1
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Chen P, Zhong X, Song Y, Zhong W, Wang S, Wang J, Huang P, Niu Y, Yang W, Ding Z, Luo Q, Yang C, Wang J, Zhang W. Triptolide induces apoptosis and cytoprotective autophagy by ROS accumulation via directly targeting peroxiredoxin 2 in gastric cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2024; 587:216622. [PMID: 38246224 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Triptolide, a natural bioactive compound derived from herbal medicine Tripterygium wilfordii, has multiple biological activities including anti-cancer effect, which is being tested in clinical trials for treating cancers. However, the exact mechanism by which Triptolide exerts its cytotoxic effects, particularly its specific protein targets, remains unclear. Here, we show that Triptolide effectively induces cytotoxicity in gastric cancer cells by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Further investigations reveal that ROS accumulation contributes to the induction of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress, and subsequently autophagy induction in response to Triptolide. Meanwhile, this autophagy is cytoprotective. Interestingly, through activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) approach, we identify peroxiredoxins-2 (PRDX2), a component of the key enzyme systems that act in the defense against oxidative stress and protect cells against hydroperoxides, as direct binding target of Triptolide. By covalently binding to PRDX2 to inhibit its antioxidant activity, Triptolide increases ROS levels. Moreover, overexpression of PRDX2 inhibits and knockdown of the expression of PRDX2 increases Triptolide-induced apoptosis. Collectively, these results indicate PRDX2 as a direct target of Triptolides for inducing apoptosis. Our results not only provide novel insight into the underlying mechanisms of Triptolide-induced cytotoxic effects, but also indicate PRDX2 as a promising potential therapeutic target for developing anti-gastric cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchen Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology; Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China; Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523125, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoru Zhong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology; Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Yali Song
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523125, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenbin Zhong
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523125, Guangdong, China
| | - Sisi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology; Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Jinyan Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology; Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Pan Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology; Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Yaping Niu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology; Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Wenyue Yang
- Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyang Ding
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology; Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523125, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chuanbin Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology; Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
| | - Jigang Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology; Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China; Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523125, Guangdong, China; Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital; First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology; Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
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2
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Xing W, Liu G, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Lou H, Fan P. Selective Antitumor Effect and Lower Toxicity of Mitochondrion-Targeting Derivatization of Triptolide. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1093-1114. [PMID: 38169372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Triptolide has a significant antitumor activity, but its toxicity limits its clinical application. As the mitochondrion-targeting strategy showed an advantage in selective antitumor effect based on the higher mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in tumor cells than normal cells, the lipophilic cations triphenylphosphonium and E-4-(1H-indol-3-yl vinyl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide (F16) were selected as targeting carriers for structural modification of triptolide. The derivatives bearing F16 generally retained most antitumor activities, overcame its inhibition plateau phenomena, and enhanced its selective antitumor effect in lung cancer. The representative derivative F9 could accumulate in the mitochondria of NCI-H1975 cells, inducing apoptosis and a dose-dependent increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species and reducing MMP. Moreover, no effects were observed in normal cells BEAS-2B. In vivo studies showed that the developmental, renal, and liver toxicities of F9 to zebrafish were significantly lower than those of triptolide. This study provides a promising idea to relieve the toxicity problem of triptolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlan Xing
