1
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Pinzi L, Belluti S, Piccinini I, Imbriano C, Rastelli G. Searching for Novel HDAC6/Hsp90 Dual Inhibitors with Anti-Prostate Cancer Activity: In Silico Screening and In Vitro Evaluation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1072. [PMID: 39204176 PMCID: PMC11357446 DOI: 10.3390/ph17081072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCA) is one of the most prevalent types of male cancers. While current treatments for early-stage PCA are available, their efficacy is limited in advanced PCA, mainly due to drug resistance or low efficacy. In this context, novel valuable therapeutic opportunities may arise from the combined inhibition of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). These targets are mutually involved in the regulation of several processes in cancer cells, and their inhibition is demonstrated to provide synergistic effects against PCA. On these premises, we performed an extensive in silico virtual screening campaign on commercial compounds in search of dual inhibitors of HDAC6 and Hsp90. In vitro tests against recombinant enzymes and PCA cells with different levels of aggressiveness allowed the identification of a subset of compounds with inhibitory activity against HDAC6 and antiproliferative effects towards LNCaP and PC-3 cells. None of the candidates showed appreciable Hsp90 inhibition. However, the discovered compounds have low molecular weight and a chemical structure similar to that of potent Hsp90 blockers. This provides an opportunity for structural and medicinal chemistry optimization in order to obtain HDAC6/Hsp90 dual modulators with antiproliferative effects against prostate cancer. These findings were discussed in detail in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giulio Rastelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (L.P.); (S.B.); (I.P.); (C.I.)
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2
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Larghi EL, Bruneau A, Sauvage F, Alami M, Vergnaud-Gauduchon J, Messaoudi S. Synthesis and Biological Activity of 3-(Heteroaryl)quinolin-2(1 H)-ones Bis-Heterocycles as Potential Inhibitors of the Protein Folding Machinery Hsp90. Molecules 2022; 27:412. [PMID: 35056725 PMCID: PMC8778022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of our SAR study concerning 6BrCaQ analogues as C-terminal Hsp90 inhibitors, we designed and synthesized a novel series of 3-(heteroaryl)quinolin-2(1H), of types 3, 4, and 5, as a novel class of analogues. A Pd-catalyzed Liebeskind-Srogl cross-coupling was developed as a convenient approach for easy access to complex purine architectures. This series of analogues showed a promising biological effect against MDA-MB231 and PC-3 cancer cell lines. This study led to the identification of the best compounds, 3b (IC50 = 28 µM) and 4e, which induce a significant decrease of CDK-1 client protein and stabilize the levels of Hsp90 and Hsp70 without triggering the HSR response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique L. Larghi
- CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France;
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR) CONICET/UNR, FBioyF, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina;
| | - Alexandre Bruneau
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR) CONICET/UNR, FBioyF, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina;
| | - Félix Sauvage
- CNRS, Institut Galien-Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (F.S.); (J.V.-G.)
| | - Mouad Alami
- CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France;
| | - Juliette Vergnaud-Gauduchon
- CNRS, Institut Galien-Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (F.S.); (J.V.-G.)
