1
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Kapuku B, Bohle DS. Synthesis and Photolysis Properties of a New Chloroquine Photoaffinity Probe. Molecules 2024; 29:1084. [PMID: 38474595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A new chloroquine-derived photoaffinity probe has been prepared by a convergent synthesis from derivative of 4,7-dichloroquinoline and N1,N1-diethyl-N4-methylpentane. The features of this probe are a unique 3-azido photolabel, the pyridine ring of the quinoline, and the presence of a secondary amine at the 4-position of the quinoline. These features, particularly the 4-amino methylation, prevent triazole formation through combination of the 3-azide and the 4-amine. This undergoes facile cleavage with exposure to a medium-pressure mercury lamp with a 254 nm excitation wavelength. Trapping of the nitrene byproduct is accomplished with its reaction with N-phenylmaleimide as its cycloazidation product. The structure of a ring-opened DBU amine has been structurally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita Kapuku
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - D Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
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2
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Mahajan A, Sharma G, Thakur A, Singh B, Mehta H, Mittal N, Dogra S, Katare OP. Tofacitinib in dermatology: a potential opportunity for topical applicability through novel drug-delivery systems. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:79-101. [PMID: 38197372 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Tofacitinib is a first-generation JAK inhibitor approved by the US FDA for treating rheumatoid arthritis. It exhibits a broad-spectrum inhibitory effect with abilities to block JAK-STAT signalling. The primary objective of this review is to obtain knowledge about cutting-edge methods for effectively treating a variety of skin problems by including tofacitinib into formulations that are based on nanocarriers. The review also highlights clinical trials and offers an update on published clinical patents. Nanocarriers provide superior performance compared to conventional treatments in terms of efficacy, stability, drug bioavailability, target selectivity and sustained drug release. Current review has the potential to make significant contributions to the ongoing discussion involving dermatological treatments and the prospective impact of nanotechnology on transforming healthcare within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Mahajan
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Anil Thakur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Hitaishi Mehta
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Neeraj Mittal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - O P Katare
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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3
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Diamanti E, Méndez M, Ross T, Kuttruff CA, Lefranc J, Klingler FM, von Nussbaum F, Jung M, Gehringer M. Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry 2022 Goes Virtual. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200419. [PMID: 36198574 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry (FiMC) meeting, which represents the largest international medicinal chemistry conference in Germany, took place from March 14th to 16th 2022 in a fully virtual format. Organized by the Division of Medicinal Chemistry of the German Chemical Society (GDCh) together with the Division of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry of the German Pharmaceutical Society (DPhG) and a "local" organization committee from the University of Freiburg headed by Manfred Jung, the meeting brought together 271 participants from around 20 countries. The program included 33 lectures by leading scientists from industry and academia as well as early career investigators. 67 posters were presented in two poster sessions and with over 20.000 poster abstract downloads. The general organization and the time-shift function were very much appreciated as demonstrated by almost 600 on-demand contents retrieved. The online format fitted perfectly to bring together medicinal chemists from academia and industry across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Diamanti
- HIPS - Helmholtz-Institut für Pharmazeutische Forschung Saarland, Campus E8 1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - María Méndez
- Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, Blg. G838, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tatjana Ross
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian A Kuttruff
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Julien Lefranc
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Franz von Nussbaum
- NUVISAN Innovation Campus Berlin, NUVISAN ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehringer
- University of Tübingen, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry Department, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Sanachai K, Mahalapbutr P, Hengphasatporn K, Shigeta Y, Seetaha S, Tabtimmai L, Langer T, Wolschann P, Kittikool T, Yotphan S, Choowongkomon K, Rungrotmongkol T. Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening and Experimental Validation of Pyrazolone-Derived Inhibitors toward Janus Kinases. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:33548-33559. [PMID: 36157769 PMCID: PMC9494641 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) are nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases that play a role in a broad range of cell signaling. JAK2 and JAK3 have been involved in the pathogenesis of common lymphoid-derived diseases and leukemia cancer. Thus, inhibition of both JAK2 and JAK3 can be a potent strategy to reduce the risk of these diseases. In the present study, the pharmacophore models built based on the commercial drug tofacitinib and the JAK2/3 proteins derived from molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories were employed to search for a dual potent JAK2/3 inhibitor by a pharmacophore-based virtual screening of 54 synthesized pyrazolone derivatives from an in-house data set. Twelve selected compounds from the virtual screening procedure were then tested for their inhibitory potency against both JAKs in the kinase assay. The in vitro kinase inhibition experiment indicated that compounds 3h, TK4g, and TK4b can inhibit both JAKs in the low nanomolar range. Among them, the compound TK4g showed the highest protein kinase inhibition with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 12.61 nM for JAK2 and 15.80 nM for JAK3. From the MD simulations study, it could be found that the sulfonamide group of TK4g can form hydrogen bonds in the hinge region at residues E930 and L932 of JAK2 and E903 and L905 of JAK3, while van der Waals interaction also plays a dominant role in ligand binding. Altogether, TK4g, found by virtual screening and biological tests, could serve as a novel therapeutical lead candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonpan Sanachai
- Center
of Excellence in Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit,
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok10330, Thailand
| | - Panupong Mahalapbutr
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon
Kaen University, Khon Kaen40002, Thailand
| | - Kowit Hengphasatporn
- Center
for Computational Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center
for Computational Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Supaphorn Seetaha
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok10900, Thailand
| | - Lueacha Tabtimmai
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok10800, Thailand
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, ViennaA-1090, Austria
| | - Peter Wolschann
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, University of
Vienna, Vienna1090, Austria
| | - Tanakorn Kittikool
- Department
of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok10400, Thailand
| | - Sirilata Yotphan
- Department
of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok10400, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok10900, Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Center
of Excellence in Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit,
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok10330, Thailand
- Program
in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok10330, Thailand
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5
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Tateishi Y, Shibazaki C, Takahashi K, Nakamura S, Kazuki Y, Mashino T, Ohe T. Synthesis and evaluation of tofacitinib analogs designed to mitigate metabolic activation. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 43:100439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Bruyère A, Le Vée M, Jouan E, Molez S, Nies AT, Fardel O. Differential in vitro interactions of the Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib with human SLC drug transporters. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:467-478. [PMID: 33455503 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1875516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor ruxolitinib with solute carriers (SLCs) remain incompletely characterised. The present study was therefore designed to investigate this issue.The interactions of ruxolitinib with SLCs were analysed using transporter-overexpressing human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells. Substrate accumulation was detected by spectrofluorimetry, liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry or scintillation counting.Ruxolitinib was found to potently inhibit the activities of organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3), organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1) and MATE2-K (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) < 10 µM). It blocked OAT1, OAT4, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1 and OCT3, but in a weaker manner (IC50 > 10 µM), whereas OCT1 was not impacted. No time-dependent inhibition was highlighted. When applying the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) criteria for transporters-related drug-drug interaction risk, OCT2 and MATE2-K, unlike MATE1 and OAT3, were predicted to be in vivo inhibited by ruxolitinib. Cellular uptake studies additionally indicated that ruxolitinib is a substrate for MATE1 and MATE2-K, but not for OAT3 and OCT2.Ruxolitinib in vitro blocked activities of most of SLC transporters. Only OCT2 and MATE-2K may be however clinically inhibited by the JAK inhibitor, with the caution for OCT2 that in vitro inhibition data were generated with an FDA-non recommended fluorescent substrate. Ruxolitinib MATEs-mediated transport may additionally deserve attention for its possible pharmacological consequences in MATE-positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Bruyère
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Marc Le Vée
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Elodie Jouan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Stephanie Molez
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Anne T Nies
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tübingen, Stuttgart, Germany.,iFIT Cluster of Excellence (EXC2180) "Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
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7
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Abstract
Here we describe the synthesis of N-(6-chloro-3-nitropyridin-2-yl)5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)isoquinolin-3-amine via a three-step procedure including a Buchwald–Hartwig arylamination with benzophenone imine and a highly regioselective nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The title compound was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H, 13C, HSQC, HMBC, COSY, DEPT90 and NOESY), high resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-HRMS) and infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) and its structure was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The inhibitory potency of the title compound was evaluated for selected kinases harboring a rare cysteine in the hinge region (MPS1, MAPKAPK2 and p70S6Kβ/S6K2).