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Neuroprotective Drugs, Shandong Qidu Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Zibo 255400, P. R. China
| | - Hongxiang Lou
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Peihong Fan
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
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3
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AbdulHussein AH, Al-Taee MM, Radih ZA, Aljuboory DS, Mohammed ZQ, Hashesh TS, Riadi Y, Hadrawi SK, Najafi M. Mechanisms of cancer cell death induction by triptolide. Biofactors 2023; 49:718-735. [PMID: 36876465 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a hot topic issue in cancer research and therapy. Although cancer therapy including radiotherapy and anti-cancer drugs can kill malignant cells within the tumor, cancer cells can develop a wide range of mechanisms to resist the toxic effects of anti-cancer agents. Cancer cells may provide some mechanisms to resist oxidative stress and escape from apoptosis and attack by the immune system. Furthermore, cancer cells may resist senescence, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and autophagic cell death by modulating several critical genes. The development of these mechanisms leads to resistance to anti-cancer drugs and also radiotherapy. Resistance to therapy can increase mortality and reduce survival following cancer therapy. Thus, overcoming mechanisms of resistance to cell death in malignant cells can facilitate tumor elimination and increase the efficiency of anti-cancer therapy. Natural-derived molecules are intriguing agents that may be suggested to be used as an adjuvant in combination with other anticancer drugs or radiotherapy to sensitize cancer cells to therapy with at least side effects. This paper aims to review the potential of triptolide for inducing various types of cell death in cancer cells. We review the induction or resistance to different cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagic cell death, senescence, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and necrosis following the administration of triptolide. We also review the safety and future perspectives for triptolide and its derivatives in experimental and human studies. The anticancer potential of triptolide and its derivatives may make them effective adjuvants for enhancing tumor suppression in combination with anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yassine Riadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salema K Hadrawi
- Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Technical Engineering Department, College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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4
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Rosatella AA, Afonso CAM. One-Pot Transformation of Salicylaldehydes to Spiroepoxydienones via the Adler-Becker Reaction in a Continuous Flow. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:11570-11577. [PMID: 35449962 PMCID: PMC9017099 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Adler-Becker reaction is a useful approach for the oxidative dearomatization of salicylic alcohols to spiroepoxydienones and has been applied in the total synthesis of several natural products. Despite the advantages, the substrate and product instability under the reaction conditions can decrease the reaction efficiency, leading to lower yields. Herein, we report the Adler-Becker reaction in a continuous flow for the transformation of reduced salicylaldehydes into spiroepoxydienones in a one-pot approach. For that, a heterogeneous oxidant based on periodate is developed, leading to an efficient continuous flow process, with higher productivity and shorter reaction times, when compared with batch conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia A. Rosatella
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- CBIOS—Universidade
Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health
Technologies, Campo Grande,
376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos A. M. Afonso
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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5
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Discovery of lysosome-targeted covalent anticancer agents based on isosteviol skeleton. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112896. [PMID: 33097300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Covalent drugs play corresponding bioactivities by forming covalent bonds with the target, which possess many significant pharmacological advantages including high potency, ligand efficiency, and long-lasting effects. However, development of covalent inhibitors is a challenge due to their presumed indiscriminate reactivity. Here, we report the discovery of series of lysosome-targeting covalent anticancer agents by introducing nitrogenous bases to the modified isosteviol skeleton in order to minimize the toxicity and increase the selectivity. By introducing the electrophilic α, β-unsaturated ketones into the A- and D-rings of isosteviol, the cytotoxicity of the obtained compounds were greatly increased. Further nitrogen-containing modifications to the D-ring led to the discovery of novel molecules that targeted lysosomes, and of which, compound 30 was the most potent and selective antiproliferative one to kill A549 cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanism investigation revealed that compound 30 was trapped into lysosomes and damaged lysosomes to cause cell death.