| | - Samir Messaoudi
- CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France;
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Pinzi L, Foschi F, Christodoulou MS, Passarella D, Rastelli G. Design and Synthesis of Hsp90 Inhibitors with B-Raf and PDHK1 Multi-Target Activity. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:1177-1185. [PMID: 34633754 PMCID: PMC8634768 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of multi-target ligands has become an innovative approach for the identification of effective therapeutic treatments against complex diseases, such as cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that the combined inhibition of Hsp90 and B-Raf provides synergistic effects against several types of cancers. Moreover, it has been reported that PDHK1, which presents an ATP-binding pocket similar to that of Hsp90, plays an important role in tumor initiation, maintenance and progression, participating also to the senescence process induced by B-Raf oncogenic proteins. Based on these premises, the simultaneous inhibition of these targets may provide several benefits for the treatment of cancer. In this work, we set up a design strategy including the assembly and integration of molecular fragments known to be important for binding to the Hsp90, PDHK1 and B-Raf targets, aided by molecular docking for the selection of a set of compounds potentially able to exert Hsp90-B-Raf-PDHK1 multi-target activities. The designed compounds were synthesized and experimentally validated in vitro. According to the in vitro assays, compounds 4 a, 4 d and 4 e potently inhibited Hsp90 and moderately inhibited the PDHK1 kinase. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to provide further insights into the structural basis of their multi-target activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pinzi
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaVia G. Campi 10341125ModenaItaly
| | - Francesca Foschi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MilanoVia Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | | | | | - Giulio Rastelli
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaVia G. Campi 10341125ModenaItaly
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4
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Bonanni D, Citarella A, Moi D, Pinzi L, Bergamini E, Rastelli G. Dual Targeting Strategies On Histone Deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) And Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90). Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1474-1502. [PMID: 34477503 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210902145102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The design of multi-target drugs acting simultaneously on multiple signaling pathways is a growing field in medicinal chemistry, especially for the treatment of complex diseases such as cancer. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is an established anticancer drug target involved in tumor cells transformation. Being an epigenetic enzyme at the interplay of many biological processes, HDAC6 has become an attractive target for polypharmacology studies aimed at improving therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs. For example, the molecular chaperone Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a substrate of HDAC6 deacetylation, and several lines of evidence demonstrate that simultaneous inhibition of HDAC6 and Hsp90 promote synergistic antitumor effects on different cancer cell lines, highlighting the potential benefits of developing a single molecule endowed with multi-target activity. This review will summarize the complex interplay between HDAC6 and Hsp90, providing also useful hints for multi-target drug design and discovery approaches in this field. To this end, crystallographic structures of HDAC6 and Hsp90 complexes will be extensively reviewed in the light of discussing binding pockets features and pharmacophore requirements and providing useful guidelines for the design of dual inhibitors. The few examples of multi-target inhibitors obtained so far, mostly based on chimeric approaches, will be summarized and put into context. Finally, the main features of HDAC6 and Hsp90 inhibitors will be compared, and ligand- and structure-based strategies potentially useful for the development of small molecular weight dual inhibitors will be proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bonanni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Citarella
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Davide Moi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Pinzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elisa Bergamini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giulio Rastelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
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5
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Pinzi L, Benedetti R, Altucci L, Rastelli G. Design of Dual Inhibitors of Histone Deacetylase 6 and Heat Shock Protein 90. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:11473-11480. [PMID: 32478236 PMCID: PMC7254527 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) are widely investigated anticancer drug targets. Importantly, several lines of evidence indicate that their regulation and activity are intimately linked, and that their combined inhibition may lead to impressive therapeutic benefits. In this study, we developed and applied an integrated computational strategy to design dual inhibitors of HDAC6 and Hsp90. Although the two targets share very little homology, an integrated ligand-based and structure-based virtual screening approach indicated a subset of compounds possessing the key structural requirements for binding at both targets. In vitro tests demonstrated that some of the selected candidates are able to selectively inhibit HDAC6 over HDAC1, to increase the acetylation levels of tubulin on cell assays and to reduce cell proliferation. The discovered compounds represent valuable starting points for further hit optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pinzi
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and
Reggio Emilia. Via G.
Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Rosaria Benedetti
- Department
of Precision Medicine, University of Campania
″Luigi Vanvitelli″. Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department
of Precision Medicine, University of Campania
″Luigi Vanvitelli″. Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulio Rastelli
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and
Reggio Emilia. Via G.
Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
- . Phone: +39 0592058564
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6
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Torres Acosta JA, Michlmayr H, Shams M, Schweiger W, Wiesenberger G, Mitterbauer R, Werner U, Merz D, Hauser MT, Hametner C, Varga E, Krska R, Berthiller F, Adam G. Zearalenone and ß-Zearalenol But Not Their Glucosides Inhibit Heat Shock Protein 90 ATPase Activity. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1160. [PMID: 31680951 PMCID: PMC6813925 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is produced by many plant pathogenic Fusarium species. It is well known for its estrogenic activity in humans and animals, but whether ZEN has a role in plant–pathogen interaction and which process it is targeting in planta was so far unclear. We found that treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings with ZEN induced transcription of the AtHSP90.1 gene. This heat shock protein (HSP) plays an important role in plant–pathogen interaction, assisting in stability and functionality of various disease resistance gene products. Inhibition of HSP90 ATPase activity impairs functionality. Because HSP90 inhibitors are known to induce HSP90 gene expression and due to the structural similarity with the known HSP90 inhibitor radicicol (RAD), we tested whether ZEN and its phase I metabolites α- and ß-zearalenol are also HSP90 ATPase inhibitors. Indeed, AtHSP90.1 and wheat TaHSP90-2 were inhibited by ZEN and ß-zearalenol, while α-zearalenol was almost inactive. Plants can efficiently glycosylate ZEN and α/ß-zearalenol. We therefore tested whether glucosylation has an effect on the inhibitory activity of these metabolites. Expression of the A. thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT73C6 conferred RAD resistance to a sensitive yeast strain. Glucosylation of RAD, ZEN, and α/ß-zearalenol abolished the in vitro inhibitory activity with recombinant HSP90 purified from Escherichia coli. In conclusion, the mycotoxin ZEN has a very prominent target in plants, HSP90, but it can be inactivated by glycosylation. This may explain why there is little evidence for a virulence function of ZEN in host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Torres Acosta
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Michlmayr
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Mehrdad Shams
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schweiger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Mitterbauer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Werner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - David Merz
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie-Theres Hauser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Hametner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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7
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Pinzi L, Caporuscio F, Rastelli G. Selection of protein conformations for structure-based polypharmacology studies. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1889-1896. [PMID: 30099123 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several drugs exert their therapeutic effect through the modulation of multiple targets. Structure-based approaches hold great promise for identifying compounds with the desired polypharmacological profiles. These methods use knowledge of the protein binding sites to identify stereoelectronically complementary ligands. The selection of the most suitable protein conformations to be used in the design process is vital, especially for multitarget drug design in which the same ligand has to be accommodated in multiple binding pockets. Herein, we focus on currently available techniques for the selection of the most suitable protein conformations for multitarget drug design, compare the potential advantages and limitations of each method, and comment on how their combination could help in polypharmacology drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pinzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabiana Caporuscio
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulio Rastelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy.
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8
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Pinzi L, Anighoro A, Bajorath J, Rastelli G. Identification of 4-aryl-1 H-pyrrole[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives for the development of new B-Raf inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1382-1386. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pinzi
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Andrew Anighoro
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT; LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Bonn Germany
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT; LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Bonn Germany
| | - Giulio Rastelli
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
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9
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Anighoro A, Pinzi L, Marverti G, Bajorath J, Rastelli G. Heat shock protein 90 and serine/threonine kinase B-Raf inhibitors have overlapping chemical space. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05889f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aid of computational design, we show that Hsp90 and B-Raf inhibitors have overlapping chemical space and we disclose the first-in-class dual inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Anighoro
- Department of Life Science Informatics
- B-IT
- LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
- D-53113 Bonn
| | - L. Pinzi
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
- Modena
- Italy
| | - G. Marverti
- Department of Biomedical
- Metabolic and Neurosciences
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
- Modena
- Italy
| | - J. Bajorath
- Department of Life Science Informatics
- B-IT
- LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
- D-53113 Bonn
| | - G. Rastelli
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
- Modena
- Italy
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10
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Pellati F, Rastelli G. Novel and less explored chemotypes of natural origin for the inhibition of Hsp90. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00340k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on novel classes of natural products whose structures have not yet been thoroughly explored for medicinal chemistry purposes. These novel chemotypes may be useful starting points to develop compounds that alter Hsp90 functionvianovel mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pellati
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
- Modena
- Italy
| | - Giulio Rastelli
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
- Modena
- Italy
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11
