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Engineering T cells to enhance 3D migration through structurally and mechanically complex tumor microenvironments. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2815. [PMID: 33990566 PMCID: PMC8121808 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the principles of T cell migration in structurally and mechanically complex tumor microenvironments is critical to understanding escape from antitumor immunity and optimizing T cell-related therapeutic strategies. Here, we engineered nanotextured elastic platforms to study and enhance T cell migration through complex microenvironments and define how the balance between contractility localization-dependent T cell phenotypes influences migration in response to tumor-mimetic structural and mechanical cues. Using these platforms, we characterize a mechanical optimum for migration that can be perturbed by manipulating an axis between microtubule stability and force generation. In 3D environments and live tumors, we demonstrate that microtubule instability, leading to increased Rho pathway-dependent cortical contractility, promotes migration whereas clinically used microtubule-stabilizing chemotherapies profoundly decrease effective migration. We show that rational manipulation of the microtubule-contractility axis, either pharmacologically or through genome engineering, results in engineered T cells that more effectively move through and interrogate 3D matrix and tumor volumes. Thus, engineering cells to better navigate through 3D microenvironments could be part of an effective strategy to enhance efficacy of immune therapeutics. The mechanics of the migration of T cells into tumours is an important aspect of tumour immunity. Here the authors engineer complex 3D environments to explore functions of microtubules and cell contractility as strategies to enhance T cell migration in tumour microenvironments.
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2
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Zhang W. Heck macrocyclization in natural product total synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1109-1135. [PMID: 33662070 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00087f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1981-2020 Heck macrocyclization is a logical extension of the award-winning Mizoroki-Heck reaction. Through covalent linking of two otherwise discrete coupling partners, the resultant chimeric substrate is transformed into a large ring with enhanced rigidity and unique functional group disposition. Pioneered in the early 1980s, this methodology has evolved into a competent option for creating diverse macrocycles. Despite its growing influence, hitherto no systematic survey has ever appeared in the literature. The present review delineates the state-of-the-art of Heck macrocyclization in the context of natural product synthesis. Sixteen selected cases, each examined from a different perspective, coalesce into the view that the title reaction is a viable tool for synthesis-enabled macrocycle research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Xie C, Cui Y, Li L, Zhang M, Liu H, Lin H. Synthesis and biological activity of C-7, C-9 and C-10 modified taxane analogues from 1-deoxybaccatin VI. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115736. [PMID: 33065439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A series of C-7, C-9 and C-10 modified taxane analogues were synthesized and their in vitro anticancer activities against three human cancer cell lines: A-549 (human lung cancer cell line), MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer cell line), A-549/T (human lung cancer resistant cell line) were studied. The novel 1-deoxybaccatin VI derivatives modified with carbonate group at C-9 and C-10 positions enable the behavior of these compounds to be evidently distinct from other similar compounds. The strong cytotoxicity in the three cell lines, especially in drug-resistant cell line, showed by the newly synthesized taxane analogues indicated them as potential lead compounds for anticancer drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghu Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongmei Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanlan Li
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Minmin Zhang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongchun Liu
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Haixia Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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Su M, Zhao C, Li D, Cao J, Ju Z, Kim EL, Jung YS, Jung JH. Viriditoxin Stabilizes Microtubule Polymers in SK-OV-3 Cells and Exhibits Antimitotic and Antimetastatic Potential. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18090445. [PMID: 32867174 PMCID: PMC7551567 DOI: 10.3390/md18090445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules play a crucial role in mitosis and are attractive targets for cancer therapy. Recently, we isolated viriditoxin, a cytotoxic and antibacterial compound, from a marine fungus Paecilomyces variotii. Viriditoxin has been reported to inhibit the polymerization of bacterial FtsZ, a tubulin-like GTPase that plays an essential role in bacterial cell division. Given the close structural homology between FtsZ and tubulin, we investigated the potential antimitotic effects of viriditoxin on human cancer cells. Viriditoxin, like paclitaxel, enhanced tubulin polymerization and stabilized microtubule polymers, thereby perturbing mitosis in the SK-OV-3 cell line. However, the morphology of the stabilized microtubules was different from that induced by paclitaxel, indicating subtle differences in the mode of action of these compounds. Microtubule dynamics are also essential in cell movement, and viriditoxin repressed migration and colony formation ability of SK-OV-3 cells. Based on these results, we propose that viriditoxin interrupts microtubule dynamics, thus leading to antimitotic and antimetastatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Su
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.S.); (C.Z.); (D.L.); (J.C.); (Z.J.); (E.L.K.); (Y.-S.J.)
