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Krężel W, Rühl R, de Lera AR. Alternative retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligands. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 491:110436. [PMID: 31026478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) control a wide variety of functions by virtue of their dimerization with other nuclear hormone receptors (NRs), contributing thereby to activities of different signaling pathways. We review known RXR ligands as transcriptional modulators of specific RXR-dimers and the associated biological processes. We also discuss the physiological relevance of such ligands, which remains frequently a matter of debate and which at present is best met by member(s) of a novel family of retinoids, postulated as Vitamin A5. Through comparison with other natural, but also with synthetic ligands, we discuss high diversity in the modes of ligand binding to RXRs resulting in agonistic or antagonistic profiles and selectivity towards specific subtypes of permissive heterodimers. Despite such diversity, direct ligand binding to the ligand binding pocket resulting in agonistic activity was preferentially preserved in the course of animal evolution pointing to its functional relevance, and potential for existence of other, species-specific endogenous RXR ligands sharing the same mode of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 1258, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
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2
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Tel-Karthaus N, Kers-Rebel ED, Looman MW, Ichinose H, de Vries CJ, Ansems M. Nuclear Receptor Nur77 Deficiency Alters Dendritic Cell Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1797. [PMID: 30123220 PMCID: PMC6085422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. Proper function of DCs is crucial to elicit an effective immune response against pathogens and to induce antitumor immunity. Different members of the nuclear receptor (NR) family of transcription factors have been reported to affect proper function of immune cells. Nur77 is a member of the NR4A subfamily of orphan NRs that is expressed and has a function within the immune system. We now show that Nur77 is expressed in different murine DCs subsets in vitro and ex vivo, in human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) and in freshly isolated human BDCA1+ DCs, but its expression is dispensable for DC development in the spleen and lymph nodes. We show, by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Nur77 in human moDCs and by using Nur77-/- murine DCs, that Nur77-deficient DCs have enhanced inflammatory responses leading to increased T cell proliferation. Treatment of human moDCs with 6-mercaptopurine, an activator of Nur77, leads to diminished DC activation resulting in an impaired capacity to induce IFNγ production by allogeneic T cells. Altogether, our data show a yet unexplored role for Nur77 in modifying the activation status of murine and human DCs. Ultimately, targeting Nur77 may prove to be efficacious in boosting or diminishing the activation status of DCs and may lead to the development of improved DC-based immunotherapies in, respectively, cancer treatment or treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Tel-Karthaus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Esther D Kers-Rebel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Maaike W Looman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hiroshi Ichinose
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Carlie J de Vries
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marleen Ansems
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Zhang Y, Yang X, Zhou H, Li S, Zhu Y, Li Y. Visible light-induced aerobic oxidative cross-coupling of glycine derivatives with indoles: a facile access to 3,3′ bisindolylmethanes. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00341f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A rapid synthesis of 3,3′-bisindolylmethanes is achieved via a photocatalyzed double Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction between glycine derivatives and indoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Huang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Shilin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Yin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
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Gao G, Han Y, Zhang ZH. Catalyst Free Synthesis of Bis(Indolyl)Methanes and 3,3-Bis(Indolyl)oxindoles in Aqueous Ethyl Lactate. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Gao
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science; Hebei Normal University; Shijiazhuang 050024 (P. R. China
| | - Yi Han
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science; Hebei Normal University; Shijiazhuang 050024 (P. R. China
| | - Zhan-Hui Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science; Hebei Normal University; Shijiazhuang 050024 (P. R. China
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Hirashita T, Ogawa M, Hattori R, Okochi S, Araki S. Condensation of Indoles and Aldehydes in Subcritical Water without the Addition of Catalysts. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20150247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsunehisa Hirashita
- Omohi College, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
| | - Masaki Ogawa
- Omohi College, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
| | - Reina Hattori
- Omohi College, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
| | - Sota Okochi
- Omohi College, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
| | - Shuki Araki
- Omohi College, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
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Kiselyuk A, Lee SH, Farber-Katz S, Zhang M, Athavankar S, Cohen T, Pinkerton AB, Ye M, Bushway P, Richardson AD, Hostetler HA, Rodriguez-Lee M, Huang L, Spangler B, Smith L, Higginbotham J, Cashman J, Freeze H, Itkin-Ansari P, Dawson MI, Schroeder F, Cang Y, Mercola M, Levine F. HNF4α antagonists discovered by a high-throughput screen for modulators of the human insulin promoter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:806-18. [PMID: 22840769 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)4α is a central regulator of gene expression in cell types that play a critical role in metabolic homeostasis, including hepatocytes, enterocytes, and pancreatic β cells. Although fatty acids were found to occupy the HNF4α ligand-binding pocket and were proposed to act as ligands, there is controversy about both the nature of HNF4α ligands as well as the physiological role of the binding. Here, we report the discovery of potent synthetic HNF4α antagonists through a high-throughput screen for effectors of the human insulin promoter. These molecules bound to HNF4α with high affinity and modulated the expression of known HNF4α target genes. Notably, they were found to be selectively cytotoxic to cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo, although