1
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Ullrich S, Somathilake U, Shang M, Nitsche C. Phage-encoded bismuth bicycles enable instant access to targeted bioactive peptides. Commun Chem 2024; 7:143. [PMID: 38937646 PMCID: PMC11211329 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetically encoded libraries play a crucial role in discovering structurally rigid, high-affinity macrocyclic peptide ligands for therapeutic applications. Bicyclic peptides with metal centres like bismuth were recently developed as a new type of constrained peptide with notable affinity, stability and membrane permeability. This study represents the genetic encoding of peptide-bismuth and peptide-arsenic bicycles in phage display. We introduce bismuth tripotassium dicitrate (gastrodenol) as a water-soluble bismuth(III) reagent for phage library modification and in situ bicyclic peptide preparation, eliminating the need for organic co-solvents. Additionally, we explore arsenic(III) as an alternative thiophilic element that is used analogously to our previously introduced bicyclic peptides with a bismuth core. The modification of phage libraries and peptides with these elements is instantaneous and entirely biocompatible, offering an advantage over conventional alkylation-based methods. In a pilot display screening campaign aimed at identifying ligands for the biotin-binding protein streptavidin, we demonstrate the enrichment of bicyclic peptides with dissociation constants two orders of magnitude lower than those of their linear counterparts, underscoring the impact of structural constraint on binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Ullrich
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Upamali Somathilake
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Minghao Shang
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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2
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Chen FJ, Pinnette N, Gao J. Strategies for the Construction of Multicyclic Phage Display Libraries. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400072. [PMID: 38466139 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Peptide therapeutics have gained great interest due to their multiple advantages over small molecule and antibody-based drugs. Peptide drugs are easier to synthesize, have the potential for oral bioavailability, and are large enough to target protein-protein interactions that are undruggable by small molecules. However, two major limitations have made it difficult to develop novel peptide therapeutics not derived from natural products, including the metabolic instability of peptides and the difficulty of reaching antibody-like potencies and specificities. Compared to linear and disulfide-monocyclized peptides, multicyclic peptides can provide increased conformational rigidity, enhanced metabolic stability, and higher potency in inhibiting protein-protein interactions. The identification of novel multicyclic peptide binders can be difficult, however, recent advancements in the construction of multicyclic phage libraries have greatly advanced the process of identifying novel multicyclic peptide binders for therapeutically relevant protein targets. This review will describe the current approaches used to create multicyclic peptide libraries, highlighting the novel chemistries developed and the proof-of-concept work done on validating these libraries against different protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Jie Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Nicole Pinnette
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA-02467, USA
| | - Jianmin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA-02467, USA
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3
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Villequey C, Zurmühl SS, Cramer CN, Bhusan B, Andersen B, Ren Q, Liu H, Qu X, Yang Y, Pan J, Chen Q, Münzel M. An efficient mRNA display protocol yields potent bicyclic peptide inhibitors for FGFR3c: outperforming linear and monocyclic formats in affinity and stability. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6122-6129. [PMID: 38665530 PMCID: PMC11040643 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04763f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclization has positioned itself as a powerful method for engineering potent peptide drug candidates. Introducing one or multiple cyclizations is a common strategy to improve properties such as affinity, bioavailability and proteolytic stability. Consequently, methodologies to create large libraries of polycyclic peptides by phage or mRNA display have emerged, allowing the rapid identification of binders to virtually any target. Yet, within those libraries, the performance of linear vs. mono- or bicyclic peptides has rarely been studied. Indeed, a key parameter to perform such a comparison is to use a display protocol and cyclization chemistry that enables the formation of all 3 formats in equal quality and diversity. Here, we developed a simple, efficient and fast mRNA display protocol which meets these criteria and can be used to generate highly diverse libraries of thioether cyclized polycyclic peptides. As a proof of concept, we selected peptides against fibroblast growth factor receptor 3c (FGFR3c) and compared the different formats regarding affinity, specificity, and human plasma stability. The peptides with the best KD's and stability were identified among bicyclic peptide hits, further strengthening the body of evidence pointing at the superiority of this class of molecules and providing functional and selective inhibitors of FGFR3c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Villequey
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S Novo Nordisk Park 2760 Måløv Denmark
| | - Silvana S Zurmühl
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S Novo Nordisk Park 2760 Måløv Denmark
| | - Christian N Cramer
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S Novo Nordisk Park 2760 Måløv Denmark
| | - Bhaskar Bhusan
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
| | - Birgitte Andersen
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S Novo Nordisk Park 2760 Måløv Denmark
| | - Qianshen Ren
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Novo Nordisk A/S Shengmingyuan West Ring Rd, Changping District Beijing China
| | - Haimo Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Novo Nordisk A/S Shengmingyuan West Ring Rd, Changping District Beijing China
| | - Xinping Qu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Novo Nordisk A/S Shengmingyuan West Ring Rd, Changping District Beijing China
| | - Yang Yang
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Novo Nordisk A/S Shengmingyuan West Ring Rd, Changping District Beijing China
| | - Jia Pan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Novo Nordisk A/S Shengmingyuan West Ring Rd, Changping District Beijing China
| | - Qiujia Chen
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Novo Nordisk A/S Shengmingyuan West Ring Rd, Changping District Beijing China
| | - Martin Münzel
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S Novo Nordisk Park 2760 Måløv Denmark
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4
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Cheng J, Zhou J, Kong L, Wang H, Zhang Y, Wang X, Liu G, Chu Q. Stabilized cyclic peptides as modulators of protein-protein interactions: promising strategies and biological evaluation. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2496-2508. [PMID: 38107173 PMCID: PMC10718590 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00487b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) control many essential biological pathways which are often misregulated in disease. As such, selective PPI modulators are desirable to unravel complex functions of PPIs and thus expand the repertoire of therapeutic targets. However, the large size and relative flatness of PPI interfaces make them challenging molecular targets for conventional drug modalities, rendering most PPIs "undruggable". Therefore, there is a growing need to discover innovative molecules that are able to modulate crucial PPIs. Peptides are ideal candidates to deliver such therapeutics attributed to their ability to closely mimic structural features of protein interfaces. However, their inherently poor proteolysis resistance and cell permeability inevitably hamper their biomedical applications. The introduction of a constraint (i.e., peptide cyclization) to stabilize peptides' secondary structure is a promising strategy to address this problem as witnessed by the rapid development of cyclic peptide drugs in the past two decades. Here, we comprehensively review the recent progress on stabilized cyclic peptides in targeting challenging PPIs. Technological advancements and emerging chemical approaches for stabilizing active peptide conformations are categorized in terms of α-helix stapling, β-hairpin mimetics and macrocyclization. To discover potent and selective ligands, cyclic peptide library technologies were updated based on genetic, biochemical or synthetic methodologies. Moreover, several advances to improve the permeability and oral bioavailability of biologically active cyclic peptides enable the de novo development of cyclic peptide ligands with pharmacological properties. In summary, the development of cyclic peptide-based PPI modulators carries tremendous promise for the next generation of therapeutic agents to target historically "intractable" PPI systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiongjia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Nanjing, School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University 3601 Hongjing Avenue Nanjing 211171 China
| | - Junlong Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211198 China
| | - Lingyan Kong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Nanjing, School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University 3601 Hongjing Avenue Nanjing 211171 China
