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Witkowska AB, Wołczyńska A, Lis-Cieplak A, Stolarczyk EU. Development and Validation of LC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of 1-Methyl-4-Nitrosopiperazine (MNP) in Multicomponent Products with Rifampicin-Analytical Challenges and Degradation Studies. Molecules 2023; 28:7405. [PMID: 37959824 PMCID: PMC10648194 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rifampicin is an essential medicine for treating and preventing tuberculosis (TB). TB is a life-threatening infectious disease and its prevention and treatment are public health imperatives. In the time of a global crisis of nitrosamine contamination of medicinal products, patient safety and a reduction in the number of drug recalls at the same time are crucial. In this work, the LC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of the 1-methyl-4-nitrosospiperazine (MNP), a genotoxic nitrosamine impurity in various products containing rifampicin at a 5.0 ppm limit level according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Extraction with neutralization was necessary due to the matrix and solvent effect associated with the complexity of the rifampicin product. The developed method was validated in accordance with regulatory guidelines. Specificity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, and limit of quantification parameters were evaluated. The recovery of the MNP was 100.38 ± 3.24% and the intermediate precision was 2.52%. The contamination of MNP in Rifampicin originates in the manufacturing process of the drug. Furthermore, the results of the forced degradation experiments show that the formation of MNP is possible by two mechanisms: through degradation of rifampicin and the oxidation of 1-amino-4-methyl-piperazine. This article points out that it is necessary to monitor and describe degradation products and the mechanism of degradation of potentially affected active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) with respect to the formation of nitrosamines during stress testing, as it was done in the following work for rifampicin in multicomponent products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Witkowska
- Spectrometric Methods Department, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.W.); (A.W.); (A.L.-C.)
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 61 Żwirki i Wigury, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wołczyńska
- Spectrometric Methods Department, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.W.); (A.W.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Agnieszka Lis-Cieplak
- Spectrometric Methods Department, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.W.); (A.W.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Elżbieta U. Stolarczyk
- Spectrometric Methods Department, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.W.); (A.W.); (A.L.-C.)
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2
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Fang X, Meng Q, Zhang H, Liang B, Zhu S, Wang J, Zhang C, Huang LS, Zhang X, Schooley RT, An J, Xu Y, Huang Z. Design, synthesis, and biological characterization of a new class of symmetrical polyamine-based small molecule CXCR4 antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112410. [PMID: 32492596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4, a well-studied coreceptor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry, recognizes its cognate ligand SDF-1α (also named CXCL12) which plays many important roles, including regulating immune cells, controlling hematopoietic stem cells, and directing cancer cells migration. These pleiotropic roles make CXCR4 an attractive target to mitigate human disorders. Here a new class of symmetrical polyamines was designed and synthesized as potential small molecule CXCR4 antagonists. Among them, a representative compound 21 (namely HF50731) showed strong CXCR4 binding affinity (mean IC50 = 19.8 nM) in the CXCR4 competitive binding assay. Furthermore, compound 21 significantly inhibited SDF-1α-induced calcium mobilization and cell migration, and blocked HIV-1 infection via antagonizing CXCR4 coreceptor function. The structure-activity relationship analysis, site-directed mutagenesis, and molecular docking were conducted to further elucidate the binding mode of compound 21, suggesting that compound 21 could primarily occupy the minor subpocket of CXCR4 and partially bind in the major subpocket by interacting with residues W94, D97, D171, and E288. Our studies provide not only new insights for the fragment-based design of small molecule CXCR4 antagonists for clinical applications, but also a new and effective molecular probe for CXCR4-targeting biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Fang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qian Meng
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Boqiang Liang
- Nobel Institute of Biomedicine, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Nobel Institute of Biomedicine, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Chaozai Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Lina S Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Xingquan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Robert T Schooley
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jing An
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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3
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Recasens-Zorzo C, Cardesa-Salzmann T, Petazzi P, Ros-Blanco L, Esteve-Arenys A, Clot G, Guerrero-Hernández M, Rodríguez V, Soldini D, Valera A, Moros A, Climent F, González-Barca E, Mercadal S, Arenillas L, Calvo X, Mate JL, Gutiérrez-García G, Casanova I, Mangues R, Sanjuan-Pla A, Bueno C, Menéndez P, Martínez A, Colomer D, Tejedor RE, Teixidó J, Campo E, López-Guillermo A, Borrell JI, Colomo L, Pérez-Galán P, Roué G. Pharmacological modulation of CXCR4 cooperates with BET bromodomain inhibition in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Haematologica 2018; 104:778-788. [PMID: 29954928 PMCID: PMC6442946 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.180505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 has been associated with tumor progression, invasion, and chemotherapy resistance in different cancer subtypes. Although the CXCR4 pathway has recently been suggested as an adverse prognostic marker