (R.U.); (S.S.)
| | - Kirils Velikijs
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (K.V.); (R.U.); (S.S.)
| | - Romans Uljanovs
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (K.V.); (R.U.); (S.S.)
| | - Stanislavs Sinkarevs
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (K.V.); (R.U.); (S.S.)
| | - Ilze Strumfa
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (K.V.); (R.U.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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2
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Liu N, Jensen AA, Bunch L. β-Indolyloxy Functionalized Aspartate Analogs as Inhibitors of the Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters (EAATs). ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2212-2220. [PMID: 33214831 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) mediate uptake of the major excitatory neurotransmitter l-glutamate (Glu). The essential functions governed by these transporters in regulating the central Glu level make them interesting therapeutic targets in a wide range of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. l-Aspartate (Asp), another EAAT substrate, has served as a privileged scaffold for the development of EAAT inhibitors. In this study, we designed and synthesized the first β-indolyloxy Asp analogs 15a-d with the aim to probe a hitherto unexplored adjacent pocket to the substrate binding site. The pharmacological properties of 15a-d were characterized at hEAAT1-3 and rEAAT4 in a conventional [3H]-d-Asp uptake assay. Notably, thiophene analog 15b and the para-trifluoromethyl phenyl analog 15d were found to be hEAAT1,2-preferring inhibitors exhibiting IC50 values in the high nanomolar range (0.21-0.71 μM) at these two transporters versus IC50 values in the low micromolar range at EAAT3,4 (1.6-8.9 μM). In summary, the results presented herein open up for further structure-activity relationship studies of this new scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders A Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lennart Bunch
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Li C, Liu Y, Wu S, Han G, Tu J, Dong G, Liu N, Sheng C. Targeting fungal virulence factor by small molecules: Structure-based discovery of novel secreted aspartic protease 2 (SAP2) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 201:112515. [PMID: 32623209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Secreted aspartic protease 2 (SAP2), a kind of virulence factor, is an emerging new antifungal target. Using docking-based virtual screening and structure-based inhibitor design, a series of novel SAP2 inhibitors were successfully identified. Among them, indolone derivative 24a showed potent SAP2 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.92 μM). It blocked fungi biofilm and hypha formation by down-regulating the expression of genes SAP2, ECE1, ALS3 and EFG1. As a virulence factor inhibitor, compound 24a was inactive in vitro and showed potent in vivo efficacy in a murine model of invasive candidiasis. It represents a promising lead compound for the discovery of novel antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, No. 971 Hospital of PLA, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Shanchao Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guiyan Han
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jie Tu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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4
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Shi MW, Stewart SG, Sobolev AN, Dittrich B, Schirmeister T, Luger P, Hesse M, Chen Y, Spackman PR, Spackman MA, Grabowsky S. Approaching an experimental electron density model of the biologically active
trans
‐epoxysuccinyl amide group—Substituent effects vs. crystal packing. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming W. Shi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Scott G. Stewart
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Alexandre N. Sobolev
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie Johannes‐Gutenberg‐Universität Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Peter Luger
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische Chemie Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Malte Hesse
- Fachbereich 2—Biologie/Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Bremen Germany
| | - Yu‐Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS The University of Chicago Argonne IL USA
| | - Peter R. Spackman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Mark A. Spackman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
- Fachbereich 2—Biologie/Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Bremen Germany
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Oli S, Abdelmohsen UR, Hentschel U, Schirmeister T. Identification of plakortide E from the Caribbean sponge Plakortis halichondroides as a trypanocidal protease inhibitor using bioactivity-guided fractionation. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2614-22. [PMID: 24798927 PMCID: PMC4052307 DOI: 10.3390/md12052614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report new protease inhibitory activity of plakortide E towards cathepsins and cathepsin-like parasitic proteases. We further report on its anti-parasitic activity against Trypanosoma brucei with an IC50 value of 5 μM and without cytotoxic effects against J774.1 macrophages at 100 μM concentration. Plakortide E was isolated from the sponge Plakortis halichondroides using enzyme assay-guided fractionation and identified by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, enzyme kinetic studies confirmed plakortide E as a non-competitive, slowly-binding, reversible inhibitor of rhodesain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarna Oli
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, Mainz 55128, Germany.
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Botany II, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 3, Würzburg 97082, Germany.
| | - Ute Hentschel
- Department of Botany II, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 3, Würzburg 97082, Germany.
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, Mainz 55128, Germany.