| | - Yuchi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Nanjing, School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University 3601 Hongjing Avenue Nanjing 211171 China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Nanjing, School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University 3601 Hongjing Avenue Nanjing 211171 China
| | - Guangxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Nanjing, School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University 3601 Hongjing Avenue Nanjing 211171 China
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University 639 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211198 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
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5
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Chen FJ, Pinnette N, Yang F, Gao J. A Cysteine-Directed Proximity-Driven Crosslinking Method for Native Peptide Bicyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306813. [PMID: 37285100 PMCID: PMC10527288 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and site-specific modification of native peptides and proteins is desirable for synthesizing antibody-drug conjugates as well as for constructing chemically modified peptide libraries using genetically encoded platforms such as phage display. In particular, there is much interest in efficient multicyclization of native peptides due to the appeals of multicyclic peptides as therapeutics. However, conventional approaches for multicyclic peptide synthesis require orthogonal protecting groups or non-proteinogenic clickable handles. Herein, we report a cysteine-directed proximity-driven strategy for the constructing bicyclic peptides from simple natural peptide precursors. This linear to bicycle transformation initiates with rapid cysteine labeling, which then triggers proximity-driven amine-selective cyclization. This bicyclization proceeds rapidly under physiologic conditions, yielding bicyclic peptides with a Cys-Lys-Cys, Lys-Cys-Lys or N-terminus-Cys-Cys stapling pattern. We demonstrate the utility and power of this strategy by constructing bicyclic peptides fused to proteins as well as to the M13 phage, paving the way to phage display of novel bicyclic peptide libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Nicole Pinnette
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Jianmin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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6
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Reja RM, Chau B, Gao J. Diazaborine-Mediated Bicyclization of Native Peptides with Inducible Reversibility. Org Lett 2023; 25:4489-4492. [PMID: 37306633 PMCID: PMC10330595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multicyclic peptides are appealing candidates for peptide-based drug discovery. While various methods are developed for peptide cyclization, few allow multicyclization of native peptides. Herein we report a novel cross-linker DCA-RMR1, which elicits facile bicyclization of native peptides via N-terminus Cys-Cys cross-linking. The bicyclization is fast, affords quantitative conversion, and tolerates various side chain functionalities. Importantly, the resulting diazaborine linkage, while stable at a neutral pH, can readily reverse upon mild acidification to give pH-responsive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahi M. Reja
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467; United Sates
| | - Brittney Chau
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467; United Sates
| | - Jianmin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467; United Sates
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7
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Bató C, Szabó I, Bánóczi Z. Enhancing Cell Penetration Efficiency of Cyclic Oligoarginines Using Rigid Scaffolds. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1736. [PMID: 37376184 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivering therapeutic agents into cells has always been a major challenge. In recent years, cyclization emerged as a tool for designing CPPs to increase their internalization and stability. Cyclic ring(s) can protect the peptide from enzymatic degradation, so cyclic peptides remain intact. Therefore they can be good carrier molecules. In this work, the preparation and investigation of efficient cyclic CPPs are described. Different oligoarginines were designed to conjugate with rigid aromatic scaffolds or form disulfide bonds. The reaction between the scaffolds and the peptides forms stable thioether bonds, constraining the peptide into a cyclic structure. The constructs presented very efficient internalization on cancerous cell lines. Our peptides use more than one endocytic pathway for cellular uptake. In this way, short peptides, which can compete with the penetration of well-known CPPs such as octaarginine (Arg8), may be synthesized through cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Bató
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Szabó
- ELKH-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bánóczi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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8
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Mazo N, Rahman IR, Navo CD, Peregrina JM, Busto JH, van der Donk WA, Jiménez-Osés G. Synthesis of Fluorescent Lanthipeptide Cytolysin S Analogues by Late-Stage Sulfamidate Ring Opening. Org Lett 2023; 25:1431-1435. [PMID: 36849130 PMCID: PMC10012263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Nucleophilic ring opening of cyclic sulfamidates derived from amino acids is a common strategy for the synthesis of lanthionine derivatives. In this work, we report the regio-, chemo-, and stereoselective intramolecular S-alkylation of a cysteine residue with N-sulfonyl sulfamidates for the synthesis of cyclic lanthionine-containing peptides. The strategy involves the solid-phase synthesis of sulfamidate-containing peptides followed by late-stage intramolecular cyclization. This protocol allowed for the synthesis of four full-length cytolysin S (CylLS″) analogues, two α-peptides and two hybrid α/β-peptides. Their conformational preferences and biological activities were assessed and compared with those of wild-type CylLS″.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Mazo
- Departamento
de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis
Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Imran R. Rahman
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Claudio D. Navo
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building
800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Peregrina
- Departamento
de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis
Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Jesús H. Busto
- Departamento
de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis
Química, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Wilfred A. van der Donk
- Department
of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building
800, 48160 Derio, Spain
- Ikerbaske, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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9
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Li G, Patel K, Zhang Y, Pugmire J, Ding Y, Bruner SD. Structural and biochemical studies of an iterative ribosomal peptide macrocyclase. Proteins 2022; 90:670-679. [PMID: 34664307 PMCID: PMC8816810 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Microviridins, tricyclic peptide natural products originally isolated from cyanobacteria, function as inhibitors of diverse serine-type proteases. Here we report the structure and biochemical characterization of AMdnB, a unique iterative macrocyclase involved in a microviridin biosynthetic pathway from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. The ATP-dependent cyclase, along with the homologous AMdnC, introduce up to nine macrocyclizations on three distinct core regions of a precursor peptide, AMdnA. The results presented here provide structural and mechanistic insight into the iterative chemistry of AMdnB. In vitro AMdnB-catalyzed cyclization reactions demonstrate the synthesis of the two predicted tricyclic products from a multi-core precursor peptide substrate, consistent with a distributive mode of catalysis. The X-ray structure of AMdnB shows a structural motif common to ATP-grasp cyclases involved in RiPPs biosynthesis. Additionally, comparison with the noniterative MdnB allows insight into the structural basis for the iterative chemistry. Overall, the presented results provide insight into the general mechanism of iterative enzymes in ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengnan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Krishna Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jackson Pugmire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Steven D. Bruner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA., Corresponding author
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10
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Xia Y, To J, Chan N, Hu S, Liew HT, Balamkundu S, Zhang X, Lescar J, Bhattacharjya S, Tam JP, Liu C. N
γ
‐Hydroxyasparagine: A Multifunctional Unnatural Amino Acid That is a Good P1 Substrate of Asparaginyl Peptide Ligases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyin Xia
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Janet To
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Ning‐Yu Chan
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Side Hu
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Heng Tai Liew
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Seetharamsing Balamkundu
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Singapore 138602 Singapore
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - James P. Tam
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Chuan‐Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
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11