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Khandelwal A, Crowley VM, Blagg BSJ. Natural Product Inspired N-Terminal Hsp90 Inhibitors: From Bench to Bedside? Med Res Rev 2015; 36:92-118. [PMID: 26010985 DOI: 10.1002/med.21351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 90 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp90) are responsible for the conformational maturation of nascent polypeptides and the rematuration of denatured proteins. Proteins dependent upon Hsp90 are associated with all six hallmarks of cancer. Upon Hsp90 inhibition, protein substrates are degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Consequentially, inhibition of Hsp90 offers a therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of cancer. Natural product inhibitors of Hsp90 have been identified in vitro, which have served as leads for the development of more efficacious inhibitors and analogs that have entered clinical trials. This review highlights the development of natural product analogs, as well as the development of clinically important inhibitors that arose from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Khandelwal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 4070 Malott Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Vincent M Crowley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 4070 Malott Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Brian S J Blagg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 4070 Malott Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045
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12
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Anighoro A, Stumpfe D, Heikamp K, Beebe K, Neckers LM, Bajorath J, Rastelli G. Computational polypharmacology analysis of the heat shock protein 90 interactome. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:676-86. [PMID: 25686391 DOI: 10.1021/ci5006959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The design of a single drug molecule that is able to simultaneously and specifically interact with multiple biological targets is gaining major consideration in drug discovery. However, the rational design of drugs with a desired polypharmacology profile is still a challenging task, especially when these targets are distantly related or unrelated. In this work, we present a computational approach aimed at the identification of suitable target combinations for multitarget drug design within an ensemble of biologically relevant proteins. The target selection relies on the analysis of activity annotations present in molecular databases and on ligand-based virtual screening. A few target combinations were also inspected with structure-based methods to demonstrate that the identified dual-activity compounds are able to bind target combinations characterized by remote binding site similarities. Our approach was applied to the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) interactome, which contains several targets of key importance in cancer. Promising target combinations were identified, providing a basis for the computational design of compounds with dual activity. The approach may be used on any ensemble of proteins of interest for which known inhibitors are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Anighoro
- †Life Sciences Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Dagmar Stumpfe
- ‡Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Dahlmannstr. 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kathrin Heikamp
- ‡Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Dahlmannstr. 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kristin Beebe
- §Urological Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Leonard M Neckers
- §Urological Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- ‡Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Dahlmannstr. 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Giulio Rastelli
- †Life Sciences Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
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13
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Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of novobiocin analogues as potential hsp90 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 83:498-507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Anighoro A, Bajorath J, Rastelli G. Polypharmacology: challenges and opportunities in drug discovery. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7874-87. [PMID: 24946140 DOI: 10.1021/jm5006463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 707] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
At present, the legendary magic bullet, i.e., a drug with high potency and selectivity toward a specific biological target, shares the spotlight with an emerging and alternative polypharmacology approach. Polypharmacology suggests that more effective drugs can be developed by specifically modulating multiple targets. It is generally thought that complex diseases such as cancer and central nervous system diseases may require complex therapeutic approaches. In this respect, a drug that "hits" multiple sensitive nodes belonging to a network of interacting targets offers the potential for higher efficacy and may limit drawbacks generally arising from the use of a single-target drug or a combination of multiple drugs. In this review, we will compare advantages and disadvantages of multitarget versus combination therapies, discuss potential drug promiscuity arising from off-target effects, comment on drug repurposing, and introduce approaches to the computational design of multitarget drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Anighoro
- Life Sciences Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
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15
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Buckley DL, Crews CM. Small-molecule control of intracellular protein levels through modulation of the ubiquitin proteasome system. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2312-30. [PMID: 24459094 PMCID: PMC4348030 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, biological probes and drugs have targeted the activities of proteins (such as enzymes and receptors) that can be readily controlled by small molecules. The remaining majority of the proteome has been deemed "undruggable". By using small-molecule modulators of the ubiquitin proteasome, protein levels, rather than protein activity, can be targeted instead, thus increasing the number of druggable targets. Whereas targeting of the proteasome itself can lead to a global increase in protein levels, the targeting of other components of the UPS (e.g., the E3 ubiquitin ligases) can lead to an increase in protein levels in a more targeted fashion. Alternatively, multiple strategies for inducing protein degradation with small-molecule probes are emerging. With the ability to induce and inhibit the degradation of targeted proteins, small-molecule modulators of the UPS have the potential to significantly expand the druggable portion of the proteome beyond traditional targets, such as enzymes and receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L. Buckley