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6
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Zhang H, Lu G. Synthesis of celastrol derivatives as potential non-nucleoside hepatitis B virus inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 96:1380-1386. [PMID: 32573976 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of para-quinone methide (pQM) moiety and C-20- modified derivatives of celastrol were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory effect on the secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg as well as the inhibitory effect against HBV DNA replication. The results suggested that amidation of C-20 carboxylic group could generate derivatives with good anti-HBV profile, among them compound 14 showed the best inhibitory activity on the secretion of HBsAg (IC50 = 11.9 µμ) and HBeAg (IC50 = 13.1 µμ) with SI of 3.3 and 3.0, respectively. In addition, 14 also showed potent inhibitory effect against HBV DNA replication (48.5 ± 15.1%, 25 µM). This is, to our knowledge, the first report of celastrol derivatives as potential non-nucleoside HBV inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Beijing BeiqinBiotech Co. Ltd., Xinggu Economic Development Zone, Beijing, China
| | - Gongxi Lu
- Beijing BeiqinBiotech Co. Ltd., Xinggu Economic Development Zone, Beijing, China
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7
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Lv SD, Tian T, Zhang LQ, Xu SY, Zhao DH, Wang JJ, Fu JG, Li YM, Feng CG. Total synthesis of (±)-Scrodentoid A. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Zhang X, Xiao Z, Xu H. A review of the total syntheses of triptolide. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1984-1995. [PMID: 31501665 PMCID: PMC6720243 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide is a complex triepoxide diterpene natural product that has attracted considerable interest in the organic chemistry and medicinal chemistry societies due to its intriguing structural features and multiple promising biological activities. In this review, progress in the total syntheses of triptolide are systematically summarized. We hope to gain a better understanding of the field and provide constructive suggestions for future studies of triptolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zaozao Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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9
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Hou W, Liu B, Xu H. Triptolide: Medicinal chemistry, chemical biology and clinical progress. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 176:378-392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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An W, Lai H, Zhang Y, Liu M, Lin X, Cao S. Apoptotic Pathway as the Therapeutic Target for Anticancer Traditional Chinese Medicines. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:758. [PMID: 31354479 PMCID: PMC6639427 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death and it plays a vital role in human development and tissue homeostasis. Mounting evidence indicates that apoptosis is closely related to the survival of cancer and it has emerged as a key target for the discovery and development of novel anticancer drugs. Various studies indicate that targeting the apoptotic signaling pathway by anticancer drugs is an important mechanism in cancer therapy. Therefore, numerous novel anticancer agents have been discovered and developed from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) by targeting the cellular apoptotic pathway of cancer cells and shown clinically beneficial effects in cancer therapy. This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion for the role, pharmacology, related biology, and possible mechanism(s) of a number of important anticancer TCMs and their derivatives mainly targeting the cellular apoptotic pathway. It may have important clinical implications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiao An
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Honglin Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Affliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiukun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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11
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Noel P, Von Hoff DD, Saluja AK, Velagapudi M, Borazanci E, Han H. Triptolide and Its Derivatives as Cancer Therapies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:327-341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Triptolide-targeted delivery methods. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 164:342-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Hou W, Zhang G, Luo Z, Su L, Xu H. Click chemistry‐based synthesis and cytotoxic activity evaluation of 4α‐triazole acetate podophyllotoxin derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 93:473-483. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical ScienceInstitute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB)Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou China
| | - Guanjun Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceTianjin University of Science & Technology Tianjin China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Shanghai Evergene Biotech Co., Ltd. Shanghai China
| | - Lin Su
- College of Pharmaceutical ScienceInstitute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB)Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesShanghaiTech University Shanghai China
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14
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Fedoseev SV, Belikov MY. Synthesis of 5-hydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one derivatives (microreview). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-018-2345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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15