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Changhao Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.S.); (C.Z.); (D.L.); (J.C.); (Z.J.); (E.L.K.); (Y.-S.J.)
| | - Dandan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.S.); (C.Z.); (D.L.); (J.C.); (Z.J.); (E.L.K.); (Y.-S.J.)
| | - Jiafu Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.S.); (C.Z.); (D.L.); (J.C.); (Z.J.); (E.L.K.); (Y.-S.J.)
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Zhiran Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.S.); (C.Z.); (D.L.); (J.C.); (Z.J.); (E.L.K.); (Y.-S.J.)
| | - Eun La Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.S.); (C.Z.); (D.L.); (J.C.); (Z.J.); (E.L.K.); (Y.-S.J.)
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.S.); (C.Z.); (D.L.); (J.C.); (Z.J.); (E.L.K.); (Y.-S.J.)
| | - Jee H. Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (M.S.); (C.Z.); (D.L.); (J.C.); (Z.J.); (E.L.K.); (Y.-S.J.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Ojima I, Wang X, Jing Y, Wang C. Quest for Efficacious Next-Generation Taxoid Anticancer Agents and Their Tumor-Targeted Delivery. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:703-721. [PMID: 29468872 PMCID: PMC5869464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel and docetaxel are among the most widely used chemotherapeutic drugs against various types of cancer. However, these drugs cause undesirable side effects as well as drug resistance. Therefore, it is essential to develop next-generation taxoid anticancer agents with better pharmacological properties and improved activity especially against drug-resistant and metastatic cancers. The SAR studies by the authors have led to the development of numerous highly potent novel second- and third-generation taxoids with systematic modifications at the C-2, C-10, and C-3' positions. The third-generation taxoids showed virtually no difference in potency against drug-resistant and drug-sensitive cell lines. Some of the next-generation taxoids also exhibited excellent potency against cancer stem cells. This account summarizes concisely investigations into taxoids over 25 years based on a strong quest for the discovery and development of efficacious next-generation taxoids. Discussed herein are SAR studies on different types of taxoids, a common pharmacophore proposal for microtubule-stabilizing anticancer agents and its interesting history, the identification of the paclitaxel binding site and its bioactive conformation, characteristics of the next-generation taxoids in cancer cell biology, including new aspects of their mechanism of action, and the highly efficacious tumor-targeted drug delivery of potent next-generation taxoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Ojima
- Department of Chemistry and Institute
of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University−State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute
of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University−State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Yunrong Jing
- Department of Chemistry and Institute
of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University−State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Changwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute
of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University−State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Pellissier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Centrale Marseille, iSm2 13397 Marseille France
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7
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Ojima I. Strategic Incorporation of Fluorine into Taxoid Anticancer Agents for Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology Studies. J Fluor Chem 2017; 198:10-23. [PMID: 28824201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This account exemplifies our recent progress on the strategic incorporation of fluorine and organofluorine groups to taxoid anticancer agents and their tumor-targeted drug delivery systems (TTDDSs) for medicinal chemistry and chemical biology studies. Novel 3'-difluorovinyltaxoids were strategically designed to block the metabolism by cytochrome P-450, synthesized, and evaluated for their cytotoxicity against drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant (MDR) human cancer cell lines. 3'-Difluorovinyltaxoids exhibited impressive activities against these cancer cell lines. More significantly, a representative 3'-difluorovinyltaxoid exhibited 230-33,000 times higher potency than conventional anticancer drugs against cancer stem cell-enriched HCT-116 cell line. Studies on the mechanism of action (MOA) of these fluorotaxoids were performed by tubulin polymerization assay, morphology analysis by electron microscopy (EM) and protein binding assays. Novel 19F NMR probes, BLT-F2 and BLT-S-F6, were designed by strategically incorporating fluorine, CF3 and CF3O groups into tumor-targeting drug conjugates. These 19F-probes were designed and synthesized to investigate the mechanism of linker cleavage and factors that influence their plasma and metabolic stability by real-time 19F NMR analysis. Time-resolved 19F NMR study on probe BLT-F2 revealed a stepwise mechanism for the release of a fluorotaxoid, which might not be detected by other analytical methods. Probe BLT-S-F6 were very useful to study the stability and reactivity of the drug delivery system in human blood plasma by 19F NMR. The clean analysis of the linker stability and reactivity of drug conjugates in blood plasma by HPLC and 1H NMR is very challenging, but the use of 19F NMR and suitable 19F probes can provide a practical solution to this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Ojima