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Xia Y, To J, Chan NY, Hu S, Liew HT, Balamkundu S, Zhang X, Lescar J, Bhattacharjya S, Tam JP, Liu CF. N γ -Hydroxyasparagine: A Multifunctional Unnatural Amino Acid That is a Good P1 Substrate of Asparaginyl Peptide Ligases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22207-22211. [PMID: 34396662 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyl asparaginyl ligases (PALs) are powerful tools for peptide macrocyclization. Herein, we report that a derivative of Asn, namely Nγ -hydroxyasparagine or Asn(OH), is an unnatural P1 substrate of PALs. By Asn(OH)-mediated cyclization, we prepared cyclic peptides as new matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) inhibitors displaying the hydroxamic acid moiety of Asn(OH) as the key pharmacophore. The most potent cyclic peptide (Ki =2.8±0.5 nM) was built on the hyperstable tetracyclic scaffold of rhesus theta defensin-1. The Asn(OH) residue in the cyclized peptides can also be readily oxidized to Asp. By this approach, we synthesized several bioactive Asp-containing cyclic peptides (MCoTI-II, kB2, SFTI, and integrin-targeting RGD peptides) that are otherwise difficult targets for PAL-catalyzed cyclization owing to unfavorable kinetics of the P1-Asp substrates. This study demonstrates that substrate engineering is a useful strategy to expand the application of PAL ligation in the synthesis of therapeutic cyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyin Xia
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Janet To
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Ning-Yu Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Side Hu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Heng Tai Liew
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Seetharamsing Balamkundu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.,Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Chuan-Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
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12
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Vamisetti GB, Meledin R, Nawatha M, Suga H, Brik A. The Development of a Fluorescence-Based Competitive Assay Enabled the Discovery of Dimeric Cyclic Peptide Modulators of Ubiquitin Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7018-7023. [PMID: 33326152 PMCID: PMC8048552 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Development of modulators targeting specific interactions of ubiquitin-based conjugates with their partners is a formidable task since it requires a suitable screening assay and homogeneous ubiquitin conjugates. We developed a novel high-throughput strategy for screening ligands for Lys48-linked tetraubiquitin chain in a relatively simple, fast, and affordable manner. This approach combined with a state-of-the-art toolbox of chemical protein synthesis and a specially optimized Cys deprotection protocol enabled us to design highly potent, Lys48-linked tetraubiquitin chain selective "next generation" dimeric peptide modulators. The dimeric peptide exhibited cancer cell permeability and induced cell death with higher efficiency compared to its monocyclic analogue. These features make our dimeric peptide a promising candidate for further studies using in vivo models. Our assay can be adopted for other various ubiquitin chains in their free or anchored forms as well as conjugates for Ub-like modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganga B. Vamisetti
- SchulichFaculty of ChemistryTechnion-Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200008Israel
| | - Roman Meledin
- SchulichFaculty of ChemistryTechnion-Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200008Israel
| | - Mickal Nawatha
- SchulichFaculty of ChemistryTechnion-Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200008Israel
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyo113-0033Japan
| | - Ashraf Brik
- SchulichFaculty of ChemistryTechnion-Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200008Israel
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13
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Vamisetti GB, Meledin R, Nawatha M, Suga H, Brik A. The Development of a Fluorescence‐Based Competitive Assay Enabled the Discovery of Dimeric Cyclic Peptide Modulators of Ubiquitin Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganga B. Vamisetti
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Roman Meledin
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Mickal Nawatha
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ashraf Brik
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200008 Israel
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14
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Ikenoue T, Aprile FA, Sormanni P, Vendruscolo M. Rationally Designed Bicyclic Peptides Prevent the Conversion of Aβ42 Assemblies Into Fibrillar Structures. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:623097. [PMID: 33716651 PMCID: PMC7947257 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.623097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is great interest in drug discovery programs targeted at the aggregation of the 42-residue form of the amyloid β peptide (Aβ42), since this molecular process is closely associated with Alzheimer’s disease. The use of bicyclic peptides may offer novel opportunities for the effective modification of Aβ42 aggregation and the inhibition of its cytotoxicity, as these compounds combine the molecular recognition ability of antibodies with a relatively small size of about 2 kD. Here, to pursue this approach, we rationally designed a panel of six bicyclic peptides targeting various epitopes along the sequence of Aβ42 to scan its most amyloidogenic region (residues 13–42). Our kinetic analysis and structural studies revealed that at sub-stoichiometric concentrations the designed bicyclic peptides induce a delay in the condensation of Aβ42 and the subsequent transition to a fibrillar state, while at higher concentrations they inhibit such transition. We thus suggest that designed bicyclic peptides can be employed to inhibit amyloid formation by redirecting the aggregation process toward amorphous assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ikenoue
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco A Aprile
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Sormanni
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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Zane D, Feldman PL, Sawyer T, Sobol Z, Hawes J. Development and Regulatory Challenges for Peptide Therapeutics. Int J Toxicol 2020; 40:108-124. [PMID: 33327828 DOI: 10.1177/1091581820977846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increased interest in and activity for the use of peptide therapeutics to treat a variety of human diseases. The number of peptide drugs entering clinical development and the market has increased significantly over the past decade despite inherent challenges of peptide therapeutic discovery, development, and patient-friendly delivery. Disparities in interpretation and application of existing regulatory guidances to innovative synthetic and conjugated peptide assets have resulted in challenges for both regulators and sponsors. The Symposium on Development and Regulatory Challenges for Peptide Therapeutics at the 40th Annual Meeting of the American College of Toxicology held in November of 2019 focused on the following specific topics: (1) peptide therapeutic progress and future directions, and approaches to discover, optimize, assess, and deliver combination peptide therapeutics for treatment of diseases; (2) toxicological considerations to advance peptide drug-device combination products for efficient development and optimal patient benefit and adherence; (3) industry and regulatory perspectives on the regulation of synthetic and conjugated peptide products, including exploration of regulatory classifications, interpretations, and application of the existing guidances International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) M3(R2) and ICH S6(R1) in determining nonclinical study recommendations; and (4) presentation of the 2016 Health and Environmental Sciences Institute's Genetic Toxicology Technical Committee working group assessment of genotoxicity testing requirements. Perspectives were shared from industry and regulatory scientists working in the peptide therapeutics field followed by an open forum panel discussion to discuss questions drafted for the peptide therapeutics scientific community, which will be discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Zane
- 435529Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Hayward, CA, USA
| | - Paul L Feldman
- 435529Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Zhanna Sobol
- Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Jessica Hawes
- 4137Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Hawes is now with Food and Drug Administration (FDA), National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Jefferson, AR, USA
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16
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Ikenoue T, Aprile FA, Sormanni P, Ruggeri FS, Perni M, Heller GT, Haas CP, Middel C, Limbocker R, Mannini B, Michaels TCT, Knowles TPJ, Dobson CM, Vendruscolo M. A rationally designed bicyclic peptide remodels Aβ42 aggregation in vitro and reduces its toxicity in a worm model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15280. [PMID: 32943652 PMCID: PMC7498612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69626-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bicyclic peptides have great therapeutic potential since they can bridge the gap between small molecules and antibodies by combining a low molecular weight of about 2 kDa with an antibody-like binding specificity. Here we apply a recently developed in silico rational design strategy to produce a bicyclic peptide to target the C-terminal region (residues 31–42) of the 42-residue form of the amyloid β peptide (Aβ42), a protein fragment whose aggregation into amyloid plaques is linked with Alzheimer’s disease. We show that this bicyclic peptide is able to remodel the aggregation process of Aβ42 in vitro and to reduce its associated toxicity in vivo in a C. elegans worm model expressing Aβ42. These results provide an initial example of a computational approach to design bicyclic peptides to target specific epitopes on disordered proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ikenoue