- Departments of Chemistry; Molecular, Cellular & Developmental, Biology; Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Craig M. Crews
- Departments of Chemistry; Molecular, Cellular & Developmental, Biology; Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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16
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Buckley DL, Crews CM. Steuerung der intrazellulären Proteinmenge durch niedermolekulare Modulatoren des Ubiquitin-Proteasom-Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Molecular dynamics and dimerization free energy analyses performed on the human Hsp90 dimer highlight dimerization hot spots and potential allosteric binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Rastelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
- 41125 Modena, Italy
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18
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Lee WH, Lee JM, Lim C, Kim S, Kim SG. Structural requirements within protoporphyrin IX in the inhibition of heat shock protein 90. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 204:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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19
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Jagani CL, Sojitra NA, Vanparia SF, Patel TS, Dixit RB, Dixit BC. Microwave promoted synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 3-thiazole substituted 2-styryl-4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Scott DE, Coyne AG, Hudson SA, Abell C. Fragment-Based Approaches in Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology. Biochemistry 2012; 51:4990-5003. [DOI: 10.1021/bi3005126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan E. Scott
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Anthony G. Coyne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Sean A. Hudson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Chris Abell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
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21
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Thermodynamics of aryl-dihydroxyphenyl-thiadiazole binding to human Hsp90. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36899. [PMID: 22655030 PMCID: PMC3360036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of specific inhibitors against the Hsp90 chaperone and other enzyme relies on the detailed and correct understanding of both the thermodynamics of inhibitor binding and the structural features of the protein-inhibitor complex. Here we present a detailed thermodynamic study of binding of aryl-dihydroxyphenyl-thiadiazole inhibitor series to recombinant human Hsp90 alpha isozyme. The inhibitors are highly potent, with the intrinsic K(d) approximately equal to 1 nM as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and thermal shift assay (TSA). Dissection of protonation contributions yielded the intrinsic thermodynamic parameters of binding, such as enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, and the heat capacity. The differences in binding thermodynamic parameters between the series of inhibitors revealed contributions of the functional groups, thus providing insight into molecular reasons for improved or diminished binding efficiency. The inhibitor binding to Hsp90 alpha primarily depended on a large favorable enthalpic contribution combined with the smaller favorable entropic contribution, thus suggesting that their binding was both enthalpically and entropically optimized. The enthalpy-entropy compensation phenomenon was highly evident when comparing the inhibitor binding enthalpies and entropies. This study illustrates how detailed thermodynamic analysis helps to understand energetic reasons for the binding efficiency and develop more potent inhibitors that could be applied for therapeutic use as Hsp90 inhibitors.
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22
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Pharmacophore based virtual screening, molecular docking studies to design potent heat shock protein 90 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2937-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Messaoudi S, Peyrat JF, Brion JD, Alami M. Heat-shock protein 90 inhibitors as antitumor agents: a survey of the literature from 2005 to 2010. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1501-42. [PMID: 21689065 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.594041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a validated novel anticancer target with unique features. As a molecular chaperone, Hsp90 is implicated in maintaining the conformation, stability, activity and cellular localization of several key oncogenic client proteins that are involved in signal transduction pathways leading to proliferation, cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis. As a result, inhibitors of Hsp90 achieve their promising anticancer activity through disruption of the Hsp90 protein function, thereby freezing the chaperone cycle; this in turn decreases the affinity of Hsp90 for client proteins, thus leading to proteasome-mediated degradation of oncogenic client proteins within cancer cells. AREAS COVERED This review provides recent background information on Hsp90 inhibitors. It also highlights a panel of compounds of interest reported in patents and discusses the clinical results of the promising drug candidates. EXPERT OPINION In the past 5 years, Hsp90 inhibitors have remained the focus of much interest as new potential anticancer agents. A large variety of scaffolds were studied in both academia and industry. Consequently, these significant research efforts have provided several promising drug candidates for further clinical development. Further progress in the development of Hsp90 inhibitors, combined with a deeper understanding of the chaperon characteristics, strengthens their promise in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Messaoudi
- Univ Paris-Sud, CNRS, BioCIS-UMR 8076, Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
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24