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, U. S. A.,Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, U. S. A
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8
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Programmed Hydrolysis in Designing Paclitaxel Prodrug for Nanocarrier Assembly. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12023. [PMID: 26166066 PMCID: PMC4499798 DOI: 10.1038/srep12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocarriers delivering prodrugs are a way of improving in vivo effectiveness and efficiency. For therapeutic efficacy, the prodrug must hydrolyze to its parent drug after administration. Based on the fact that the hydrolysis is impeded by steric hindrance and improved by sufficient polarity, in this study, we proposed the PTX-S-S-VE, the conjugation of paclitaxel (PTX) to vitamin E (VE) through a disulfide bridge. This conjugate possessed the following advantages: first, it can be encapsulated in the VE/VE2-PEG2000/water nanoemulsions because of favorable hydrophobic interactions; second, the nanoemulsions had a long blood circulation time; finally, the concentrated glutathione in the tumor microenvironment could cleave the disulfide bond to weaken the steric hindrance and increase the polarity, promoting the hydrolysis to PTX and increasing the anticancer activity. It was demonstrated in vitro that the hydrolysis of PTX-S-S-VE was enhanced and the cytotoxicity was increased. In addition, PTX-S-S-VE had greater anticancer activity against the KB-3-1 cell line tumor xenograft and the tumor size was smaller after the 4th injection. The present result suggests a new way, use of reduction, to improve the in vivo anticancer activity of a prodrug for nanocarrier delivery by unshielding the ester bond and taking off the steric block.
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Seitz JD, Vineberg JG, Wei L, Khan JF, Lichtenthal B, Lin CF, Ojima I. Design, Synthesis and Application of Fluorine-Labeled Taxoids as 19F NMR Probes for the Metabolic Stability Assessment of Tumor-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems. J Fluor Chem 2015; 171:148-161. [PMID: 25722499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Novel tumor-targeting drug conjugates, BLT-F2 (1) and BLT-S-F6 (2), bearing a fluorotaxoid as the warhead, a mechanism-based self-immolative disulfide linker, and biotin as the tumor-targeting module, were designed and synthesized as 19F NMR probes. Fluorine atoms and CF3 groups were strategically incorporated into the conjugates to investigate the mechanism of linker cleavage and factors that influence their plasma and metabolic stability by real-time monitoring with 19F NMR. Time-resolved 19F NMR study on probe 1 disclosed a stepwise mechanism for release of a fluorotaxoid, which might not have been detected by other analytical methods. Probe 2 was designed to bear two CF3 groups in the taxoid moiety as "3-FAB" reporters for enhanced sensitivity and a polyethylene glycol oligomer insert to improve solubility. The clean analysis of the linker stability and reactivity of drug conjugates in blood plasma or cell culture media by HPLC and 1H NMR is troublesome, due to the overlap of key signals/peaks with background arising from highly complex ingredients in biological systems. Accordingly, the use of 19F NMR would provide a practical solution to this problem. In fact, our "3-FAB" probe 2 was proven to be highly useful to investigate the stability and reactivity of the self-immolative disulfide linker system in human blood plasma by 19F NMR. It has also been revealed that the use of polysorbate 80 as excipient for the formulation of probe 2 dramatically increases the stability of the disulfide linker system. This finding further indicates that the tumor-targeting drug conjugates with polysorbate 80/EtOH/saline formulation for in vivo studies would have high stability in blood plasma, while the drug release in cancer cells proceeds smoothly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Seitz
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400
| | - Jacob G Vineberg
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400
| | - Longfei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400
| | - Jonathan F Khan
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400
| | - Brendan Lichtenthal
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400
| | - Chi-Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400
| | - Iwao Ojima
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400 ; Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400
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10
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Park JH, Noh TH, Wang H, Kim ND, Jung JH. Viriditoxin Induces G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in A549 Human Lung Cancer Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.20307/nps.2015.21.4.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Haibo Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Nam Deuk Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Jee H. Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