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8
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Andreev S, Pantsar T, El-Gokha A, Ansideri F, Kudolo M, Anton DB, Sita G, Romasco J, Geibel C, Lämmerhofer M, Goettert MI, Tarozzi A, Laufer SA, Koch P. Discovery and Evaluation of Enantiopure 9 H-pyrimido[4,5- b]indoles as Nanomolar GSK-3β Inhibitors with Improved Metabolic Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217823. [PMID: 33105671 PMCID: PMC7659979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a potential target in the field of Alzheimer's disease drug discovery. We recently reported a new class of 9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole-based GSK-3β inhibitors, of which 3-(3-((7-chloro-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-4-yl)(methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)propanenitrile (1) demonstrated promising inhibitory potency. However, this compound underwent rapid degradation by human liver microsomes. Starting from 1, we prepared a series of amide-based derivatives and studied their structure-activity relationships against GSK-3β supported by 1 µs molecular dynamics simulations. The biological potency of this series was substantially enhanced by identifying the eutomer configuration at the stereocenter. Moreover, the introduction of an amide bond proved to be an effective strategy to eliminate the metabolic hotspot. The most potent compounds, (R)-3-(3-((7-chloro-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-4-yl)(methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile ((R)-2) and (R)-1-(3-((7-bromo-9Hpyrimido[4,5-b]indol-4-yl)(methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one ((R)-28), exhibited IC50 values of 480 nM and 360 nM, respectively, and displayed improved metabolic stability. Their favorable biological profile is complemented by minimal cytotoxicity and neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Andreev
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Tatu Pantsar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ahmed El-Gokha
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Gamal Abdel-Nasser Street, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt
| | - Francesco Ansideri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Mark Kudolo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Débora Bublitz Anton
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado 95914-014, Brazil; (D.B.A.); (M.I.G.)
| | - Giulia Sita
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Jenny Romasco
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto, 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (J.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Christian Geibel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Márcia Ines Goettert
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado 95914-014, Brazil; (D.B.A.); (M.I.G.)
| | - Andrea Tarozzi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto, 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (J.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Stefan A. Laufer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Pierre Koch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry II, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(941)-943-2847
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9
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Sanachai K, Mahalapbutr P, Choowongkomon K, Poo-arporn RP, Wolschann P, Rungrotmongkol T. Insights into the Binding Recognition and Susceptibility of Tofacitinib toward Janus Kinases. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:369-377. [PMID: 31956784 PMCID: PMC6964278 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) are enzymes involved in signaling pathways that affect hematopoiesis and immune cell functions. JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3 play different roles in numerous diseases of the immune system and have also been considered as potential targets for cancer therapy. In the present study, the susceptibility of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib against these three JAKs was elucidated using the 500-ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and free energy calculations based on MM-PB(GB)SA, QM/MM-GBSA (PM3 and SCC-DFTB), and SIE methods. The obtained results revealed that tofacitinib could interact with all JAKs at the ATP-binding site via electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bond formation, and in particular van der Waals interaction. The conserved glutamate and leucine residues (E957 and L959 of JAK1, E930 and L932 of JAK2, and E903 and L905 of JAK3) located in the hinge region stabilized tofacitinib binding through strongly formed hydrogen bonds. Complexation with the incoming tofacitinib led to a closed conformation of the ATP-binding site and a decreased protein fluctuation at the glycine loop of the JAK protein. The binding affinities of tofacitinib/JAKs were ranked in the order of JAK3 > JAK2 ∼ JAK1, which are in line with the reported experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonpan Sanachai