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Francesco A Aprile
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Pietro Sormanni
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Francesco S Ruggeri
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Michele Perni
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Gabriella T Heller
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Christian P Haas
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Christoph Middel
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Ryan Limbocker
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, 10996, USA
| | - Benedetta Mannini
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Thomas C T Michaels
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Christopher M Dobson
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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17
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Zhao L, Chen H, Lu L, Wang L, Zhang X, Guo X. New insights into the role of co-receptor neuropilins in tumour angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and targeted therapy strategies. J Drug Target 2020; 29:155-167. [PMID: 32838575 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1815210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Local tumour sites lead to pathological angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis due to malignant conditions such as hypoxia. Although VEGF and VEGFR are considered to be the main anti-tumour treatment targets, the problems of limited efficacy and observable side effects of some drugs relevant to this target still remain to be solved. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new therapeutic targets for angiogenesis or lymphangiogenesis. The neuropilin family is a class of single transmembrane glycoprotein receptors, including neuropilin1 (NRP1) and neuropilin2 (NRP2), which could act as co-receptors of VEGFA-165 and VEGFC and play a key role in promoting tumour proliferation, invasion and metastasis. In this review, we introduced the schematic diagram to visually reveal the function of NRP1 and NRP2 in enhancing the binding affinity of VEGFR2 to VEGFA-165 and VEGFR3 to VEGFC, respectively. We also discussed the signalling pathways that depend on the co-receptors NRP1 and NRP2 and some existing targeted therapeutic strategies, such as monoclonal antibodies, targeted peptides, microRNAs and small molecule inhibitors. It will contribute a vital foundation for the future research and development of new drugs targeting NRPs. HIGHLIGHTS NRP1 acts as a co-receptor with VEGFR2 and the pro-angiogenic factor VEGFA-165 to up-regulate tumour angiogenesis by promoting endothelial cells proliferation, survival, migration, invasion and by preventing of apoptosis. NRP2 acts as a co-receptor with VEGFR3 and the pro-lymphogenic factor VEGFC to facilitate tumour metastasis by promoting lymphangiogenesis. Although NRP1 and NRP2 do not have enzymatic signalling activity, the affinity of VEGFR2 for VEGFA-165 and VEGFR3 for VEGFC can increase in a co-receptor manner, as detailed in the schematic. The exclusive roles of NRP1 and NRP2 in signalling pathways are specifically described to emphasise the molecular regulatory mechanisms involved in co-receptors. Various studies have shown that the co-receptors NRP1 and NRP2 can be directly or indirectly targeted by different methods to prevent tumour angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Therapeutic strategies targeting NRPs look promising soon as evidenced by preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongyuan Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong University Affiliated Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuli Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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18
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19
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Bernhagen D, Jungbluth V, Gisbert Quilis N, Dostalek J, White PB, Jalink K, Timmerman P. High-Affinity α 5β 1-Integrin-Selective Bicyclic RGD Peptides Identified via Screening of Designed Random Libraries. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2019; 21:598-607. [PMID: 31269394 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.9b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of high-affinity and selectivity integrin α5β1-binding bicyclic peptides via "designed random libraries", that is, the screening of libraries comprising the universal integrin-binding sequence Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) in the first loop in combination with a randomized sequence (XXX) in the second loop. Screening of first-generation libraries for α5β1-binding peptides yielded a triple-digit nanomolar bicyclic α5β1-binder (CT3RGDcT3AYGCT3, IC50 = 406 nM). Next-generation libraries were designed by partially varying the structure of the strongest first-generation lead inhibitor and screened for improved affinities and selectivities for this receptor. In this way, we identified three high-affinity α5β1-binders (CT3RGDcT3AYJCT3, J = d-Leu, IC50 = 90 nM; CT3RGDcT3AYaCT3, IC50 = 156 nM; CT3RGDcT3AWGCT3, IC50 = 173 nM), of which one even showed a higher α5β1-affinity than the 32 amino acid benchmark peptide knottin-RGD (IC50 = 114 nM). Affinity for α5β1-integrin was confirmed by SPFS analysis showing a Kd of 4.1 nM for Cy5-labeled RGD-bicycle CT3RGDcT3AYJCT3 (J = d-Leu) and a somewhat higher Kd (9.0 nM) for Cy5-labeled knottin-RGD. The α5β1-bicycles, for example, CT3RGDcT3AYJCT3 (J = d-Leu), showed excellent selectivities over αvβ5 (IC50 ratio α5β1/αvβ5 between <0.009 and 0.039) and acceptable selectivities over αvβ3 (IC50 ratios α5β1/αvβ3 between 0.090 and 0.157). In vitro staining of adipose-derived stem cells with Cy5-labeled peptides using confocal microscopy revealed strong binding of the α5β1-selective bicycle CT3RGDcT3AWGCT3 to integrins in their natural environment, illustrating the high potential of these RGD bicycles as markers for α5β1-integrin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Bernhagen
- Pepscan Therapeutics, Zuidersluisweg 2, 8243 RC Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Jungbluth
- Biosensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Nestor Gisbert Quilis
- Biosensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Jakub Dostalek
- Biosensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Paul B. White
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kees Jalink
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 21, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Timmerman
- Pepscan Therapeutics, Zuidersluisweg 2, 8243 RC Lelystad, the Netherlands
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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Itoh H, Inoue M. Full solid-phase total synthesis of macrocyclic natural peptides using four-dimensionally orthogonal protective groups. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6519-6527. [PMID: 31232404 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01130g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fmoc-based solid-phase synthesis provides efficient access to both linear and macrocyclic peptides. To synthesize complex macrocyclic polyamides using Fmoc chemistry, multiple protective groups with orthogonal reactivities are generally employed because the free amines and carboxylic acids of specific residues must be selectively exposed prior to amide formation. This review focuses on four-dimensionally orthogonal protective group strategies for the full solid-phase synthesis of macrocyclic peptides with branched chains (polymyxin E2 and daptomycin) and a tricyclic natural peptide (lacticin 481).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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21
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Yao G, Joswig J, Keller BG, Süssmuth RD. Total Synthesis of the Death Cap Toxin Phalloidin: Atropoisomer Selectivity Explained by Molecular‐Dynamics Simulations. Chemistry 2019; 25:8030-8034. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guiyang Yao
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Jan‐Oliver Joswig
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, PharmacyFreie Universität Berlin Takustrasse 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Bettina G. Keller
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, PharmacyFreie Universität Berlin Takustrasse 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Roderich D. Süssmuth
- Institut für ChemieTechnische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Germany
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22
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Ahangarzadeh S, Kanafi MM, Hosseinzadeh S, Mokhtarzadeh A, Barati M, Ranjbari J, Tayebi L. Bicyclic peptides: types, synthesis and applications. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1311-1319. [PMID: 31102732 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclic peptides form one of the most promising platforms for drug development owing to their biocompatibility, similarity and chemical diversity to proteins, and they are considered as a possible practical tool in various therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Bicyclic peptides are known to have the capability of being employed as an effective alternative to complex molecules, such as antibodies, or small molecules. This review provides a summary of the recent progress on the types, synthesis and applications of bicyclic peptides. More specifically, natural and synthetic bicyclic peptides are introduced with their different production methods and relevant applications, including drug targeting, imaging and diagnosis. Their uses as antimicrobial agents, as well as the therapeutic functions of different bicyclic peptides, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Ahangarzadeh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad M Kanafi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simzar Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmood Barati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Ranjbari
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA.
