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Abstract
Incorporation of heterocycles into drug molecules can enhance physical properties and biological activity. A variety of heterocyclic groups is available to medicinal chemists, many of which have been reviewed in detail elsewhere. Oxadiazoles are a class of heterocycle containing one oxygen and two nitrogen atoms, available in three isomeric forms. While the 1,2,4- and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles have seen widespread application in medicinal chemistry, 1,2,5-oxadiazoles (furazans) are less common. This Review provides a summary of the application of furazan-containing molecules in medicinal chemistry and drug development programs from analysis of both patent and academic literature. Emphasis is placed on programs that reached clinical or preclinical stages of development. The examples provided herein describe the pharmacology and biological activity of furazan derivatives with comparative data provided where possible for other heterocyclic groups and pharmacophores commonly used in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald F Weaver
- Department of Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Mark A Reed
- Treventis Corporation, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada.,Department of Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada
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2
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PFKFB3 inhibitors as potential anticancer agents: Mechanisms of action, current developments, and structure-activity relationships. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112612. [PMID: 32679452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells adopt aerobic glycolysis as the major source of energy and biomass production for fast cell proliferation. The bifunctional enzyme, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), plays a crucial role in the regulation of glycolysis by controlling the steady-state cytoplasmic levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6BP), which is the most potent allosteric activator of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-1), a key rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis. Therefore, selective inhibition of PFKFB3 has gained substantial interest as an attractive strategy for cancer therapy. In recent years, numerous class PFKFB3 inhibitors have been disclosed, and emerging trends such as the availability of PFKFB3 crystal structures, structure-based screening strategies and diverse functional assays are improving optimization and development of original leads. Herein, we review the structure and function of PFKFB3 as well as the representative small-molecule inhibitors, in particular emphasis on their chemical structures, pharmacological properties, selectivity, binding modes and structure-activity relationships (SARs).
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3
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Burmistrova O, Olias-Arjona A, Lapresa R, Jimenez-Blasco D, Eremeeva T, Shishov D, Romanov S, Zakurdaeva K, Almeida A, Fedichev PO, Bolaños JP. Targeting PFKFB3 alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11670. [PMID: 31406177 PMCID: PMC6691133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycolytic rate in neurons is low in order to allow glucose to be metabolized through the pentose-phosphate pathway (PPP), which regenerates NADPH to preserve the glutathione redox status and survival. This is controlled by 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3), the pro-glycolytic enzyme that forms fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, a powerful allosteric activator of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase. In neurons, PFKFB3 protein is physiologically inactive due to its proteasomal degradation. However, upon an excitotoxic stimuli, PFKFB3 becomes stabilized to activate glycolysis, thus hampering PPP mediated protection of redox status leading to neurodegeneration. Here, we show that selective inhibition of PFKFB3 activity by the small molecule AZ67 prevents the NADPH oxidation, redox stress and apoptotic cell death caused by the activation of glycolysis triggered upon excitotoxic and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation models in mouse primary neurons. Furthermore, in vivo administration of AZ67 to mice significantly alleviated the motor discoordination and brain infarct injury in the middle carotid artery occlusion ischemia/reperfusion model. These results show that pharmacological inhibition of PFKFB3 is a suitable neuroprotective therapeutic strategy in excitotoxic-related disorders such as stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Olias-Arjona
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rebeca Lapresa
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Daniel Jimenez-Blasco
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Angeles Almeida
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Juan P Bolaños
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Boutard N, Białas A, Sabiniarz A, Guzik P, Banaszak K, Biela A, Bień M, Buda A, Bugaj B, Cieluch E, Cierpich A, Dudek Ł, Eggenweiler H, Fogt J, Gaik M, Gondela A, Jakubiec K, Jurzak M, Kitlińska A, Kowalczyk P, Kujawa M, Kwiecińska K, Leś M, Lindemann R, Maciuszek M, Mikulski M, Niedziejko P, Obara A, Pawlik H, Rzymski T, Sieprawska‐Lupa M, Sowińska M, Szeremeta‐Spisak J, Stachowicz A, Tomczyk MM, Wiklik K, Włoszczak Ł, Ziemiańska S, Zarębski A, Brzózka K, Nowak M, Fabritius C. Discovery and Structure–Activity Relationships of
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‐Aryl 6‐Aminoquinoxalines as Potent PFKFB3 Kinase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2018; 14:169-181. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paweł Guzik
- Selvita S.A. Bobrzyńskiego 14 30-348 Kraków Poland
| | | | - Artur Biela
- Selvita S.A. Bobrzyńskiego 14 30-348 Kraków Poland
| | - Marcin Bień
- Selvita S.A. Bobrzyńskiego 14 30-348 Kraków Poland
- Current address: Almac Group 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate Craigavon BT63 5QD UK
| | - Anna Buda
- Selvita S.A. Bobrzyńskiego 14 30-348 Kraków Poland
| | | | | | - Anna Cierpich
- Selvita S.A. Bobrzyńskiego 14 30-348 Kraków Poland
- Current address: Grupa Azoty S.A. Kwiatkowskiego 8 33-100 Tarnów Poland
| | - Łukasz Dudek
- Selvita S.A. Bobrzyńskiego 14 30-348 Kraków Poland
| | | | - Joanna Fogt
- Selvita S.A. Bobrzyńskiego 14 30-348 Kraków Poland
| | - Monika Gaik
- Selvita S.A. Bobrzyńskiego 14 30-348 Kraków Poland
- Current address: Max Planck Research Group at the Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | | | | | - Mirek Jurzak
- Discovery Pharmacology, Merck Biopharma Merck KGaA Frankfurter Straße 250 64293 Darmstadt Germany
| | | | | | | | - Katarzyna Kwiecińska
- Selvita S.A. Bobrzyńskiego 14 30-348 Kraków Poland
- Current address: Captor Therapeutics Duńska 11 54-427 Wrocław Poland
| | - Marcin Leś
- Selvita S.A. Bobrzyńskiego 14 30-348 Kraków Poland
| | - Ralph Lindemann
- Translational Innovation Platform Oncology, Merck Biopharma Merck KGaA Frankfurter Straße 250 64293 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Monika Maciuszek