- Structural
and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of
Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Program in Bioinformatics and Computational
Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Panupong Mahalapbutr
- Structural
and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of
Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Program in Bioinformatics and Computational
Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Rungtiva P. Poo-arporn
- Biological
Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Peter Wolschann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Life Sciences and Institute of Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Structural
and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of
Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Program in Bioinformatics and Computational
Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- E-mail: , . Tel: +66 2 2185426. Fax: +66 22185418
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10
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Dai J, Yang L, Addison G. Current Status in the Discovery of Covalent Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3) Inhibitors. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1531-1543. [PMID: 31288716 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190617152011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The search for inhibitors of the Janus kinase family (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2) has been ongoing for several decades and has resulted in a number of JAK inhibitors being approved for use in patients, such as tofacitinib for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Although initially thought to be a JAK3 selective inhibitor, tofacitinib was subsequently found to possess significant activity to inhibit JAK1 and JAK2 which has contributed to some adverse side effects. A selective JAK3 inhibitor should only have an effect within the immune system since JAK3 is solely expressed in lymphoid tissue; this makes JAK3 a target of interest in the search for treatments of autoimmune diseases. A method to obtain selectivity for JAK3 over the other JAK family members, which has attracted more scientific attention recently, is the targeting of the active site cysteine residue, unique in JAK3 within the JAK family, with compounds containing electrophilic warheads which can form a covalent bond with the nucleophilic thiol of the cysteine residue. This review encompasses the historical search for a covalent JAK3 inhibitor and the most recently published research which hasn't been reviewed to date. The most important compounds from the publications reviewed the activity and selectivity of these compounds together with some of the more important biological results are condensed in to an easily digested form that should prove useful for those interested in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Changzhou Fangyuan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu, PC 213125, China
| | - LiXi Yang
- Changzhou Fangyuan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu, PC 213125, China
| | - Glynn Addison
- Changzhou Fangyuan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu, PC 213125, China
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11
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Khanjiwala Z, Khale A, Prabhu A. Docking structurally similar analogues: Dealing with the false-positive. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 93:107451. [PMID: 31546174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.107451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Analogue design forms one of the mainstays of new drug discovery. A fast-follow on approach is commonly used by modern day drug discoverers on the quest of the best in class. Monitoring close structural analogues of the pioneering drug by an algorithm such as docking is fraught with the risk of returning false positives. In this paper, we present the case of two near-pharmacophoric analogues of the JAK3 inhibitor Tasocitinib which give positive docking prediction despite being inactive. Post-processing the docked poses with MM/GBSA and parallel computation of electrostatic potential maps point towards a potential weakening of one of the crucial hydrogen bonds (hinge) within the ATP-binding pocket of JAK3. Perturbing the bound ligands by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show the complexes to be unstable with the analogues losing their original hold on the protein within 1.2 ns. A short post MD simulation dramatically improves the prediction value of docking runs, especially when dealing with 'me-too' analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahara Khanjiwala
- Red River College, 2055 Notre Dame Ave, Winnipeg, MB, R3H 0J8, Canada
| | - Anubha Khale
- H. K. College of Pharmacy, Jogeshwari (W), Mumbai, 400102, India
| | - Arati Prabhu
- Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India.