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23
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Bernhagen D, Jungbluth V, Quilis NG, Dostalek J, White PB, Jalink K, Timmerman P. Bicyclic RGD Peptides with Exquisite Selectivity for the Integrin α vβ 3 Receptor Using a "Random Design" Approach. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2019; 21:198-206. [PMID: 30624885 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.8b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe the identification of bicyclic RGD peptides with high affinity and selectivity for integrin αvβ3 via high-throughput screening of partially randomized libraries. Peptide libraries (672 different compounds) comprising the universal integrin-binding sequence Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) in the first loop and a randomized sequence XXX (X being one of 18 canonical l-amino acids) in the second loop, both enclosed by either an l- or d-Cys residue, were converted to bicyclic peptides via reaction with 1,3,5-tris(bromomethyl)benzene (T3). Screening of first-generation libraries yielded lead bicyclic inhibitors displaying submicromolar affinities for integrin αvβ3 (e.g., CT3HEQcT3RGDcT3, IC50 = 195 nM). Next generation (second and third) libraries were obtained by partially varying the structure of the strongest lead inhibitors and screening for improved affinities and selectivities. In this way, we identified the highly selective bicyclic αvβ3-binders CT3HPQcT3RGDcT3 (IC50 = 30 nM), CT3HPQCT3RGDcT3 (IC50 = 31 nM), and CT3HSQCT3RGDcT3 (IC50 = 42 nM) with affinities comparable to that of a knottin-RGD-type peptide (32 amino acids, IC50 = 38 nM) and outstanding selectivities over integrins αvβ5 (IC50 > 10000 nM) and α5β1 (IC50 > 10000 nM). Affinity measurements using surface plasmon-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy (SPFS) yielded Kd values of 0.4 and 0.6 nM for the Cy5-labeled bicycle CT3HPQcT3RGDcT3 and RGD "knottin" peptide, respectively. In vitro staining of HT29 cells with Cy5-labeled bicycles using confocal microscopy revealed strong binding to integrins in their natural environment, which highlights the high potential of these peptides as markers of integrin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Bernhagen
- Pepscan Therapeutics, Zuidersluisweg 2, 8243 RC Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Jungbluth
- Biosensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Nestor Gisbert Quilis
- Biosensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Jakub Dostalek
- Biosensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Paul B. White
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Jalink
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 21, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Timmerman
- Pepscan Therapeutics, Zuidersluisweg 2, 8243 RC Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Toxin Neutralization Using Alternative Binding Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11010053. [PMID: 30658491 PMCID: PMC6356946 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal toxins present a major threat to human health worldwide, predominantly through snakebite envenomings, which are responsible for over 100,000 deaths each year. To date, the only available treatment against snakebite envenoming is plasma-derived antivenom. However, despite being key to limiting morbidity and mortality among snakebite victims, current antivenoms suffer from several drawbacks, such as immunogenicity and high cost of production. Consequently, avenues for improving envenoming therapy, such as the discovery of toxin-sequestering monoclonal antibodies against medically important target toxins through phage display selection, are being explored. However, alternative binding protein scaffolds that exhibit certain advantages compared to the well-known immunoglobulin G scaffold, including high stability under harsh conditions and low cost of production, may pose as possible low-cost alternatives to antibody-based therapeutics. There is now a plethora of alternative binding protein scaffolds, ranging from antibody derivatives (e.g., nanobodies), through rationally designed derivatives of other human proteins (e.g., DARPins), to derivatives of non-human proteins (e.g., affibodies), all exhibiting different biochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles. Undeniably, the high level of engineerability and potentially low cost of production, associated with many alternative protein scaffolds, present an exciting possibility for the future of snakebite therapeutics and merit thorough investigation. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the different types of binding protein scaffolds is provided together with a discussion on their relevance as potential modalities for use as next-generation antivenoms.
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25
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A Tetra-Orthogonal Strategy for the Efficient Synthesis of Scaffolds Based on Cyclic Peptides. Int J Pept Res Ther 2018; 24:535-542. [PMID: 30416404 PMCID: PMC6208650 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a straightforward and robust strategy for synthesizing a family of cyclic peptide scaffolds for the presentation of defined moieties in a wide range of orientations. Specifically we are exploring quinoxaline as the moiety, as a potential nucleic acid binding motif. The method requires the use of four degrees of orthogonality, which in turn allow the extension of the main chain, incorporation of the target side chains, on-resin cyclization, and the revelation of an amino group upon cleavage to increase solubility. We show that related approaches fail for a range of reasons, including the failure of cyclization. Following the optimization of the approach with a single cyclic peptide, we synthesized a family of all possible bis and tris quinoxaline adducts showing by ESI–MS that the desired full length cyclic product is produced in a majority of cases.