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Zhang Q, Li Y, Liu M, Duan J, Zhou X, Zhu H. Compatibility with Panax notoginseng and Rehmannia glutinosa Alleviates the Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity of Tripterygium wilfordii via Modulating the Pharmacokinetics of Triptolide. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010305. [PMID: 29351251 PMCID: PMC5796250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii (TW) and the representative active component triptolide show positive therapeutic effect on the autoimmune disorders and simultaneously ineluctable hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Combinational application of Panax notoginseng (PN) and Rehmannia glutinosa (RG) weakens the toxicity of TW according the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine. This article was aimed at the mechanism of decreasing toxicity of TW by the combinational application of PN and RG. Biochemical and pathohistological analysis were utilized to assess the toxicity on liver and kidney in rats administrated with TW, TW-PN, TW-RG and TW-PN-RG for 3 and 7 days. Meanwhile, the pharmacokinetics profiling of triptolide and wilforlide A was determined based on the plasma concentration analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). TW-induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP), the marker for liver injury, was enhanced from 22.83 ± 1.29 to 40.73 ± 1.42 King's unit/100 mL (p < 0.01) at day 7. TW-PN-RG decreased the serum ALP of TW-treated rats at 30.15 ± 1.27 King's unit/100 mL (p < 0.01). For nephrotoxicity, TW pronouncedly elevated serum creatinine (SCr) in rats from 20.33 ± 1.77 to 49.82 ± 2.35 μmol/L (p < 0.01). However, rats treated with TW-PN-RG showed lower SCr at 30.48 ± 1.98 μmol/L (p < 0.01). Moreover, TW-PN-RG significantly decreased the TW-induced elevation of total bilirubin (T-BIL), alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (Bun), and reversed the TW-resulted pathohistological characteristics of liver and kidney. The delayed time to reach Cmax (Tmax) and reduced maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of triptolide and wilforlide A were explored in rats with combinational formulas. Synergism of PN and RG obviously prolonged the half-life (t1/2) and apparent volume of distribution (Vd), but exerted no action on the clearance rate. The compatibility of TW, PN and RG influences intracorporal process of both triptolide and wilforlide A on the steps of absorption and tissue distribution contributing to less toxicity of TW on liver and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichun Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing 210023, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yiqun Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Mengzhu Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Huaxu Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Rd., Nanjing 210023, China.
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16
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Hou W, Zhang G, Luo Z, Li D, Ruan H, Ruan BH, Su L, Xu H. Identification of a diverse synthetic abietane diterpenoid library and insight into the structure-activity relationships for antibacterial activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5382-5386. [PMID: 29153424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A diverse natural product-like (NPL) synthetic abietane diterpenoid library containing 86 compounds were obtained and the SARs were studied based on their antibacterial potential. Further in vitro cytotoxic and in silico drug-like properties evaluation showed that the potent antibacterial compound 84 had good drug-like properties and displayed low cytotoxicity toward noncancerous mammalian cells, indicating the study of AA and DHAA might be a good starting point for the search of novel antimicrobial molecules. Future work should be focused on the optimization of their potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Guanjun Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Shanghai Evergene Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201499, PR China
| | - Di Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Haoqiang Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Benfang Helen Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Lin Su
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, PR China.
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17
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Xu H, Fan X, Zhang G, Liu X, Li Z, Li Y, Jiang B. LLDT-288, a novel triptolide analogue exhibits potent antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:1004-1009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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18
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Hou W, Luo Z, Zhang G, Cao D, Li D, Ruan H, Ruan BH, Su L, Xu H. Click chemistry-based synthesis and anticancer activity evaluation of novel C-14 1,2,3-triazole dehydroabietic acid hybrids. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:1042-1052. [PMID: 28759877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A concise and efficient synthetic approach has been established to readily access a series of novel C-14 1,2,3-triazole-tethered dehydroabietic acid derivatives in moderate to high yields. In vitro antiproliferative activity evaluation indicated that most of the hybrids exhibited potent inhibitory activities in a variety of cancer cell lines with low micromolar to submicromolar IC50 values. Further studies demonstrated that some of these analogues such as 20, 21, and 24 were also effective against adriamycin-resistant MCF-7 clone at low concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, the most potent compound 24, which possesses a 3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)phenyl-substituted triazole moiety, not only exhibited obviously improved IC50 values ranging from 0.7 to 1.2 μM against a panel of tested cancer cells, but also showed very weak cytotoxicity on normal cells. Preliminary mechanism studies indicated that compound 24 could induce apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells and was worth developing into a novel natural product-like anticancer lead by proper structure modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Shanghai Evergene Biotech Co,. Ltd., Shanghai 201499, PR China
| | - Guanjun Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Danhui Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Di Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Haoqiang Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Benfang Helen Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Lin Su
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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19
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Xu H, Liu L, Fan X, Zhang G, Li Y, Jiang B. Identification of a diverse synthetic abietane diterpenoid library for anticancer activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:505-510. [PMID: 28011223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A diverse natural-product-like synthetic abietane diterpenoid library contains about 56 compounds were obtained, and evaluated for their potential in vitro cytotoxic or antitumor activity against A549, PC-3 and SKOV-3 tumor cell lines by SRB assay. Treatment of A549 cells with the most potent compound ketone 19 showed induction of apoptosis, as revealed by JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential staining, TUNNEL assay, western blotting analysis and flow cytometry assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Lili Liu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, PR China
| | - Xiaoting Fan
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, PR China; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PR China
| | - Guanjun Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yuanchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, PR China.