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Optimization of process parameters of extraction of amentoflavone, quercetin and ginkgetin from Taxus chinensis using supercritical CO2 plus co-solvent. Molecules 2014; 19:17682-96. [PMID: 25365294 PMCID: PMC6270813 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of extraction time, temperature, pressure and different concentration of ethanol and their interactions on the yields of amentoflavone, quercetin and ginkgetin extracted from Taxus chinensis by supercritical CO2 were investigated by using a central composite design (CCD). An CCD experimental design with four factors and five levels was used to optimize the extraction parameters. Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was used to analyze the content of the tree components in the extracts. Experimental results show that the main effects of factors and their interactions are significant on the yields (p < 0.05). The optimal extraction conditions were established for the three compounds: yield of 4.47 mg/g for amentoflavone at 48 °C, 25 MPa, 2.02 h and 78.5% ethanol, 3.73 mg/g for quercetin at 46 °C, 24 MPa, 2.3 h, 82% ethanol and 3.47 mg/g for ginkgetin at 48 °C, 20 MPa, 2.38 h, 82% ethanol, respectively.
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Ojima I, Kumar K, Awasthi D, Vineberg JG. Drug discovery targeting cell division proteins, microtubules and FtsZ. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5060-77. [PMID: 24680057 PMCID: PMC4156572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cell division or cytokinesis has been a major target for anticancer drug discovery. After the huge success of paclitaxel and docetaxel, microtubule-stabilizing agents (MSAs) appear to have gained a premier status in the discovery of next-generation anticancer agents. However, the drug resistance caused by MDR, point mutations, and overexpression of tubulin subtypes, etc., is a serious issue associated with these agents. Accordingly, the discovery and development of new-generation MSAs that can obviate various drug resistances has a significant meaning. In sharp contrast, prokaryotic cell division has been largely unexploited for the discovery and development of antibacterial drugs. However, recent studies on the mechanism of bacterial cytokinesis revealed that the most abundant and highly conserved cell division protein, FtsZ, would be an excellent new target for the drug discovery of next-generation antibacterial agents that can circumvent drug-resistances to the commonly used drugs for tuberculosis, MRSA and other infections. This review describes an account of our research on these two fronts in drug discovery, targeting eukaryotic as well as prokaryotic cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Ojima
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA; Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA.
| | - Kunal Kumar
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Divya Awasthi
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Jacob G Vineberg
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
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Kingston DGI, Snyder JP. The quest for a simple bioactive analog of paclitaxel as a potential anticancer agent. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:2682-91. [PMID: 25052294 PMCID: PMC4139185 DOI: 10.1021/ar500203h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX), introduced into the clinic in 1991, has revealed itself as an effective antimicrotubule drug for treatment of a range of otherwise intractable cancers. Along with docetaxel (DTX) and in combination with other agents such as cisplatin, it has proven to be a first-line therapy. Unfortunately, PTX and DTX carry severe liabilities such as debilitating side effects, rapid onset of resistance, and rather complex molecular structures offering substantial challenges to ease of synthetic manipulation. Consequently, the past 15 years has witnessed many efforts to synthesize and test highly modified analogs based on intuitive structural similarity relationships with the PTX molecular skeleton, as well as efforts to mimic the conformational profile of the ligand observed in the macromolecular tubulin-PTX complex. Highly successful improvements in potency, up to 50-fold increases in IC50, have been achieved by constructing bridges between distal centers in PTX that imitate the conformer of the electron crystallographic binding pose. Much less successful have been numerous attempts to truncate PTX by replacing the baccatin core with simpler moieties to achieve PTX-like potencies and applying a wide range of flexible synthesis-based chemistries. Reported efforts, characterized by a fascinating array of baccatin substitutes, have failed to surpass the bioactivities of PTX in both microtubule disassembly assays and cytotoxicity measurements against a range of cell types. Most of the structures retain the main elements of the PTX C13 side chain, while seeking a smaller rigid bicycle as a baccatin replacement adorned with substituents to mimic the C2 benzoyl moiety and the oxetane ring. We surmise that past studies have been handicapped by solubility and membrane permeability issues, but primarily by the existence of an expansive taxane binding pocket and the discrepancy in molecular size between PTX and the pruned analogs. A number of these molecules offer molecular volumes 50-60% that of PTX, fewer contacts with the tubulin protein, severe mismatches with the PTX pharmacophore, lessened capacity to dispel binding site waters contributing to ΔGbind, and unanticipated binding poses. The latter is a critical drawback if molecular designs of simpler PTX structures are based on a perceived or known PTX binding conformation. We conclude that design and synthesis of a highly cytotoxic tubulin-assembly agent based on the paclitaxel pharmacophore remains an unsolved challenge, but one that can be overcome by focus on the architecture of the taxane binding site independent of the effective, but not unique, hand-in-glove match represented by the PTX-tubulin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. I. Kingston