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26
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Xu P, Huang M. Small Peptides as Modulators of Serine Proteases. Curr Med Chem 2018; 27:3686-3705. [PMID: 30332941 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181016163630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteases play critical roles in many physiological and pathological processes, and are proven diagnostic and therapeutic targets in a number of clinical indications. Suppression of the aberrant proteolytic activities of these proteases has been clinically used for the treatments of relevant diseases. Polypeptides with 10-20 residues are of great interests as medicinal modulators of serine proteases, because these peptides demonstrate the characteristics of both small molecule drugs and macromolecular drugs. In this review, we summarized the recent development of peptide-based inhibitors against serine proteases with potent inhibitory and high specificity comparable to monoclonal antibodies. In addition, we also discussed the strategies of enhancing plasma half-life and bioavailability of peptides in vivo, which is the main hurdle that limits the clinical translation of peptide-based drugs. This review advocates new avenue for the development of effective serine protease inhibitors and highlights the prospect of the medicinal use of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
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27
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Richelle GJJ, Schmidt M, Ippel H, Hackeng TM, van Maarseveen JH, Nuijens T, Timmerman P. A One-Pot "Triple-C" Multicyclization Methodology for the Synthesis of Highly Constrained Isomerically Pure Tetracyclic Peptides. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1934-1938. [PMID: 29944773 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A broadly applicable one-pot methodology for the facile transformation of linear peptides into tetracyclic peptides through a chemoenzymatic peptide synthesis/chemical ligation of peptides onto scaffolds/copper(I)-catalyzed reaction (CEPS/CLIPS/CuAAC; "triple-C") locking methodology is reported. Linear peptides with varying lengths (≥14 amino acids), comprising two cysteines and two azidohomoalanines (Aha), were efficiently cyclized head-to-tail by using the peptiligase variant omniligase-1 (CEPS). Subsequent ligation-cyclization with tetravalent (T41/2 ) scaffolds containing two bromomethyl groups (CLIPS) and two alkyne functionalities (CuAAC) yielded isomerically pure tetracyclic peptides. Sixteen different functional tetracycles, derived from bicyclic inhibitors against urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and coagulation factor XIIa (FXIIa), were successfully synthesized and their bioactivities evaluated. Two of these (FF-T41/2 ) exhibited increased inhibitory activity against FXIIa, compared with a bicyclic control peptide. The corresponding hetero-bifunctional variants (UF/FU-T41/2 ), with a single copy of each inhibitory sequence, exhibited micromolar activities against both uPA and FXIIa; thus illustrating the potential of the "bifunctional tetracyclic peptide" inhibitor concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston J J Richelle
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Schmidt
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Enzypep B.V., Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Ippel
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM), Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tilman M Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM), Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H van Maarseveen
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Nuijens
- Enzypep B.V., Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Timmerman
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Pepscan Therapeutics, Zuidersluisweg 2, 8243 RC, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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28
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Hemu X, Tam JP. Macrocyclic Antimicrobial Peptides Engineered from ω-Conotoxin. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 23:2131-2138. [PMID: 28245769 PMCID: PMC5470054 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666161027120518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The potent calcium channel blocker ω-conotoxin MVIIA is a linear cystine-knot peptide with multiple basic amino acids at both termini. This work shows that macrocyclization of MVIIA linking two positive-charge terminal clusters as a contiguous segment converts a conotoxin into an antimicrobial peptide. In addition, conversion of disulfide bonds to amino butyric acids improved the antimicrobial activity of the cyclic analogs. Ten macrocyclic analogs, with or without disulfide bonds, were prepared by both Boc and Fmoc chemistry using native chemical ligation. All cyclic analogs were active against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with minimal inhibitory concentrations in a low μM range. In contrast, MVIIA and its linear analog were inactive at concentrations up to 0.5 mM. The cyclic analogs also showed 2 to 3-fold improved chemotactic activity against human monocytes THP-1 compared with MVIIA. Reduction of molecular stability against thermal and acid treatment due to the reduced number of disulfide crosslinks can be partly restored by backbone cyclization. Together, these results show that macrocyclization and side chain modification of a linear conopeptide lead to a gain-of-function, which brings a new perspective in designing and engineering of peptidyl therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinya Hemu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 03s-71, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 03s-71, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha J. Thombare
- School of ChemistryThe University of MelbourneVictoria3010 Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of MelbourneVictoria3010 Australia
| | - Craig A. Hutton
- School of ChemistryThe University of MelbourneVictoria3010 Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of MelbourneVictoria3010 Australia
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30
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Abstract
Many biologically active peptides found in nature exhibit a bicyclic structure wherein a head-to-tail cyclic backbone is further constrained by an intramolecular linkage connecting two side chains of the peptide. Accordingly, methods to access macrocyclic peptides sharing this overall topology could be of significant value toward the discovery of new functional entities and bioactive compounds. With this goal in mind, we recently developed a strategy for enabling the biosynthesis of thioether-bridged bicyclic peptides in living bacterial cells. This method involves a split intein-catalyzed head-to-tail cyclization of a ribosomally produced precursor peptide, combined with inter-sidechain cross-linking through a genetically encoded cysteine-reactive amino acid. This approach can be applied to direct the formation of structurally diverse bicyclic peptides with high efficiency and selectivity in living Escherichia coli cells and provides a platform for the generation of combinatorial libraries of genetically encoded bicyclic peptides for screening purposes.
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31
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Calo' G, Rizzi A, Ruzza C, Ferrari F, Pacifico S, Gavioli EC, Salvadori S, Guerrini R. Peptide welding technology - A simple strategy for generating innovative ligands for G protein coupled receptors. Peptides 2018; 99:195-204. [PMID: 29031796 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on their high selectivity of action and low toxicity, naturally occurring peptides have great potential in terms of drug development. However, the pharmacokinetic properties of peptides, in particular their half life, are poor. Among different strategies developed for reducing susceptibility to peptidases, and thus increasing the duration of action of peptides, the generation of branched peptides has been described. However, the synthesis and purification of branched peptides are extremely complicated thus limiting their druggability. Here we present a novel and facile synthesis of tetrabranched peptides acting as GPCR ligands and their in vitro and vivo pharmacological characterization. Tetrabranched derivatives of nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), N/OFQ related peptides, opioid peptides, tachykinins, and neuropeptide S were generated with the strategy named peptide welding technology (PWT) and characterized by high yield and purity of the desired final product. In general, PWT derivatives displayed a pharmacological profile similar to that of the natural sequence in terms of affinity, pharmacological activity, potency, and selectivity of action in vitro. More importantly, in vivo studies demonstrated that PWT peptides are characterized by increased potency associated with long lasting duration of action. In conclusion, PWT derivatives of biologically active peptides can be viewed as innovative pharmacological tools for investigating those conditions and states in which selective and prolonged receptor stimulation promotes beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girolamo Calo'
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Anna Rizzi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Ruzza
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Ferrari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, and National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pacifico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elaine C Gavioli
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Severo Salvadori
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Remo Guerrini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, Italy
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32
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Deyle K, Kong XD, Heinis C. Phage Selection of Cyclic Peptides for Application in Research and Drug Development. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:1866-1874. [PMID: 28719188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides can bind to protein targets with high affinities and selectivities, which makes them an attractive modality for the development of research reagents and therapeutics. Additional properties, including low inherent toxicity, efficient chemical synthesis, and facile modification with labels or immobilization reagents, increase their attractiveness. Cyclic peptide ligands against a wide range of protein targets have been isolated from natural sources such as bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. Many of them are currently used as research tools, and several have found application as therapeutics, such as the peptide hormones oxytocin and vasopressin and the antibiotics vancomycin and daptomycin, proving the utility of cyclic peptides in research and medicine. With the advent of phage display and other in vitro evolution techniques, it has become possible to generate cyclic peptide binders to diverse protein targets for which no natural peptides have been discovered. A highly robust and widely applied approach is based on the cyclization of peptides displayed on phage via a disulfide bridge. Disulfide-cyclized peptide ligands to more than a hundred different proteins have been reported in the literature. Technology advances achieved over the last three decades, including methods for generating larger phage display libraries, improved phage panning protocols, new cyclic peptide formats, and high-throughput sequencing, have enabled the generation of cyclic peptides with ever better binding affinities to more challenging targets. A relatively new cyclic peptide format developed using phage display involves bicyclic peptides. These molecules consist of two macrocyclic peptide rings cyclized through a chemical linker. Compared to monocyclic peptides of comparable molecular mass, bicyclic peptides are more constrained in their conformation. As a result, they can bind to their targets with a higher affinity and are more resistant to proteolytic degradation. Phage-encoded bicyclic peptides are generated by chemically cyclizing random peptide libraries on phage. Binders are identified by conventional phage panning and DNA sequencing. Next-generation sequencing and new sequence alignment tools have enabled the rapid identification of bicyclic peptides. Bicyclic peptide ligands were developed against a range of diverse target classes including enzymes, receptors, and cytokines. Most ligands bind with nanomolar affinities, with some reaching the picomolar range. To date, several bicyclic peptides have been positively evaluated in preclinical studies, and the first clinical tests are in sight. While bicyclic peptide phage display was developed with therapeutic applications in mind, these peptides are increasingly used as research tools for target evaluation or as basic research probes as well. Given the efficient development method, the ease of synthesis and handling, and the favorable binding and biophysical properties, bicyclic peptides are being developed against more and more targets, ever increasing their potential applications in research and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaycie Deyle
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xu-Dong Kong
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Heinis
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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33
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Rhodes CA, Pei D. Bicyclic Peptides as Next-Generation Therapeutics. Chemistry 2017; 23:12690-12703. [PMID: 28590540 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclic peptides have greater conformational rigidity and metabolic stability than linear and monocyclic peptides and are capable of binding to challenging drug targets with antibody-like affinity and specificity. Powerful combinatorial library technologies have recently been developed to rapidly synthesize and screen large bicyclic peptide libraries for ligands against enzymes, receptors, and protein-protein interaction targets. Bicyclic peptides have been developed as potential therapeutics against a wide range of diseases, drug targeting agents, imaging/diagnostic probes, and research tools. In this Minireview, we provide a summary of the recent progresses on the synthesis and applications of bicyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curran A Rhodes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
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34
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Short peptides interfering with signaling pathways as new therapeutic tools for cancer treatment. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:199-221. [PMID: 28111982 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Short peptides have many advantages, such as low molecular weight, selectivity for a specific target, organelles or cells with minimal toxicity. We describe properties of short peptides, which interfere with communication networks in tumor cells and within microenvironment of malignant gliomas, the most common brain tumors. We focus on ligand/receptor axes and intracellular signaling pathways critical for gliomagenesis that could be targeted with interfering peptides. We review structures and efficacy of organelle-specific and cell-penetrating peptides and describe diverse chemical modifications increasing proteolytic stability and protecting synthetic peptides against degradation. We report results of application of short peptides in glioma therapy clinical trials, their rises and falls. The most advanced examples of therapeutics such as short interfering peptides combined with cell-penetrating peptides that show good effectiveness in disease models are presented. It is foreseen that identification of peptides with better clinical properties may improve their success rates in clinical trials.