- Selvita S.A. Bobrzyńskiego 14 30-348 Kraków Poland
- Current address: LifeArc Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus Stevenage SG1 2FX UK
| | | | | | - Alicja Obara
- Selvita S.A. Bobrzyńskiego 14 30-348 Kraków Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mateusz M. Tomczyk
- Selvita S.A. Bobrzyńskiego 14 30-348 Kraków Poland
- Current address: Katedra Chemii Organicznej Bioorganicznej I Biotechnologii Ul. B. Krzywoustego 4, P., 18/N1 44-100 Gliwice Poland
| | | | - Łukasz Włoszczak
- Selvita S.A. Bobrzyńskiego 14 30-348 Kraków Poland
- Current address: Grupa Adamed Pieńków 149 05-152 Czosnów Poland
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5
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Proteomic analysis of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated proliferation in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Mol Cell Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-018-0017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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6
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Rahier NJ, Molinier N, Long C, Deshmukh SK, Kate AS, Ranadive P, Verekar SA, Jiotode M, Lavhale RR, Tokdar P, Balakrishnan A, Meignan S, Robichon C, Gomes B, Aussagues Y, Samson A, Sautel F, Bailly C. Anticancer activity of koningic acid and semisynthetic derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3712-21. [PMID: 25937235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A screening program aimed at discovering novel anticancer agents based on natural products led to the selection of koningic acid (KA), known as a potent inhibitor of glycolysis. A method was set up to produce this fungal sesquiterpene lactone in large quantities by fermentation, thus allowing (i) an extensive analysis of its anticancer potential in vitro and in vivo and (ii) the semi-synthesis of analogues to delineate structure-activity relationships. KA was characterized as a potent, but non-selective cytotoxic agent, active under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions and inactive in the A549 lung cancer xenograft model. According to our SAR, the acidic group could be replaced to keep bioactivity but an intact epoxide is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Rahier
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre de Recherche et Développement, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien-BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse cedex 1, France.
| | - Nicolas Molinier
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre de Recherche et Développement, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien-BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse cedex 1, France
| | - Christophe Long
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre de Recherche et Développement, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien-BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse cedex 1, France
| | - Sunil Kumar Deshmukh
- Piramal Enterprises Limited, 1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063, India
| | - Abhijeet S Kate
- Piramal Enterprises Limited, 1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063, India
| | - Prafull Ranadive
- Piramal Enterprises Limited, 1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063, India
| | - Shilpa Amit Verekar
- Piramal Enterprises Limited, 1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063, India
| | - Mangesh Jiotode
- Piramal Enterprises Limited, 1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063, India
| | - Rahul R Lavhale
- Piramal Enterprises Limited, 1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063, India
| | - Pradipta Tokdar
- Piramal Enterprises Limited, 1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063, India
| | - Arun Balakrishnan
- Piramal Enterprises Limited, 1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063, India
| | - Samuel Meignan
- Antitumoral Pharmacology Unit, Centre Oscar Lambret, Inserm U908, BP 307, 59020 Lille cedex, France
| | - Céline Robichon
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre de Recherche et Développement, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien-BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse cedex 1, France
| | - Bruno Gomes
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre de Recherche et Développement, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien-BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse cedex 1, France
| | - Yannick Aussagues
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre de Recherche et Développement, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien-BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse cedex 1, France
| | - Arnaud Samson
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre de Recherche et Développement, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien-BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse cedex 1, France
| | - François Sautel
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre de Recherche et Développement, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien-BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse cedex 1, France
| | - Christian Bailly
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre de Recherche et Développement, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien-BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse cedex 1, France.
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Granchi C, Fancelli D, Minutolo F. An update on therapeutic opportunities offered by cancer glycolytic metabolism. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4915-25. [PMID: 25288186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Almost all invasive cancers, regardless of tissue origin, are characterized by specific modifications of their cellular energy metabolism. In fact, a strong predominance of aerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation (Warburg effect) is usually associated with aggressive tumour phenotypes. This metabolic shift offers a survival advantage to cancer cells, since they may continue to produce energy and anabolites even when they are exposed to either transient or permanent hypoxic conditions. Moreover, it ensures a high production rate of glycolysis intermediates, useful as building blocks for fast cell proliferation of cancer cells. This peculiar metabolic profile may constitute an ideal target for therapeutic interventions that selectively hit cancer cells with minimal residual systemic toxicity. In this review we provide an update about some of the most recent advances in the discovery of new bioactive molecules that are able to interfere with cancer glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Granchi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Fancelli
- Drug Discovery Program, Experimental Oncology Department, European Institute of Oncology IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Minutolo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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