in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, its biological relevance in this disease remains underexplored. In a homogeneous set of 52 biopsies from patients, an antibody-based cytokine array showed that tissue levels of CXCL12 correlated with high microvessel density and bone marrow involvement at diagnosis, supporting a role for the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis in disease progression. We then identified the tetra-amine IQS-01.01RS as a potent inverse agonist of the receptor, preventing CXCL12-mediated chemotaxis and triggering apoptosis in a panel of 18 cell lines and primary cultures, with superior mobilizing properties in vivo than those of the standard agent. IQS-01.01RS activity was associated with downregulation of p-AKT, p-ERK1/2 and destabilization of MYC, allowing a synergistic interaction with the bromodomain and extra-terminal domain inhibitor, CPI203. In a xenotransplant model of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, the combination of IQS-01.01RS and CPI203 decreased tumor burden through MYC and p-AKT downregulation, and enhanced the induction of apoptosis. Thus, our results point out an emerging role of CXCL12-CXCR4 in the pathogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and support the simultaneous targeting of CXCR4 and bromodomain proteins as a promising, rationale-based strategy for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Recasens-Zorzo
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona
| | | | - Paolo Petazzi
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona
| | - Laia Ros-Blanco
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona
| | - Anna Esteve-Arenys
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona
| | - Guillem Clot
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona
| | - Martina Guerrero-Hernández
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona
| | - Vanina Rodríguez
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona
| | - Davide Soldini
- Hematopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona
| | - Alexandra Valera
- Hematopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona
| | - Alexandra Moros
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona
| | - Fina Climent
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat
| | - Eva González-Barca
- Institut Catalá d'Oncología, Hospital Duran I Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat
| | - Santiago Mercadal
- Institut Catalá d'Oncología, Hospital Duran I Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat
| | | | - Xavier Calvo
- Pathology Department, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona
| | - José Luís Mate
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona
| | | | - Isolda Casanova
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona.,Grup d'Oncogènesi i Antitumorals, lnstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red CIBER-BBN, Barcelona
| | - Ramón Mangues
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona.,Grup d'Oncogènesi i Antitumorals, lnstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red CIBER-BBN, Barcelona
| | | | - Clara Bueno
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona
| | - Pablo Menéndez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona.,Institucio Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), CIBERONC, Barcelona
| | - Antonio Martínez
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona.,Hematopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona
| | - Dolors Colomer
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona.,Hematopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona
| | - Roger Estrada Tejedor
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona
| | - Jordi Teixidó
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona
| | - Elias Campo
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona.,Hematopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona
| | - Armando López-Guillermo
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona.,Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona
| | - José Ignacio Borrell
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona
| | - Luis Colomo
- Hematopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona.,Pathology Department, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona
| | - Patricia Pérez-Galán
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona
| | - Gaël Roué
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona .,Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Peng D, Cao B, Zhou YJ, Long YQ. The chemical diversity and structure-based evolution of non-peptide CXCR4 antagonists with diverse therapeutic potential. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 149:148-169. [PMID: 29500940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a highly reserved G-protein coupled 7-transmembrane (TM) chemokine receptor which consists of 352 amino acids. CXCR4 has only one endogenous chemokine ligand of CXCL12, besides several other natural nonchemokine ligands such as extracellular ubiquitin and noncognate ligand of MIF. CXCR4 strongly binds to CXCL12 and the resulting CXCLl2/CXCR4 axis is the molecular basis of their various biological functions, which include: (1) mediating immune and inflammatory response; (2) regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration and homing; (3) an essential co-receptor for HIV entry into host cells; (4) participation in the process of embryonic development; (5) malignant tumor invasion and metastasis; (6) myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and acute kidney injury. Correspondingly, CXCR4 antagonists find potential therapeutic applications in HIV infection, as well as hematopoietic stem cell migration, inflammation, immune-related diseases, tumor and ischemic diseases. Recently, great achievements have been made and a number of non-peptide CXCR4 antagonists with diversity scaffolds have been discovered. In this review, the discovery of small molecule CXCR4 antagonists focused on the structures, activities, evolution and development of representative CXCR4 antagonists is comprehensively described. The central role of CXCR4 in diverse cellular signaling pathways and its involvement in several diseases progressions are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Peng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Ya-Qiu Long
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou 215123, China.