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20
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Zhang DK, Li RS, Han X, Li CY, Zhao ZH, Zhang HZ, Yang M, Wang JB, Xiao XH. Toxic Constituents Index: A Toxicity-Calibrated Quantitative Evaluation Approach for the Precise Toxicity Prediction of the Hypertoxic Phytomedicine-Aconite. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:164. [PMID: 27378926 PMCID: PMC4911369 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex chemical composition is an important reason for restricting herbal quality evaluation. Despite the multi-components determination method significantly promoted the progress of herbal quality evaluation, however, which mainly concerned the total amount of multiple components and ignored the activity variation between each one, and did not accurately reflect the biological activity of botanical medicines. In this manuscript, we proposed a toxicity calibrated contents determination method for hyper toxic aconite, called toxic constituents index (TCI). Initially, we determined the minimum lethal dose value of mesaconitine (MA), aconitine (AC), and hypaconitine (HA), and established the equation TCI = 100 × (0.3387 ×XMA + 0.4778 ×XAC + 0.1835 ×XHA). Then, 10 batches of aconite were selected and their evaluation results of toxic potency (TP), diester diterpenoid alkaloids (DDAs), and TCI were compared. Linear regression analysis result suggested that the relevance between TCI and TP was the highest and the correlation coefficient R was 0.954. Prediction error values study also indicated that the evaluation results of TCI was highly consistent with that of TP. Moreover, TCI and DDAs were both applied to evaluate 14 batches of aconite samples oriented different origins; from the different evaluation results, we found when the proportion of HA was reached 25% in DDAs, the pharmacopeia method could generate false positive results. All these results testified the accuracy and universality of TCI method. We believe that this study method is rather accurate, simple, and easy operation and it will be of great utility in studies of other foods and herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Kun Zhang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military HospitalBeijing, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu, China
| | - Rui-Sheng Li
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army Beijing, China
| | - Xue Han
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military HospitalBeijing, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu, China
| | - Chun-Yu Li
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Zhao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Zhu Zhang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military HospitalBeijing, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, JiangXi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang China
| | - Jia-Bo Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-He Xiao
- Integrative Medical Center, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini A. Ghogare
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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22
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Patil S, Lis LG, Schumacher RJ, Norris BJ, Morgan ML, Cuellar RAD, Blazar BR, Suryanarayanan R, Gurvich VJ, Georg GI. Phosphonooxymethyl Prodrug of Triptolide: Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, and Efficacy in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma and Ovarian Cancer Xenografts. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9334-44. [PMID: 26596892 PMCID: PMC4678411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A disodium phosphonooxymethyl
prodrug of the antitumor agent triptolide
was prepared from the natural product in three steps (39% yield) and
displayed excellent aqueous solubility at pH 7.4 (61 mg/mL) compared
to the natural product (17 μg/mL). The estimated shelf life
(t90) for hydrolysis of the prodrug at
4 °C and pH 7.4 was found to be two years. In a mouse model of
human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), the prodrug administered intraperitoneally
was effective in reducing or eliminating xenograft tumors at dose
levels as low as 0.3 mg/kg when given daily and at 0.9 mg/kg when
given less frequently. When given via intraperitoneal and oral routes
at daily doses of 0.6 and 0.9 mg/kg, the prodrug was also effective
and well tolerated in a mouse model of human ovarian cancer (A2780).