- Department
of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061 United States
| | - James P. Snyder
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322 United States
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Temelso B, Alser KA, Gauthier A, Palmer AK, Shields GC. Structural Analysis of α-Fetoprotein (AFP)-like Peptides with Anti-Breast-Cancer Properties. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:4514-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jp500017b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Berhane Temelso
- Dean’s
Office, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
- Dean’s Office, College of Science and Technology, and Department of Chemistry & Physics, Armstrong Atlantic State University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, Georgia 31419, United States
| | - Katherine A. Alser
- Dean’s
Office, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Arianne Gauthier
- Dean’s Office, College of Science and Technology, and Department of Chemistry & Physics, Armstrong Atlantic State University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, Georgia 31419, United States
| | - Amber Kay Palmer
- Dean’s Office, College of Science and Technology, and Department of Chemistry & Physics, Armstrong Atlantic State University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, Georgia 31419, United States
| | - George C. Shields
- Dean’s
Office, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
- Dean’s Office, College of Science and Technology, and Department of Chemistry & Physics, Armstrong Atlantic State University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, Georgia 31419, United States
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15
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Ojima I, Kamath A, Seitz JD. Taxol, Taxoids, and Related Taxanes. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527676545.ch04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Coderch C, Tang Y, Klett J, Zhang SE, Ma YT, Shaorong W, Matesanz R, Pera B, Canales A, Jiménez-Barbero J, Morreale A, Díaz JF, Fang WS, Gago F. A structure-based design of new C2- and C13-substituted taxanes: tubulin binding affinities and extended quantitative structure-activity relationships using comparative binding energy (COMBINE) analysis. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:3046-56. [PMID: 23532250 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40407b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ten novel taxanes bearing modifications at the C2 and C13 positions of the baccatin core have been synthesized and their binding affinities for mammalian tubulin have been experimentally measured. The design strategy was guided by (i) calculation of interaction energy maps with carbon, nitrogen and oxygen probes within the taxane-binding site of β-tubulin, and (ii) the prospective use of a structure-based QSAR (COMBINE) model derived from an earlier series comprising 47 congeneric taxanes. The tubulin-binding affinity displayed by one of the new compounds (CTX63) proved to be higher than that of docetaxel, and an updated COMBINE model provided a good correlation between the experimental binding free energies and a set of weighted residue-based ligand-receptor interaction energies for 54 out of the 57 compounds studied. The remaining three outliers from the original training series have in common a large unfavourable entropic contribution to the binding free energy that we attribute to taxane preorganization in aqueous solution in a conformation different from that compatible with tubulin binding. Support for this proposal was obtained from solution NMR experiments and molecular dynamics simulations in explicit water. Our results shed additional light on the determinants of tubulin-binding affinity for this important class of antitumour agents and pave the way for further rational structural modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Coderch
- Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Médica del CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Ojima I. Exploration of fluorine chemistry at the multidisciplinary interface of chemistry and biology. J Org Chem 2013; 78:6358-83. [PMID: 23614876 PMCID: PMC3752428 DOI: 10.1021/jo400301u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last three decades, my engagement in "fluorine chemistry" has evolved substantially because of the multidisciplinary nature of the research programs. I began my research career as a synthetic chemist in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis directed toward organic synthesis. Then, I was brought into a very unique world of "fluorine chemistry" in the end of 1970s. I started exploring the interface of fluorine chemistry and transition metal homogeneous catalysis first, which was followed by amino acids, peptides, and peptidomimetics for medicinal chemistry. Since then, I have been exploring the interfaces of fluorine chemistry and multidisciplinary fields of research involving medicinal chemistry, chemical biology, cancer biology, and molecular imaging. This perspective intends to cover my fruitful endeavor in the exploration of fluorine chemistry at the multidisciplinary interface of chemistry and biology in a chronological order to show the evolution of my research interest and strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Ojima
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA.