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5
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The brain-penetrating CXCR4 antagonist, PRX177561, increases the antitumor effects of bevacizumab and sunitinib in preclinical models of human glioblastoma. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:5. [PMID: 28057017 PMCID: PMC5217647 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma recurrence after treatment with the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody bevacizumab is characterized by a highly infiltrative and malignant behavior that renders surgical excision and chemotherapy ineffective. It has been demonstrated that anti-VEGF/VEGFR therapies control the invasive phenotype and that relapse occurs through the increased activity of CXCR4. We therefore hypothesized that combining bevacizumab or sunitinib with the novel CXCR4 antagonist, PRX177561, would have superior antitumor activity. Methods The effects of bevacizumab, sunitinib, and PRX177561 were tested alone or in combination in subcutaneous xenografts of U87MG, U251, and T98G cells as well as on intracranial xenografts of luciferase tagged U87MG cells injected in CD1-nu/nu mice. Animals were randomized to receive vehicle, bevacizumab (4 mg/kg iv every 4 days), sunitinib (40 mg/kg po qd), or PRX177561 (50 mg/kg po qd). Results The in vivo experiments demonstrated that bevacizumab and sunitinib increase the in vivo expression of CXCR4, SDF-1α, and TGFβ1. In addition, we demonstrate that the co-administration of the novel brain-penetrating CXCR4 antagonist, PRX177561, with bevacizumab or sunitinib inhibited tumor growth and reduced the inflammation. The combination of PRX177561 with bevacizumab resulted in a synergistic reduction of tumor growth with an increase of disease-free survival (DSF) and overall survival (OS), whereas the combination of PRX177561 with sunitinib showed a mild additive effect. Conclusions The CXC4 antagonist PRX177561 may be a valid therapeutic complement to anti-angiogenic therapy, particularly when used in combination with VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors. Therefore, this compound deserves to be considered for future clinical evaluation.
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6
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Puig de la Bellacasa R, Gibert A, Planesas JM, Ros-Blanco L, Batllori X, Badía R, Clotet B, Esté J, Teixidó J, Borrell JI. Nitrogen positional scanning in tetramines active against HIV-1 as potential CXCR4 inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1455-1472. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02419f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The paradigm, derived from bicyclams, by which it is necessary to use the p-phenylene moiety as the central core in order to achieve high HIV-1 antiviral activities has been reexamined for structures 4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert Gibert
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular
- Institut Químic de Sarrià
- Universitat Ramon Llull
- E-08017 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Jesús M. Planesas
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular
- Institut Químic de Sarrià
- Universitat Ramon Llull
- E-08017 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Laia Ros-Blanco
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular
- Institut Químic de Sarrià
- Universitat Ramon Llull
- E-08017 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Xavier Batllori
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular
- Institut Químic de Sarrià
- Universitat Ramon Llull
- E-08017 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Roger Badía
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona
- 08916 Badalona
- Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona
- 08916 Badalona
- Spain
| | - José Esté
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona
- 08916 Badalona
- Spain
| | - Jordi Teixidó
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular
- Institut Químic de Sarrià
- Universitat Ramon Llull
- E-08017 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - José I. Borrell
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular
- Institut Químic de Sarrià
- Universitat Ramon Llull
- E-08017 Barcelona
- Spain
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7
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Narumi T, Aikawa H, Tanaka T, Hashimoto C, Ohashi N, Nomura W, Kobayakawa T, Takano H, Hirota Y, Murakami T, Yamamoto N, Tamamura H. Low-Molecular-Weight CXCR4 Ligands with Variable Spacers. ChemMedChem 2012; 8:118-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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8
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Ros-Blanco L, Anido J, Bosser R, Esté J, Clotet B, Kosoy A, Ruíz-Ávila L, Teixidó J, Seoane J, Borrell JI. Noncyclam Tetraamines Inhibit CXC Chemokine Receptor Type 4 and Target Glioma-Initiating Cells. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7560-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300862u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Ros-Blanco
- Grup d’Enginyeria
Molecular,
Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull,
Via Augusta 390, E-08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Anido
- Translational Research Program,
Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron University
Hospital, E-08035 Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ramon Bosser
- Janus Development SL, Parc Científic
Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Esté
- IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari
Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08916
Badalona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari
Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08916
Badalona, Spain
| | - Ana Kosoy
- Janus Development SL, Parc Científic
Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Ruíz-Ávila
- Janus Development SL, Parc Científic
Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Teixidó
- Grup d’Enginyeria
Molecular,
Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull,
Via Augusta 390, E-08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Seoane
- Translational Research Program,
Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron University
Hospital, E-08035 Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - José I. Borrell