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35
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Cromm PM, Schaubach S, Spiegel J, Fürstner A, Grossmann TN, Waldmann H. Orthogonal ring-closing alkyne and olefin metathesis for the synthesis of small GTPase-targeting bicyclic peptides. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11300. [PMID: 27075966 PMCID: PMC4834642 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bicyclic peptides are promising scaffolds for the development of inhibitors of biological targets that proved intractable by typical small molecules. So far, access to bioactive bicyclic peptide architectures is limited due to a lack of appropriate orthogonal ring-closing reactions. Here, we report chemically orthogonal ring-closing olefin (RCM) and alkyne metathesis (RCAM), which enable an efficient chemo- and regioselective synthesis of complex bicyclic peptide scaffolds with variable macrocycle geometries. We also demonstrate that the formed alkyne macrocycle can be functionalized subsequently. The orthogonal RCM/RCAM system was successfully used to evolve a monocyclic peptide inhibitor of the small GTPase Rab8 into a bicyclic ligand. This modified peptide shows the highest affinity for an activated Rab GTPase that has been reported so far. The RCM/RCAM-based formation of bicyclic peptides provides novel opportunities for the design of bioactive scaffolds suitable for the modulation of challenging protein targets. Bicyclic peptides can inhibit biological targets hard to address with small molecules. Here, the authors combine two orthogonal ring-closing reactions to produce bicyclic peptides with improved bioactivity thereby providing a strategy that can greatly improve the structural diversity of such peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M Cromm
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie and Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schaubach
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie and Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jochen Spiegel
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie and Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie and Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tom N Grossmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie and Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie and Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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36
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Raimondi C, Brash JT, Fantin A, Ruhrberg C. NRP1 function and targeting in neurovascular development and eye disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 52:64-83. [PMID: 26923176 PMCID: PMC4854174 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin 1 (NRP1) is expressed by neurons, blood vessels, immune cells and many other cell types in the mammalian body and binds a range of structurally and functionally diverse extracellular ligands to modulate organ development and function. In recent years, several types of mouse knockout models have been developed that have provided useful tools for experimental investigation of NRP1 function, and a multitude of therapeutics targeting NRP1 have been designed, mostly with the view to explore them for cancer treatment. This review provides a general overview of current knowledge of the signalling pathways that are modulated by NRP1, with particular focus on neuronal and vascular roles in the brain and retina. This review will also discuss the potential of NRP1 inhibitors for the treatment for neovascular eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Raimondi
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - James T Brash
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Alessandro Fantin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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37
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Bandyopadhyay A, Gao J. Iminoboronate-Based Peptide Cyclization That Responds to pH, Oxidation, and Small Molecule Modulators. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2098-101. [PMID: 26859098 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a rich source of therapeutic agents, peptide natural products usually adopt a cyclic or multicyclic scaffold that minimizes structural flexibility to favor target binding. Inspired by nature, chemists have been interested in developing synthetic cyclic and multicyclic peptides that serve as biological probes and potential therapeutics. Herein we describe a novel strategy for peptide cyclization in which intramolecular iminoboronate formation allows spontaneous cyclization under physiologic conditions to yield monocyclic and bicyclic peptides. Importantly the iminoboronate-based cyclization can be rapidly reversed in response to multiple stimuli, including pH, oxidation, and small molecules. This highly versatile strategy for peptide cyclization should find applications in many areas of chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College , 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Jianmin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College , 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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38
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Popovic S, Wijsman L, Landman IR, Sangster MF, Pastoors D, Veldhorst BB, Hiemstra H, van Maarseveen JH. Fine-Tuning the Balance between Peptide Thioester Cyclization and Racemization. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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39
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40
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Chua K, Fung E, Micewicz ED, Ganz T, Nemeth E, Ruchala P. Small cyclic agonists of iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4961-4969. [PMID: 25813158 PMCID: PMC4567957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Minihepcidins are in vitro and in vivo active mimetics of iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin. They contain various unusual amino acids including: N-substituted, β-homo-, and d-amino acids with their combination depending on particular minihepcidin. In the current study, we sought to limit the use of unusual/more expensive amino acids derivatives by peptide cyclization. Novel cyclic mimetics of hepcidin were synthesized and tested in vitro and showed activity at low nanomolar concentration. Nonetheless, the most active cyclic compound (mHS17) is approximately ten times less active than the parental minihepcidin PR73. Collectively, our findings suggest that cyclization is viable approach in the synthesis of hepcidin mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Chua
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eileen Fung
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ewa D Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tomas Ganz
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elizabeta Nemeth
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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41
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Review cyclic peptides on a merry-go-round; towards drug design. Biopolymers 2015; 104:453-61. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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42
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Micewicz ED, Sharma S, Waring AJ, Luong HT, McBride WH, Ruchala P. Bridged Analogues for p53-Dependent Cancer Therapy Obtained by S-Alkylation. Int J Pept Res Ther 2015; 22:67-81. [PMID: 26957954 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-015-9487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A small library of anticancer, cell-permeating, stapled peptides based on potent dual-specific antagonist of p53-MDM2/MDMX interactions, PMI-N8A, was synthesized, characterized and screened for anticancer activity against human colorectal cancer cell line, HCT-116. Employed synthetic modifications included: S-alkylation-based stapling, point mutations increasing hydrophobicity in key residues as well as improvement of cell-permeability by introduction of polycationic sequence(s) that were woven into the sequence of parental peptide. Selected analogue, ArB14Co, was also tested in vivo and exhibited potent anticancer bioactivity at the low dose (3.0 mg/kg). Collectively, our findings suggest that application of stapling in combination with rational design of polycationic short analogues may be a suitable approach in the development of physiologically active p53-MDM2/MDMX peptide inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shantanu Sharma
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alan J Waring
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Hai T Luong
- Department of Analytical Operations, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 4049 Avenida de la Plata, Oceanside CA, 92056, USA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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43
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Rational design and synthesis of an orally bioavailable peptide guided by NMR amide temperature coefficients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 111:17504-9. [PMID: 25416591 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417611111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the oral bioavailability of peptide drug leads is a major challenge in drug design. As such, methods to address this challenge are highly sought after by the pharmaceutical industry. Here, we propose a strategy to identify appropriate amides for N-methylation using temperature coefficients measured by NMR to identify exposed amides in cyclic peptides. N-methylation effectively caps these amides, modifying the overall solvation properties of the peptides and making them more membrane permeable. The approach for identifying sites for N-methylation is a rapid alternative to the elucidation of 3D structures of peptide drug leads, which has been a commonly used structure-guided approach in the past. Five leucine-rich peptide scaffolds are reported with selectively designed N-methylated derivatives. In vitro membrane permeability was assessed by parallel artificial membrane permeability assay and Caco-2 assay. The most promising N-methylated peptide was then tested in vivo. Here we report a novel peptide (15), which displayed an oral bioavailability of 33% in a rat model, thus validating the design approach. We show that this approach can also be used to explain the notable increase in oral bioavailability of a somatostatin analog.