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A combined molecular modeling study on a series of pyrazole/isoxazole based human Hsp90α inhibitors. J Mol Model 2011; 17:3241-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Audisio D, Messaoudi S, Cegielkowski L, Peyrat JF, Brion JD, Methy-Gonnot D, Radanyi C, Renoir JM, Alami M. Discovery and Biological Activity of 6BrCaQ as an Inhibitor of the Hsp90 Protein Folding Machinery. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:804-15. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Tomaselli S, Meli M, Plescia J, Zetta L, Altieri DC, Colombo G, Ragona L. Combined in silico and experimental approach for drug design: the binding mode of peptidic and non-peptidic inhibitors to hsp90 N-terminal domain. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 76:382-91. [PMID: 20925690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2010.01015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a prime target for antitumor therapies. The information obtained by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations is combined with NMR data to provide a cross-validated atomic resolution model of the complementary interactions of heat shock protein 90 with a peptidic (shepherdin) and a non-peptidic (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside, AICAR) inhibitor, showing antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity in multiple tumor cell lines. This approach highlights the relevant role of imidazolic moiety in the interaction of both antagonist molecules. In 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside bound state, one conformation of those present in solution is selected, where imidazolic, H4 and H5 protons have a key role in defining a non-polar region contacting heat shock protein 90 surface. The dynamic equilibrium between N-type and S-type puckered forms of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside moiety is shown to be functional to inhibitor binding. The first experimental structural data on these inhibitors are presented and discussed as hints for future design of improved molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Tomaselli
- Istituto per lo Studio Delle Macromolecole, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
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27
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Salminen A, Ojala J, Kaarniranta K, Hiltunen M, Soininen H. Hsp90 regulates tau pathology through co-chaperone complexes in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 93:99-110. [PMID: 21056617 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a tauopathy which involves the deposition of microtubule-associated tau proteins into neurofibrillary tangles. Post-translational modifications, in particular site-specific phosphorylations, affect the conformation of tau protein which is an intrinsically disordered protein. These structural changes significantly increase the affinity of tau protein for certain molecular chaperones. Hsp90 is a major cellular chaperone which assembles large complexes with a variety of co-chaperones. The main function of Hsp90 complexes is to maintain protein quality control and assist in protein degradation via proteasomal and autophagic-lysosomal pathways. Tau protein is a client protein for these Hsp90 complexes. If the tau protein is in an abnormal or modified form, then it can trigger the recruitment of CHIP protein, a co-chaperone with E3 activity, to the complex which induces the ubiquitination of tau protein and activates its downstream degradation processes. Large immunophilins, FKBP51 and FKBP52 are also co-chaperones of Hsp90-tau complexes. These proteins contain peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase activity which catalyzes phosphorylation-dependent rotation in pSer/Thr-Pro peptide bond. The proline switch in the tau conformation triggers dephosphorylation of Ser/Thr residues phosphorylated, e.g. by two well-known tau kinases Cdk5 and GSK-3β. Binding of PP5 protein phosphatase to Hsp90 complex, can also dephosphorylate tau protein. Subsequently, dephosphorylated tau protein can be shuttled back to the microtubules. It seems that high-affinity binding of abnormal tau to Hsp90 complexes may have some counteracting effects on the aggregation process, since Hsp90 inhibitors can ameliorate the aggregation process in several neurodegenerative diseases. We will review the role of Hsp90 chaperone network in the regulation of tau biology and pathology in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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28
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Zubrienė A, Gutkowska M, Matulienė J, Chaleckis R, Michailovienė V, Voroncova A, Venclovas C, Zylicz A, Zylicz M, Matulis D. Thermodynamics of radicicol binding to human Hsp90 alpha and beta isoforms. Biophys Chem 2010; 152:153-63. [PMID: 20943306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Radicicol is a natural antibiotic that specifically inhibits chaperone Hsp90 activity and binds to its active site with nanomolar affinity. Radicicol has been widely used as a lead compound to generate synthetic analogs with reduced toxicity and increased stability that could be employed clinically. Here we present a detailed thermodynamic description of radicicol binding to human Hsp90 and yeast Hsc82 studied by isothermal titration calorimetry and thermal shift assay. Titrations as a function of pH showed a linked protonation event upon radicicol binding. The intrinsic binding constant and the thermodynamic parameters (including the enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity) were determined for yeast Hsc82, and human alpha and beta Hsp90. Recent experimental evidence in literature shows that yeast Hsc82 has significant differences from human Hsp90 isozymes. Here we support this by demonstrating differences in radicicol binding thermodynamics to these proteins. The intrinsic enthalpy of radicicol binding to Hsc82 was -46.7 kJ/mol, to Hsp90alpha -70.7 kJ/mol, and to Hsp90beta was -66.8 kJ/mol. The enthalpies of binding were significantly different, while the intrinsic dissociation constants were quite similar, equal to 0.25, 0.04, and 0.15 nM, respectively. The structural features responsible for such large difference in binding enthalpy but small difference in the intrinsic binding Gibbs free energy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Zubrienė
- Laboratory of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, LT-02241 Vilnius, Lithuania
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29
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Woodhead AJ, Angove H, Carr MG, Chessari G, Congreve M, Coyle JE, Cosme J, Graham B, Day PJ, Downham R, Fazal L, Feltell R, Figueroa E, Frederickson M, Lewis J, McMenamin R, Murray CW, O'Brien MA, Parra L, Patel S, Phillips T, Rees DC, Rich S, Smith DM, Trewartha G, Vinkovic M, Williams B, Woolford AJA. Discovery of (2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropylphenyl)-[5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl]methanone (AT13387), a novel inhibitor of the molecular chaperone Hsp90 by fragment based drug design. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5956-69. [PMID: 20662534 DOI: 10.1021/jm100060b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) are currently generating significant interest in clinical development as potential treatments for cancer. In a preceding publication (DOI: 10.1021/jm100059d ) we describe Astex's approach to screening fragments against Hsp90 and the subsequent optimization of two hits into leads with inhibitory activities in the low nanomolar range. This paper describes the structure guided optimization of the 2,4-dihydroxybenzamide lead molecule 1 and details some of the drug discovery strategies employed in the identification of AT13387 (35), which has progressed through preclinical development and is currently being tested in man.