- Grup d’Enginyeria
Molecular,
Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull,
Via Augusta 390, E-08017 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Kawatkar SP, Yan M, Gevariya H, Lim MY, Eisold S, Zhu X, Huang Z, An J. Computational analysis of the structural mechanism of inhibition of chemokine receptor CXCR4 by small molecule antagonists. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:844-50. [PMID: 21697335 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.010345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structural mechanism of receptor-ligand interactions for the chemokine receptor CXCR4 is essential for determining its physiological and pathological functions and for developing new therapies targeted to CXCR4. We have recently reported a structural mechanism for CXCR4 antagonism by a novel synthetic CXCR4 antagonist RCP168 and compared its effectiveness against the natural agonist SDF-1α. In the present study, using molecular docking, we further investigate the binding modes of another seven small molecules known to act as CXCR4 antagonists. The predicted binding modes were compared with previously published mutagenesis data for two of these (AMD3100 and AMD11070). Four antagonists, including AMD3100, AMD11070, FC131 and KRH-1636, bound in a similar fashion to CXCR4. Two important acidic amino acid residues (Asp262 and Glu288) on CXCR4, previously found essential for AMD3100 binding, were also involved in binding of the other ligands. These four antagonists use a binding site in common with that used by RCP168, which is a novel synthetic derivative of vMIP-II in which the first 10 residues are replaced by D-amino acids. Comparison of binding modes suggested that this binding site is different from the binding region occupied by the N-terminus of SDF-1α, the only known natural ligand of CXCR4. These observations suggest the presence of a ligand-binding site (site A) that co-exists with the agonist (SDF-1α) binding site (site B). The other three antagonists, including MSX123, MSX202 and WZ811, are smaller in size and had very similar binding poses, but binding was quite different from that of AMD3100. These three antagonists bound at both sites A and B, thereby blocking both binding and signaling by SDF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer P Kawatkar
- Raylight Corporation, Chemokine Pharmaceutical Inc, San Diego, CA 92126, USA.
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10
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Pérez‐Nueno VI, Ritchie DW. Applying in silico tools to the discovery of novel CXCR4 inhibitors. Drug Dev Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta I. Pérez‐Nueno
- INRIA Nancy – Grand Est, LORIA (Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications), Vandoeuvre‐les‐Nancy, France
| | - David W. Ritchie
- INRIA Nancy – Grand Est, LORIA (Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications), Vandoeuvre‐les‐Nancy, France
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11
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Pettersson S, Pérez-Nueno VI, Mena MP, Clotet B, Esté JA, Borrell JI, Teixidó J. Novel monocyclam derivatives as HIV entry inhibitors: Design, synthesis, anti-HIV evaluation, and their interaction with the CXCR4 co-receptor. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1272-81. [PMID: 20533501 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The CXCR4 receptor has been shown to interact with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein gp120, leading to fusion of viral and cell membranes. Therefore, ligands that can attach to this receptor represent an important class of therapeutic agents against HIV, thus inhibiting the first step in the cycle of viral infection: the virus-cell entry/fusion. Herein we describe the in silico design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel monocyclam derivatives as HIV entry inhibitors. In vitro activity testing of these compounds in cell cultures against HIV strains revealed EC(50) values in the low micromolar range without cytotoxicity at the concentrations tested. Docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to predict the binding interactions between CXCR4 and the novel monocyclam derivatives. A binding mode of these compounds is proposed which is consistent with the main existing site-directed mutagenesis data on the CXCR4 co-receptor. Moreover, molecular modeling comparisons were performed between these novel monocyclams, previously reported non-cyclam compounds from which the monocyclams are derived, and the well-known AMD3100 bicyclam CXCR4 inhibitors. Our results suggest that these three structurally diverse CXCR4 inhibitors bind to overlapping but not identical amino acid residues in the transmembrane regions of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pettersson
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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Ligand-guided optimization of CXCR4 homology models for virtual screening using a multiple chemotype approach. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2010; 24:1023-33. [PMID: 20960031 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-010-9393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 is a G-protein coupled receptor for CXCL12 that plays an important role in human immunodeficiency virus infection, cancer growth and metastasization, immune cell trafficking and WHIM syndrome. In the absence of an X-ray crystal structure, theoretical modeling of the CXCR4 receptor remains an important tool for structure-function analysis and to guide the discovery of new antagonists with potential clinical use. In this study, the combination of experimental data and molecular modeling approaches allowed the development of optimized ligand-receptor models useful for elucidation of the molecular determinants of small molecule binding and functional antagonism. The ligand-guided homology modeling approach used in this study explicitly re-shaped the CXCR4 binding pocket in order to improve discrimination between known CXCR4 antagonists and random decoys. Refinement based on multiple test-sets with small compounds from single chemotypes provided the best early enrichment performance. These results provide an important tool for structure-based drug design and virtual ligand screening of new CXCR4 antagonists.