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Patil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Lev G Lis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Robert J Schumacher
- Center for Translational Medicine, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Beverly J Norris
- Center for Translational Medicine, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Monique L Morgan
- Center for Translational Medicine, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rebecca A D Cuellar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Center for Translational Medicine, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vadim J Gurvich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Gunda I Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
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Semisynthesis of triptolide analogues: Effect of B-ring substituents on cytotoxic activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5671-5674. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Xu H, Tang H, Feng H, Li Y. Metal-mediate reactions based formal synthesis of triptonide and triptolide. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Xu H, Tang H, Feng H, Li Y. Divergent total synthesis of triptolide, triptonide, tripdiolide, 16-hydroxytriptolide, and their analogues. J Org Chem 2014; 79:10110-22. [PMID: 25296383 DOI: 10.1021/jo501744j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A divergent route was developed for the formal total synthesis of triptolide, triptonide, and tripdiolide, as well as a total synthesis of 16-hydroxytriptolide and their analogues in an enantioselective form. Common advanced intermediate 5 was concisely assembled by employing an indium(III)-catalyzed cationic polycyclization reaction and a palladium-catalyzed carbonylation-lactone formation reaction as key steps. This advanced intermediate was readily converted to the above natural products by using palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling or the Claisen rearrangement reaction as key steps. Additionally, preliminary structure-cytotoxic activity relationship studies of C13 suggested that it might be a new modification site that could still retain the cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Xu
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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Li XJ, Jiang ZZ, Zhang LY. Triptolide: progress on research in pharmacodynamics and toxicology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:67-79. [PMID: 24933225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (Tripterygium wilfordii), also known as Huangteng and gelsemium elegan, is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been marketed in China as Tripterygium wilfordii glycoside tablets. Triptolide (TP), an active component in Tripterygium wilfordii extracts, has been used to treat various diseases, including lupus, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and nephritic syndrome. This review summarizes recent developments in the research on the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacy and toxicology of TP, with a focus on its novel mechanism of reducing toxicity. This review provides insight for future studies on traditional Chinese medicine, a field that is both historically and currently important. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included studies published primarily within the last five years that were available in online academic databases (e.g., PubMed, Google Scholar, CNKI, SciFinder and Web of Science). RESULTS TP has a long history of use in China because it displays multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-rheumatism, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and neuroprotective properties. It has been widely used for the treatment of various diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, nephritic syndrome, lupus, Behcet׳s disease and central nervous system diseases. Recently, numerous breakthroughs have been made in our understanding of the pharmacological efficacy of TP. Although TP has been marketed as a traditional Chinese medicine, its multi-organ toxicity prevents it from being widely used in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS Triptolide, a biologically active natural product extracted from the root of Tripterygium wilfordii, has shown promising pharmacological effects, particularly as an anti-tumor agent. Currently, in anti-cancer research, more effort should be devoted to investigating effective anti-tumor targets and confirming the anti-tumor spectrum and clinical indications of novel anti-tumor pro-drugs. To apply TP appropriately, with high efficacy and low toxicity, the safety and non-toxic dose range for specific target organs and diseases should be determined, the altered pathways and mechanisms of exposure need to be clarified, and an early warning system for toxicity needs to be established. With further in-depth study of the efficacy and toxicity of TP, we believe that TP will become a promising multi-use drug with improved clinical efficacy and safety in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jiaoyang Li
- Jiangsu Center of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zhen-Zhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Center of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Lu-yong Zhang
- Jiangsu Center of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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