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Sharma S, Lagisetti C, Poliks B, Coates RM, Kingston DGI, Bane S. Dissecting paclitaxel-microtubule association: quantitative assessment of the 2'-OH group. Biochemistry 2013; 52:2328-36. [PMID: 23473345 DOI: 10.1021/bi400014t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is a microtubule-stabilizing agent that is widely used in cancer chemotherapy. This structurally complex natural product acts by binding to β-tubulin in assembled microtubules. The 2'-hydroxyl group in the flexible side chain of PTX is an absolute requirement for activity, but its precise role in the drug-receptor interaction has not been specifically investigated. The contribution of the 2'-OH group to the affinity and tubulin-assembly efficacy of PTX has been evaluated through quantitative analysis of PTX derivatives possessing side chain deletions: 2'-deoxy-PTX, N-debenzoyl-2'-deoxy-PTX, and baccatin III. The affinity of 2'-deoxy-PTX for stabilized microtubules was more than 100-fold lower than that of PTX and only ~3-fold greater than the microtubule affinity of baccatin III. No microtubule binding activity was detected for the analogue N-debenzoyl-2'-deoxy-PTX. The tubulin-assembly efficacy of each ligand was consistent with the microtubule binding affinity, as was the trend in cytotoxicities. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the 2'-OH group of PTX can form a persistent hydrogen bond with D26 within the microtubule binding site. The absence of this interaction between 2'-deoxy-PTX and the receptor can account for the difference in binding free energy. Computational analyses also provide a possible explanation for why N-debenzoyl-2'-deoxy-PTX is inactive, in spite of the fact that it is essentially a substituted baccatin III. We propose that the hydrogen bonding interaction between the 2'-OH group and D26 is the most important stabilizing interaction that PTX forms with tubulin in the region of the C-13 side chain. We further hypothesize that the substituents at the 3'-position function to orient the 2'-OH group for a productive hydrogen bonding interaction with the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhada Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
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Fernandes V, Pereira S, Coppede J, Martins J, Rizo W, Beleboni R, Marins M, Pereira P, Pereira A, Fachin A. The epimer of kaurenoic acid from Croton antisyphiliticus is cytotoxic toward B-16 and HeLa tumor cells through apoptosis induction. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2013; 12:1005-11. [DOI: 10.4238/2013.april.2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Kamath
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery (ICB&DD) and Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, U. S. A
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22
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Kuznetsova L, Sun L, Chen J, Zhao X, Seitz J, Das M, Li Y, Veith JM, Pera P, Bernacki RJ, Xia S, Horwitz SB, Ojima I. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 3'-Difluorovinyl Taxoids. J Fluor Chem 2012; 143:177-188. [PMID: 23139432 PMCID: PMC3489494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3'-difluorovinyl taxoids with C10 modifications, as well as those with C2 and C10 modifications, were strategically designed to block the metabolism by cytochrome P-450 3A4 enzyme and synthesized. These novel difluorovinyl taxoids were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against drug-sensitive human breast (MCF7), multidrug-resistant (MDR) human ovarian (NCI/ADR), human colon (HT-29) and human pancreatic (PANC-1) cancer cell lines. 3'-Difluorovinyl taxoids exhibit several to 16 times better activity against MCF7, HT-29 and PANC-1 cell lines and up to three orders of magnitude higher potency against NCI/ADR cell line as compared to paclitaxel. Structure-activity relationship study shows the critical importance of the C2 modifications on the activity against MDR cancer cell line, while the C10 modifications have a rather minor effect on the potency with some exceptions. The effect of the C2 modifications on potency against MCF7 cell line increases in the following order: H < F < Cl
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Kuznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
| | - Xianrui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
| | - Joshua Seitz
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
| | - Manisha Das
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
| | - Jean M. Veith
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Grace Cancer Drug Center, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York, 14263
| | - Paula Pera
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Grace Cancer Drug Center, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York, 14263
| | - Ralph J. Bernacki
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Grace Cancer Drug Center, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York, 14263
| | - Shujun Xia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Susan B. Horwitz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Iwao Ojima
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400