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44
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Abstract
Conventional cancer chemotherapy is limited by the fact that small organic cytotoxic agents typically do not preferentially localize at the tumor site, causing unwanted toxicities to normal organs and limiting dose escalation to therapeutically active regimens. In principle, antibodies and other ligands could be used for the selective pharmacodelivery of cytotoxic agents to the tumor environment. While traditionally internalizing ligands have been used for such targeting applications, increasing experimental evidence suggests that the ligand-based delivery of anticancer drugs to the extracellular space in the tumor, followed by suitable release strategies, may mediate a potent anticancer activity. In this review, we outline the main requirements for the development of noninternalizing targeted cytotoxics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Casi
- †Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, CH8112 Otelfingen (ZH), Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- ‡Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Hill TA, Shepherd NE, Diness F, Fairlie DP. Constraining cyclic peptides to mimic protein structure motifs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13020-41. [PMID: 25287434 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201401058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins exert their biological activities through small exposed surface regions called epitopes that are folded peptides of well-defined three-dimensional structures. Short synthetic peptide sequences corresponding to these bioactive protein surfaces do not form thermodynamically stable protein-like structures in water. However, short peptides can be induced to fold into protein-like bioactive conformations (strands, helices, turns) by cyclization, in conjunction with the use of other molecular constraints, that helps to fine-tune three-dimensional structure. Such constrained cyclic peptides can have protein-like biological activities and potencies, enabling their uses as biological probes and leads to therapeutics, diagnostics and vaccines. This Review highlights examples of cyclic peptides that mimic three-dimensional structures of strand, turn or helical segments of peptides and proteins, and identifies some additional restraints incorporated into natural product cyclic peptides and synthetic macrocyclic peptidomimetics that refine peptide structure and confer biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Hill
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 (Australia)
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Hill TA, Shepherd NE, Diness F, Fairlie DP. Fixierung cyclischer Peptide: Mimetika von Proteinstrukturmotiven. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201401058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhang C, Dai P, Spokoyny AM, Pentelute BL. Enzyme-catalyzed macrocyclization of long unprotected peptides. Org Lett 2014; 16:3652-5. [PMID: 25002256 PMCID: PMC4372082 DOI: 10.1021/ol501609y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
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A glutathione S-transferase (GST) catalyzed macrocyclization
reaction for peptides up to 40 amino acids in length is reported.
GST catalyzes the selective SNAr reaction between an N-terminal glutathione (GSH, γ-Glu-Cys-Gly) tag and
a C-terminal perfluoroaryl-modified cysteine on the
same polypeptide chain. Cyclic peptides ranging from 9 to 24 residues
were quantitatively produced within 2 h in aqueous pH = 8 buffer at
room temperature. The reaction was highly selective for cyclization
at the GSH tag, enabling the combination of GST-catalyzed ligation
with native chemical ligation to generate a large 40-residue peptide
macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Zou Y, Spokoyny AM, Zhang C, Simon MD, Yu H, Lin YS, Pentelute BL. Convergent diversity-oriented side-chain macrocyclization scan for unprotected polypeptides. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:566-73. [PMID: 24310320 PMCID: PMC3935340 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42168f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe a general synthetic platform for side-chain macrocyclization of an unprotected peptide library based on the SNAr reaction between cysteine thiolates and a new generation of highly reactive perfluoroaromatic small molecule linkers. This strategy enabled us to simultaneously "scan" two cysteine residues positioned from i, i + 1 to i, i + 14 sites in a polypeptide, producing 98 macrocyclic products from reactions of 14 peptides with 7 linkers. A complementary reverse strategy was developed; cysteine residues within the polypeptide were first modified with non-bridging perfluoroaryl moieties and then commercially available dithiol linkers were used for macrocyclization. The highly convergent, site-independent, and modular nature of these two strategies coupled with the unique chemoselectivity of a SNAr transformation allows for the rapid diversity-oriented synthesis of hybrid macrocyclic peptide libraries with varied chemical and structural complexities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekui Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Verzele D, Madder A. Patchwork protein chemistry: a practitioner's treatise on the advances in synthetic peptide stitchery. Chembiochem 2014; 14:1032-48. [PMID: 23775826 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With the study of peptides and proteins at the heart of many scientific endeavors, the omics era heralded a multitude of opportunities for chemists and biologists alike. Across the interface with life sciences, peptide chemistry plays an indispensable role, and progress made over the past decades now allows proteins to be treated as molecular patchworks stitched together through synthetic tailoring. The continuous elaboration of sophisticated strategies notwithstanding, Merrifield's solid-phase methodology remains a cornerstone of chemical protein design. Although the non-practitioner might misjudge peptide synthesis as trivial, routine, or dull given its long history, we comment here on its many advances, obstacles, and prospects from a practitioner's point of view. While sharing our perspectives through thematic highlights across the literature, this treatise provides an interpretive overview as a guide to novices, and a recap for specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Verzele
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Mochizuki Y, Nishigaki K, Nemoto N. Amino group binding peptide aptamers with double disulphide-bridged loops selected by in vitro selection using cDNA display. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5608-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00799a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Double disulphide-bridged loops of peptide aptamer are indispensable for the amino group recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Mochizuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Saitama University
- Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Koichi Nishigaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Saitama University
- Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Naoto Nemoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Saitama University
- Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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