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12
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Li C, Wan F, Chen Y, Peng H, Tang W, Yu S, McWilliams JC, Mustakis J, Samp L, Maguire RJ. Stereoelectronic Effects in Ligand Design: Enantioselective Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Aliphatic Cyclic Tetrasubstituted Enamides and Concise Synthesis of (R)-Tofacitinib. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13573-13583. [PMID: 31343811 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We herein report the development of a conformationally defined, electron-rich, C2 -symmetric, P-chiral bisphosphorus ligand, ArcPhos, by taking advantage of stereoelectronic effects in ligand design. With the Rh-ArcPhos catalyst, excellent enantioselectivities and unprecedentedly high turnovers (TON up to 10 000) were achieved in the asymmetric hydrogenation of aliphatic carbocyclic and heterocyclic tetrasubstituted enamides, to generate a series of chiral cis-2-alkyl-substituted carbocyclic and heterocyclic amine derivatives in excellent enantiomeric ratios. This method also enabled an efficient and practical synthesis of the Janus kinase inhibitor (R)-tofacitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Feng Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Henian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenjun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shu Yu
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - J Christopher McWilliams
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Jason Mustakis
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Lacey Samp
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Global R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Robert J Maguire
- Chemical Research and Applied Synthetic Technologies, Pfizer Global R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
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13
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Li C, Wan F, Chen Y, Peng H, Tang W, Yu S, McWilliams JC, Mustakis J, Samp L, Maguire RJ. Stereoelectronic Effects in Ligand Design: Enantioselective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Aliphatic Cyclic Tetrasubstituted Enamides and Concise Synthesis of (
R
)‐Tofacitinib. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Ling Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Feng Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Ling Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Ling Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Henian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Ling Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wenjun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Ling Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shu Yu
- Chemical Research and DevelopmentPfizer Global R&D Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | | | - Jason Mustakis
- Chemical Research and DevelopmentPfizer Global R&D Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Lacey Samp
- Chemical Research and DevelopmentPfizer Global R&D Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Robert J. Maguire
- Chemical Research and Applied Synthetic TechnologiesPfizer Global R&D Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
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14
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Musumeci F, Greco C, Giacchello I, Fallacara AL, Ibrahim MM, Grossi G, Brullo C, Schenone S. An Update on JAK Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1806-1832. [PMID: 29589523 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180327093502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) are a family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, composed by four members, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2. JAKs are involved in different inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, as well as in malignancies, through the activation of the JAK/STAT signalling pathway. Furthermore, the V617F mutation in JAK2 was identified in patients affected by myeloproliferative neoplasms. This knowledge prompted researchers from academia and pharmaceutical companies to investigate this field in order to discover small molecule JAK inhibitors. These efforts recently afforded to the market approval of four JAK inhibitors. Despite the fact that all these drugs are pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives, many compounds endowed with different heterocyclic scaffolds have been reported in the literature as selective or multi-JAK inhibitors, and a number of them is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review we will report many representative compounds that have been published in articles or patents in the last five years (period 2013-2017). The inhibitors will be classified on the basis of their chemical structure, focusing, when possible, on their structure activity relationships, selectivity and biological activity. For every class of derivatives, compounds disclosed before 2013 that have entered clinical trials will also be briefly reported, to underline the importance of a particular chemical scaffold in the search for new inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Musumeci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Greco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Giacchello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Lucia Fallacara
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Munjed M Ibrahim
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955-Makkah Al- Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giancarlo Grossi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Brullo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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15
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Andreev S, Pantsar T, Ansideri F, Kudolo M, Forster M, Schollmeyer D, Laufer SA, Koch P. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 7-Chloro-9 H-pyrimido[4,5- b]indole-based Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Inhibitors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122331. [PMID: 31242571 PMCID: PMC6630214 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) represents a relevant drug target for the treatment of neurodegenerative pathologies including Alzheimer's disease. We herein report on the optimization of a novel class of GSK-3β inhibitors based on the tofacitinib-derived screen hit 3-((3R,4R)-3-((7-chloro-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-4-yl)(methyl)amino)-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile (1). We synthesized a series of 19 novel 7-chloro-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole-based derivatives and studied their structure-activity relationships with focus on the cyanoacetyl piperidine moiety. We unveiled the crucial role of the nitrile group and its importance for the activity of this compound series. A successful rigidization approach afforded 3-(3aRS,7aSR)-(1-(7-chloro-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-4-yl)octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-6-yl)-propanenitrile (24), which displayed an IC50 value of 130 nM on GSK-3β and was further characterized by its metabolic stability. Finally, we disclosed the putative binding modes of the most potent inhibitors within the ATP binding site of GSK-3β by 1 µs molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Andreev