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Grabowsky S, Jayatilaka D, Fink RF, Schirmeister T, Engels B. Can Experimental Electron-Density Studies be Used as a Tool to Predict Biologically Relevant Properties of Low-Molecular Weight Enzyme Ligands? Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201200518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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7
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A compendium of cyclic sugar amino acids and their carbocyclic and heterocyclic nitrogen analogues. Amino Acids 2013; 45:613-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Bicyclic peptidomimetics targeting secreted aspartic protease 2 (SAP2) from Candida albicans reveal a constrained inhibitory chemotype. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:7206-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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de Loera D, Garcia-Garibay MA. Efficient Aziridine Synthesis in Metastable Crystalline Phases by Photoinduced Denitrogenation of Crystalline Triazolines. Org Lett 2012; 14:3874-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol301582n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denisse de Loera
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1559, United States
| | - Miguel A. Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1559, United States
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10
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Büchold C, Hemberger Y, Heindl C, Welker A, Degel B, Pfeuffer T, Staib P, Schneider S, Rosenthal PJ, Gut J, Morschhäuser J, Bringmann G, Schirmeister T. New cis-configured aziridine-2-carboxylates as aspartic acid protease inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:141-52. [PMID: 21082722 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of 52 cis-configured 1-alkyl-3-phenylaziridine-2-carboxylates were synthesized as new pseudo-irreversible inhibitors of Candida albicans secreted aspartic acid protease 1 (SAP1), SAP2, SAP3, and SAP8. Some of the compounds, which were obtained as diastereomers with S,S- and R,R-configured aziridine rings by Cromwell synthesis of racemic (2R,3S+2S,3R)-dibromophenylpropionic acid ester with amines, followed by ester hydrolysis and coupling to hydrophobic amino acid esters, were separated by preparative HPLC. The absolute configuration of the aziridine ring was assigned by a combination of experimental circular dichroism (CD) investigations and quantum chemical CD calculations. In agreement with previous docking studies, the diastereomers all exhibit similar activity. The compounds were found to be more active against the related mammalian enzyme cathepsin D, presumably due to productive interactions of the N-alkyl substituent with the highly lipophilic S2 pocket. The most active inhibitors (5, 9, 10, 21, and 28), characterized by benzyl, cyclohexylmethyl, tert-butyl, or 1,4-dimethylpentyl moieties at the aziridine nitrogen atom, exhibit k(2nd) values between 500 and 900×10³ M⁻¹ min⁻¹ and K(i) values near or below 1 μM for cathepsin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Büchold
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany
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11
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Loughlin WA, Tyndall JDA, Glenn MP, Hill TA, Fairlie DP. Update 1 of: Beta-Strand Mimetics. Chem Rev 2011; 110:PR32-69. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900395y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A. Loughlin
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Joel D. A. Tyndall
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Matthew P. Glenn
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Timothy A. Hill
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - David P. Fairlie
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
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12
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Grabowsky S, Schirmeister T, Paulmann C, Pfeuffer T, Luger P. Effect of electron-withdrawing substituents on the epoxide ring: an experimental and theoretical electron density analysis of a series of epoxide derivatives. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1305-18. [PMID: 21250719 DOI: 10.1021/jo102125n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of acceptor-substituted epoxide derivatives is scrutinized by means of experimental and theoretical electron-density investigations. Due to the possibility of nucleophilic ring-opening, the epoxide ring is not only a very useful functional group in organic synthesis, but acceptor-substituted epoxides are valuable building blocks for the design of protease inhibitors. Therefore, the electron-density analysis in this work focuses on two main aspects that can contribute to rational drug design: (i) the quantification of the electron-withdrawing substituent effects on the epoxide ring and (ii) the intermolecular interactions involving the epoxide ring in combination with different substituents. It can be shown that the electron-withdrawing properties of the substituents cause an elongation of the C-C bonds in the epoxide rings and the loss of electron density can be measured by an analysis of critical points, atomic charges, and the source function. The different strengths of the substituents are reflected in these properties. Covalent and electrostatic contributions to the intermolecular interactions and thus the lattice energies are depicted on different molecular surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Grabowsky
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie/Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstr. 36a, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Kielland N, Catti F, Bello D, Isambert N, Soteras I, Luque F, Lavilla R. Boron-Based Dipolar Multicomponent Reactions: Simple Generation of Substituted Aziridines, Oxazolidines and Pyrrolidines. Chemistry 2010; 16:7904-15. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Trabocchi A, Mannino C, Machetti F, De Bernardis F, Arancia S, Cauda R, Cassone A, Guarna A. Identification of Inhibitors of Drug-Resistant Candida albicans Strains from a Library of Bicyclic Peptidomimetic Compounds. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2502-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901734u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Trabocchi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Mannino
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Machetti
- ICCOM- CNR, c/o Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Flavia De Bernardis
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Arancia
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Cauda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Cassone
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Guarna
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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15
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Grabowsky S, Pfeuffer T, Morgenroth W, Paulmann C, Schirmeister T, Luger P. A comparative study on the experimentally derived electron densities of three protease inhibitor model compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:2295-307. [DOI: 10.1039/b802831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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