in vivo potency was limited by suboptimal pharmacokinetic properties. The discovery of bioactive modulators for HNF4α raises the possibility that diseases involving HNF4α, such as diabetes and cancer, might be amenable to pharmacologic intervention by modulation of HNF4α activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Kiselyuk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinoid X receptors (subtypes RXRα or NR2B1, RXRβ or NR2B2 and RXRγ or NR2B3, which originate from three distinct genes) are promiscuous partners with heterodimeric associations to other members of the Nuclear Receptor (NR) superfamily. Some of the heterodimers are "permissive" and transcriptionally active in the presence of either an RXR ligand ("rexinoid") or a NR partner ligand, whereas others are "non-permissive" and unresponsive to rexinoids alone. In rodent models, rexinoids and partner agonists (mainly PPARγ, LXR, FXR) produce beneficial effects on insulin sensitization, diabetes and obesity, but secondary effects have also been noted, such as a raise in tryglyceride levels, supression of the thyroid hormone axis and induction of hepatomegaly. AREAS COVERED The authors review recent advances in rexinoid design, including further optimization of known scaffolds, and the discovery of novel RXR modulators by virtual ligand screening or from bioactive natural products. The understanding of rexinoid functions in permissive and non-permissive heterodimers is firmly based on structural knowledge. By strenghtening or disrupting the interaction surface with coregulators rexinoids exert agonist or (partial) antagonist activities. The activity state of the heterodimer can also be fine-tuned by the cellular context and the nature of coregulators. EXPERT OPINION The synthetic chemistry toolbox has provided a panel of agonists, partial (ant)agonists and/or heterodimer-selective rexinoids starting from existing, naturally occurring or serendipitously discovered scaffolds. These compounds have an unexplored therapeutic potential that might overcome some of the current limitations of rexinoids in therapy, such as hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Vaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Dawson MI, Xia Z. The retinoid X receptors and their ligands. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:21-56. [PMID: 22020178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the current status of studies on the structural and molecular biology of the retinoid X receptor subtypes α, β, and γ (RXRs, NR2B1-3), their nuclear and cytoplasmic functions, post-transcriptional processing, and recently reported ligands. Points of interest are the different changes in the ligand-binding pocket induced by variously shaped agonists, the communication of the ligand-bound pocket with the coactivator binding surface and the heterodimerization interface, and recently identified ligands that are natural products, those that function as environmental toxins or drugs that had been originally designed to interact with other targets, as well as those that were deliberately designed as RXR-selective transcriptional agonists, synergists, or antagonists. Of these synthetic ligands, the general trend in design appears to be away from fully aromatic rigid structures to those containing partial elements of the flexible tetraene side chain of 9-cis-retinoic acid. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in High Density Lipoprotein Formation and Metabolism: A Tribute to John F. Oram (1945-2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia I Dawson
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burn Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 93207, USA.
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Wagner J, von Matt P, Faller B, Cooke NG, Albert R, Sedrani R, Wiegand H, Jean C, Beerli C, Weckbecker G, Evenou JP, Zenke G, Cottens S. Structure–Activity Relationship and Pharmacokinetic Studies of Sotrastaurin (AEB071), a Promising Novel Medicine for Prevention of Graft Rejection and Treatment of Psoriasis. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6028-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200469u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Wagner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Peter von Matt
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Faller
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Nigel G. Cooke
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Albert
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Richard Sedrani
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Hansjörg Wiegand
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Christian Jean
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Christian Beerli
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Gerhard Zenke
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Cottens
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
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Liu JJ, Zeng HN, Zhang LR, Zhan YY, Chen Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Xiang SH, Liu WJ, Wang WJ, Chen HZ, Shen YM, Su WJ, Huang PQ, Zhang HK, Wu Q. A unique pharmacophore for activation of the nuclear orphan receptor Nur77 in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3628-37. [PMID: 20388790 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nur77 is a steroid orphan receptor that plays a critical role in regulating proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, including acting as a switch for Bcl-2 function. We previously reported that the octaketide cytosporone B (Csn-B) is a natural agonist for Nur77. In this study, we synthesized a series of Csn-B analogues and performed a structure-activity analysis that suggested criteria for the development of a unique pharmacophore to activate Nur77. The components of the pharmacophore necessary for binding Nur77 included the benzene ring, the phenolic hydroxyl group, and the acyl chain of the Csn-B scaffold, whereas the key feature for activating the biological function of Nur77 was the ester group. Csn-B analogues that bound Nur77 tightly not only stimulated its transactivation activity but also initiated mitochondrial apoptosis by means of novel cross-talk between Nur77 and BRE, an antiapoptotic protein regulated at the transcriptional level. Notably, the derivative n-amyl 2-[3,5-dihydroxy-2-(1-nonanoyl)phenyl]acetate exhibited greater antitumor activity in vivo than its parent compounds, highlighting particular interest in this compound. Our findings describe a pathway for rational design of Csn-B-derived Nur77 agonists as a new class of potent and effective antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, PR China
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Ye M, Dawson MI. Studies of cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of obesity: Hologram QSAR model for biarylpyrazolyl oxadiazole ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3310-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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