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Gropeanu RA, Baumann H, Ritz S, Mailänder V, Surrey T, del Campo A. Phototriggerable 2',7-caged paclitaxel. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43657. [PMID: 22970137 PMCID: PMC3435387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Three different variants of photoactivatable caged paclitaxel (PTX) have been synthesized and their bioactivity was characterized in in vitro assays and in living cells. The caged PTXs contain the photoremovable chromophore 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl (Nvoc) attached to position C7, C2' and to both of these positions via a carbonate bond. Single caged PTXs remained biologically active even at low dosages. Double caging was necessary in order to fully inhibit its activity and to obtain a phototriggerable PTX that can be applied successfully at commonly used concentrations. Irradiation of solutions containing the double caged PTX allowed dose-dependent delivery of functional PTX. Light-triggered stabilization of microtubule assemblies in vitro and in vivo by controlled light exposure of tubulin solutions or cell cultures containing caged PTX was demonstrated. Short light exposure under a fluorescence microscope allowed controlled delivery of free PTX during imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hella Baumann
- Cancer Research United Kingdom, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Ritz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Mainz, Germany
- 3rd Department of Medicine (Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology), University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Surrey
- Cancer Research United Kingdom, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
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Ojima I, Zuniga ES, Seitz JD. Advances in the Use of Enantiopure β-Lactams for the Synthesis of Biologically Active Compounds of Medicinal Interests. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2012_86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Paterson I, Naylor GJ, Gardner NM, Guzmán E, Wright AE. Total synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of macrocyclic hybrids and analogues of the antimitotic natural products dictyostatin, discodermolide, and taxol. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:459-73. [PMID: 21254424 PMCID: PMC3050503 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of hybrids and analogues of the microtubule-stabilizing anticancer agents dictyostatin, discodermolide, and taxol is described. A 22-membered macrolide scaffold was prepared by adapting earlier synthetic routes directed towards dictyostatin and discodermolide, taking advantage of the distinctive structural and stereochemical similarities between these two polyketide-derived marine natural products. Initial endeavors towards accessing novel discodermolide/dictyostatin hybrids led to the adoption of a late-stage diversification strategy and the construction of a small library of methyl-ether derivatives, along with the first triple hybrids bearing the side-chain of taxol or taxotere attached through an ester linkage. Biological assays of the anti-proliferative activity of these compounds in a series of human cancer cell lines, including the taxol-resistant NCI/ADR-Res cell line, allowed the proposal of various structure-activity relationships. This led to the identification of a potent macrocyclic discodermolide/dictyostatin hybrid 12 and its C9 methoxy derivative 38, accessible by an efficient total synthesis and with a similar biological profile to dictyostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Paterson
- University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK.
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Design and synthesis of de novo cytotoxic alkaloids by mimicking the bioactive conformation of paclitaxel. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:7101-12. [PMID: 20800500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel paclitaxel-mimicking alkaloids were designed and synthesized based on a bioactive conformation of paclitaxel, that is, REDOR-Taxol. The alkaloid 2 bearing a 5-7-6 tricyclic scaffold mimics REDOR-Taxol best among the compounds designed and was found to be the most potent compound against several drug-sensitive and drug-resistant human cancer cell lines. MD simulation study on the paclitaxel mimics 1 and 2 as well as REDOR-Taxol bound to the 1JFF tubulin structure was quite informative to evaluate the level of mimicking. The MD simulation study clearly distinguishes the 5-6-6 and 5-7-6 tricyclic scaffolds, and also shows substantial difference in the conformational stability of the tubulin-bound structures between 2 and REDOR-Taxol. The latter may account for the large difference in potency, and provides critical information for possible improvement in the future design of paclitaxel mimics.
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Chen SM, Meng LH, Ding J. New microtubule-inhibiting anticancer agents. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:329-43. [DOI: 10.1517/13543780903571631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Matsuoka S, Inoue M. Application of REDOR NMR in natural product chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:5664-75. [DOI: 10.1039/b910230b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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