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Tan JJ, Cong XJ, Hu LM, Wang CX, Jia L, Liang XJ. Therapeutic strategies underpinning the development of novel techniques for the treatment of HIV infection. Drug Discov Today 2010; 15:186-97. [PMID: 20096804 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The HIV replication cycle offers multiple targets for chemotherapeutic intervention, including the viral exterior envelope glycoprotein, gp120; viral co-receptors CXCR4 and CCR5; transmembrane glycoprotein, gp41; integrase; reverse transcriptase; protease and so on. Most currently used anti-HIV drugs are reverse transcriptase inhibitors or protease inhibitors. The expanding application of simulation to drug design combined with experimental techniques have developed a large amount of novel inhibitors that interact specifically with targets besides transcriptase and protease. This review presents details of the anti-HIV inhibitors discovered with computer-aided approaches and provides an overview of the recent five-year achievements in the treatment of HIV infection and the application of computational methods to current drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian J Tan
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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14
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Bioluminescent CXCL12 fusion protein for cellular studies of CXCR4 and CXCR7. Biotechniques 2009; 47:625-32. [PMID: 19594447 DOI: 10.2144/000113126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine CXCL12 and its two known receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR7, may play a role in diseases including tumor growth and metastasis, atherosclerosis, and HIV infection. Therefore, these molecules may be promising targets for drug development. While studies of cell signaling and high-throughput screening for drug discovery increasingly are based on luminescent assays because of their high sensitivity and signal-to-background ratio, there currently is no bioluminescent assay for chemokine[#x02013]chemokine receptor binding. To develop a bioluminescent probe for chemokine binding and cellular uptake, we fused CXCL12 to Gaussia luciferase (GL), an ATP-independent enzyme that is the smallest known luciferase. Fusing CXCL12 to Gaussia luciferase (CXCL12-GL) did not alter the bioluminescence emission spectrum and only minimally affected enzyme function under varying conditions of pH, temperature, and NaCl concentration. CXCL12-GL also activated CXCR4-dependent signaling to a comparable extent as unfused CXCL12. Using multiwell plate assays, we established that CXCR7 increases cell-associated CXCL12 to a significantly greater extent than CXCR4. We also showed that CXCL12-GL can be used to quantify inhibition of chemokine receptor binding by compounds that specifically target CXCR7. These data validate CXCL12-GL as a bioluminescent probe to investigate molecular functions of CXCR4 and CXCR7 and screen for compounds that modulate ligand-receptor binding.
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15
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Pérez-Nueno VI, Pettersson S, Ritchie DW, Borrell JI, Teixidó J. Discovery of novel HIV entry inhibitors for the CXCR4 receptor by prospective virtual screening. J Chem Inf Model 2009; 49:810-23. [PMID: 19358515 DOI: 10.1021/ci800468q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The process of HIV entry begins with the binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 to both the CD4 receptor and one of CXCR4 or CCR5 chemokine coreceptors. There is currently considerable interest in developing novel ligands which can attach to these coreceptors and hence block virus-cell fusion. This article compares the application of structure-based (docking) and ligand-based (QSAR analyses, pharmacophore modeling, and shape matching) virtual screening tools to find new potential HIV entry inhibitors for the CXCR4 receptor. The comparison is based on retrospective virtual screening of a library containing different known CXCR4 inhibitors from the literature, a smaller set of active CXCR4 inhibitors selected from a large combinatorial virtual library and synthesized by us, and some druglike presumed inactive molecules as the reference set. The enrichment factors and diversity of the retrieved molecular scaffolds in the virtual hit lists was determined. Once the different virtual screening approaches had been validated and the best parameters had been selected, prospective virtual screening of our virtual library was applied to identify new anti-HIV compounds using the same protocol as in the retrospective virtual screening analysis. The compounds selected using these computational tools were subsequently synthesized and assayed and showed activity values ranging from 4 to 0.022 microg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta I Pérez-Nueno
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Quimic de Sarria (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.
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