1
|
PET Imaging of the Neuropeptide Y System: A Systematic Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123726. [PMID: 35744852 PMCID: PMC9227365 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a vastly studied biological peptide with numerous physiological functions that activate the NPY receptor family (Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5). Moreover, these receptors are correlated with the pathophysiology of several diseases such as feeding disorders, anxiety, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, some types of cancers and others. In order to deepen the knowledge of NPY receptors' functions and molecular mechanisms, neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) have been used. The development of new radiotracers for the different NPY receptors and their subsequent PET studies have led to significant insights into molecular mechanisms involving NPY receptors. This article provides a systematic review of the imaging biomarkers that have been developed as PET tracers in order to study the NPY receptor family.
Collapse
|
2
|
Bartole E, Littmann T, Tanaka M, Ozawa T, Buschauer A, Bernhardt G. [ 3H]UR-DEBa176: A 2,4-Diaminopyrimidine-Type Radioligand Enabling Binding Studies at the Human, Mouse, and Rat Histamine H 4 Receptors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8338-8356. [PMID: 31469288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Differences in sequence homology between human (h), mouse (m), and rat (r) histamine H4 receptors (H4R) cause discrepancies regarding affinities, potencies, and/or efficacies of ligands and therefore compromise translational animal models and the applicability of radioligands. Aiming at a radioligand enabling robust and comparative binding studies at the h/m/rH4Rs, 2,4-diaminopyrimidines were synthesized and pharmacologically investigated. The most notable compounds identified were two (partial) agonists with comparable potencies at the h/m/rH4Rs: UR-DEBa148 (N-neopentyl-4-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydro-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine bis(2,2,2-trifluoroacetate), 43), the most potent [pEC50 (reporter gene assay) = 9.9/9.6/10.3] compound in the series being slightly G-protein biased and UR-DEBa176 [(R)-4-[3-(dimethylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-N-neopentylpyrimidin-2-amine bis(2,2,2-trifluoroacetate), 46, pEC50 (reporter gene assay) = 8.7/9.0/9.2], a potential "cold" form of a tritiated H4R ligand. After radiolabeling, binding studies with [3H]UR-DEBa176 ([3H]46) at the h/m/rH4Rs revealed comparable Kd values (41/17/22 nM), low nonspecific binding (11-17%, ∼Kd), and fast associations/dissociations (25-30 min) and disclosed [3H]UR-DEBa176 as useful molecular tool to determine h/m/rH4R binding affinities for H4R ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edith Bartole
- Institute of Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Timo Littmann
- Institute of Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Miho Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku , Hongo , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku , Hongo , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Armin Buschauer
- Institute of Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Günther Bernhardt
- Institute of Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Previously, drugs were developed focusing on target affinity and selectivity. However, it is becoming evident that the drug-target residence time, related to the off-rate, is an important parameter for successful drug development. The residence time influences both the on-rate and overall effectiveness of drugs. Furthermore, ligand binding is now appreciated to be a multistep process because metastable and/or intermediate binding sites in the extracellular region have been identified. In this review, we summarize experimental ligand-binding data for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and their binding pathways, analyzed by molecular dynamics (MD). The kinetics of drug binding to GPCRs are complex and depend on several factors, including charge distribution on the receptor surface, ligand-receptor interactions in the binding channel and the binding site, or solvation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Strasser
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry II, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | | | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Keller M, Maschauer S, Brennauer A, Tripal P, Koglin N, Dittrich R, Bernhardt G, Kuwert T, Wester HJ, Buschauer A, Prante O. Prototypic 18F-Labeled Argininamide-Type Neuropeptide Y Y 1R Antagonists as Tracers for PET Imaging of Mammary Carcinoma. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:304-309. [PMID: 28337321 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor (Y1R) selective radioligand (R)-Nα-(2,2-diphenylacetyl)-Nω-[4-(2-[18F]fluoropropanoylamino)butyl]aminocarbonyl-N-(4-hydroxybenzyl)argininamide ([18F]23), derived from the high-affinity Y1R antagonist BIBP3226, was developed for imaging studies of Y1R-positive tumors. Starting from the argininamide core bearing amine-functionalized spacer moieties, a series of fluoropropanoylated and fluorobenzoylated derivatives was synthesized and studied for Y1R affinity. The fluoropropanoylated derivative 23 displayed high affinity (Ki = 1.3 nM) and selectivity toward Y1R. Radiosynthesis was accomplished via 18F-fluoropropanoylation, yielding [18F]23 with excellent stability in mice; however, the biodistribution study revealed pronounced hepatobiliary clearance with high accumulation in the gall bladder (>100 %ID/g). Despite the unfavorable biodistribution, [18F]23 was successfully used for imaging of Y1R positive MCF-7 tumors in nude mice. Therefore, we suggest [18F]23 as a lead for the design of PET ligands with optimized physicochemical properties resulting in more favorable biodistribution and higher Y1R-dependent enrichment in mammary carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Keller
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and
Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simone Maschauer
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Albert Brennauer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and
Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Tripal
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norman Koglin
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University Munich (TUM), Walther-Meißner-Str. 3, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ralf Dittrich
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 21/23, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Günther Bernhardt
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and
Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Kuwert