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30
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Roy KK, Singh S, Saxena AK. Integration-mediated prediction enrichment of quantitative model for Hsp90 inhibitors as anti-cancer agents: 3D-QSAR study. Mol Divers 2010; 15:477-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-010-9269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Murray CW, Carr MG, Callaghan O, Chessari G, Congreve M, Cowan S, Coyle JE, Downham R, Figueroa E, Frederickson M, Graham B, McMenamin R, O’Brien MA, Patel S, Phillips TR, Williams G, Woodhead AJ, Woolford AJA. Fragment-Based Drug Discovery Applied to Hsp90. Discovery of Two Lead Series with High Ligand Efficiency. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5942-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100059d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W. Murray
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Maria G. Carr
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Owen Callaghan
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Gianni Chessari
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Miles Congreve
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Suzanna Cowan
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Joseph E. Coyle
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Robert Downham
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Eva Figueroa
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Martyn Frederickson
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Brent Graham
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Rachel McMenamin
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - M. Alistair O’Brien
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Sahil Patel
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Theresa R. Phillips
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Glyn Williams
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Andrew J. Woodhead
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Alison J.-A. Woolford
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
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32
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Spitzer GM, Heiss M, Mangold M, Markt P, Kirchmair J, Wolber G, Liedl KR. One Concept, Three Implementations of 3D Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening: Distinct Coverage of Chemical Search Space. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 50:1241-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ci100136b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun M. Spitzer
- Institute of General, Inorganic, and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Computer-Aided Drug Design, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin Luise Strasse 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University Centre of Computational Chemistry, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Heiss
- Institute of General, Inorganic, and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Computer-Aided Drug Design, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin Luise Strasse 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University Centre of Computational Chemistry, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Mangold
- Institute of General, Inorganic, and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Computer-Aided Drug Design, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin Luise Strasse 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University Centre of Computational Chemistry, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Markt
- Institute of General, Inorganic, and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Computer-Aided Drug Design, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin Luise Strasse 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University Centre of Computational Chemistry, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Institute of General, Inorganic, and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Computer-Aided Drug Design, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin Luise Strasse 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University Centre of Computational Chemistry, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of General, Inorganic, and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Computer-Aided Drug Design, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin Luise Strasse 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University Centre of Computational Chemistry, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic, and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Computer-Aided Drug Design, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin Luise Strasse 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University Centre of Computational Chemistry, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
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33
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Coyne AG, Scott DE, Abell C. Drugging challenging targets using fragment-based approaches. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:299-307. [PMID: 20223699 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fragment-based approaches have now become firmly established in the drug discovery armoury. After notable early successes against protein kinases, the versatility and power of fragment-based approaches are increasingly being demonstrated on more diverse and difficult protein targets. This review highlights seven examples including targeting protein-protein interactions, a RNA polymerase and a DNA-binding protein. It shows how fragment-based approaches using small libraries have been successful when large HTS screens have failed. It also highlights the range of biophysical approaches being used and the interplay between experimental and in silico screens. The examples all show the iterative way in which potency is built up by synthetic elaboration of the initial fragment hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Coyne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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