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University Munich (TUM), Walther-Meißner-Str. 3, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Armin Buschauer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and
Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Prante
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Burkert K, Zellmann T, Meier R, Kaiser A, Stichel J, Meiler J, Mittapalli GK, Roberts E, Beck-Sickinger AG. A Deep Hydrophobic Binding Cavity is the Main Interaction for Different Y 2 R Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2016; 12:75-85. [PMID: 27874262 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y2 receptor (Y2 R) is involved in various pathophysiological processes such as epilepsy, mood disorders, angiogenesis, and tumor growth. Therefore, the Y2 R is an interesting target for drug development. A detailed understanding of the binding pocket could facilitate the development of highly selective antagonists to study the role of Y2 R in vitro and in vivo. In this study, several residues crucial to the interaction of BIIE0246 and SF-11 derivatives with Y2 R were investigated by signal transduction assays. Using the experimental results as constraints, the antagonists were docked into a comparative structural model of the Y2 R. Despite differences in size and structure, all three antagonists display a similar binding site, including a deep hydrophobic cavity formed by transmembrane helices (TM) 4, 5, and 6, as well as a hydrophobic patch at the top of TM2 and 7. Additionally, we suggest that the antagonists block Q3.32 , a position that has been shown to be crucial for binding of the amidated C terminus of NPY and thus for receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Burkert
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tristan Zellmann
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - René Meier
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Kaiser
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Stichel
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Gopi K Mittapalli
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Edward Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Keller M, Weiss S, Hutzler C, Kuhn KK, Mollereau C, Dukorn S, Schindler L, Bernhardt G, König B, Buschauer A. N(ω)-Carbamoylation of the Argininamide Moiety: An Avenue to Insurmountable NPY Y1 Receptor Antagonists and a Radiolabeled Selective High-Affinity Molecular Tool ([(3)H]UR-MK299) with Extended Residence Time. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8834-49. [PMID: 26466164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Analogues of the argininamide-type NPY Y1 receptor (Y1R) antagonist BIBP3226, bearing carbamoyl moieties at the guanidine group, revealed subnanomolar Ki values and caused depression of the maximal response to NPY (calcium assay) by up to 90% in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, suggesting insurmountable antagonism. To gain insight into the mechanism of binding of the synthesized compounds, a tritiated antagonist, (R)-N(α)-diphenylacetyl-N(ω)-[2-([2,3-(3)H]propionylamino)ethyl]aminocarbonyl-(4-hydroxybenzyl)arginin-amide ([(3)H]UR-MK299, [(3)H]38), was prepared. [(3)H]38 revealed a dissociation constant in the picomolar range (Kd 0.044 nM, SK-N-MC cells) and very high Y1R selectivity. Apart from superior affinity, a considerably lower target off-rate (t1/2 95 min) was characteristic of [(3)H]38 compared to that of the higher homologue containing a tetramethylene instead of an ethylene spacer (t1/2 3 min, Kd 2.0 nM). Y1R binding of [(3)H]38 was fully reversible and fully displaceable by nonpeptide antagonists and the agonist pNPY. Therefore, the insurmountable antagonism observed in the functional assay has to be attributed to the extended target-residence time, a phenomenon of relevance in drug research beyond the NPY receptor field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Catherine Mollereau
- CNRS/IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale) , 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baumeister P, Erdmann D, Biselli S, Kagermeier N, Elz S, Bernhardt G, Buschauer A. [(3) H]UR-DE257: development of a tritium-labeled squaramide-type selective histamine H2 receptor antagonist. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:83-93. [PMID: 25320025 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of new piperidinomethylphenoxypropylamine-type histamine H2 receptor (H2 R) antagonists with different substituted "urea equivalents" was synthesized and characterized in functional in vitro assays. Based on these data as selection criteria, radiosynthesis of N-[6-(3,4-dioxo-2-{3-[3-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)phenoxy]propylamino}cyclobut-1-enylamino)hexyl]-(2,3-(3) H2 )propionic amide ([(3) H]UR-DE257) was performed. The radioligand (specific activity: 63 Ci mmol(-1) ) had high affinity for human, rat, and guinea pig H2 R (hH2 R, Sf9 cells: Kd , saturation binding: 31 nM, kinetic studies: 20 nM). UR-DE257 revealed high H2 R selectivity on membranes of Sf9 cells, expressing the respective hHx R subtype (Ki values: hH1 R: >10000 nM, hH2 R: 28 nM, hH3 R: 3800 nM, hH4 R: >10000 nM). In spite of insurmountable antagonism, probably due to rebinding of [(3) H]UR-DE257 to the H2 R (extended residence time), the title compound proved to be a valuable pharmacological tool for the determination of H2 R affinities in competition binding assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Baumeister
- Institut für Pharmazie, Pharmazeutische/Medizinische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg (Germany)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ligands of the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:430-41. [PMID: 24365162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the mammalian brain and exerts a variety of physiological processes in humans via four different receptor subtypes Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5. Y2 receptor is the most abundant Y subtype receptor in the central nervous system and implicated with food intake, bone formation, affective disorders, alcohol and drugs of abuse, epilepsy, pain, and cancer. The lack of small molecule non-peptidic Y2 receptor modulators suitable as in vivo pharmacological tools hampered the progress to uncover the precise pharmacological role of Y2. Only in recent years, several potent, selective and non-peptidic Y2 antagonists have been discovered providing the tools to validate Y2 receptor as a therapeutic target. This Letter reviews Y2 receptor modulators mainly non-peptidic antagonists and their structure-activity relationships.
Collapse
|
9
|
Dimeric argininamide-type neuropeptide Y receptor antagonists: Chiral discrimination between Y1 and Y4 receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6303-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|