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Tatu Pantsar
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Francesco Ansideri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Mark Kudolo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Michael Forster
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Stefan A Laufer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Pierre Koch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry II, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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16
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Loh CY, Arya A, Naema AF, Wong WF, Sethi G, Looi CY. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STATs) Proteins in Cancer and Inflammation: Functions and Therapeutic Implication. Front Oncol 2019; 9:48. [PMID: 30847297 PMCID: PMC6393348 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) pathway is connected upstream with Janus kinases (JAK) family protein and capable of integrating inputs from different signaling pathways. Each family member plays unique functions in signal transduction and crucial in mediating cellular responses to different kind of cytokines. STAT family members notably STAT3 and STAT5 have been involved in cancer progression whereas STAT1 plays opposite role by suppressing tumor growth. Persistent STAT3/5 activation is known to promote chronic inflammation, which increases susceptibility of healthy cells to carcinogenesis. Here, we review the role of STATs in cancers and inflammation while discussing current therapeutic implications in different cancers and test models, especially the delivery of STAT3/5 targeting siRNA using nanoparticulate delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yap Loh
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Aditya Arya
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Fadhil Naema
- Center of Biotechnology Researches, University of Al-Nahrain, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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17
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Gehringer M, Laufer SA. Emerging and Re-Emerging Warheads for Targeted Covalent Inhibitors: Applications in Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5673-5724. [PMID: 30565923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs) are designed to bind poorly conserved amino acids by means of reactive groups, the so-called warheads. Currently, targeting noncatalytic cysteine residues with acrylamides and other α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds is the predominant strategy in TCI development. The recent ascent of covalent drugs has stimulated considerable efforts to characterize alternative warheads for the covalent-reversible and irreversible engagement of noncatalytic cysteine residues as well as other amino acids. This Perspective article provides an overview of warheads-beyond α,β-unsaturated amides-recently used in the design of targeted covalent ligands. Promising reactive groups that have not yet demonstrated their utility in TCI development are also highlighted. Special emphasis is placed on the discussion of reactivity and of case studies illustrating applications in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gehringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry , Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Stefan A Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry , Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
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18
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Carvalho LCR, Lourenço A, Ferreira LM, Branco PS. Tofacitinib Synthesis – An Asymmetric Challenge. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luísa C. R. Carvalho
- Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciâncias e Tecnologia Universidade NOVA de Lisboa 2829‐516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Ana Lourenço
- Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciâncias e Tecnologia Universidade NOVA de Lisboa 2829‐516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Luísa Maria Ferreira
- Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciâncias e Tecnologia Universidade NOVA de Lisboa 2829‐516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Paula Sério Branco
- Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciâncias e Tecnologia Universidade NOVA de Lisboa 2829‐516 Caparica Portugal
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19
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Design, synthesis, and SAR study of highly potent, selective, irreversible covalent JAK3 inhibitors. Mol Divers 2018; 22:343-358. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-017-9803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Forster M, Gehringer M, Laufer SA. Recent advances in JAK3 inhibition: Isoform selectivity by covalent cysteine targeting. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4229-4237. [PMID: 28844493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) are a family of four cytosolic protein kinases with a high degree of structural similarity. Due to its very restricted role in immune regulation, JAK3 was promoted as an excellent target for immunosuppression for more than a decade, but clinical validation of this concept is still elusive. During the last years, speculation arose that kinase activity of JAK1, which cooperates with JAK3 in cytokine receptor signaling, may have a dominant role over the one of JAK3. Until recently, however, this issue could not be appropriately addressed due to a lack of highly isoform-selective tool compounds. With the recent resurgence of covalent drugs, targeting of a specific cysteine that distinguishes JAK3 from other JAK family members became an attractive design option. By applying this strategy, a set of JAK3 inhibitors with excellent selectivity against other JAK isoforms and the kinome was developed during the last three years and used to decipher JAK3-dependent signaling. The data obtained with these tool compounds demonstrates that selective JAK3 inhibition is sufficient to block downstream signaling. Since one of these inhibitors is currently under evaluation in phase II clinical studies against several inflammatory disorders, it will soon become apparent whether selective JAK3 inhibition translates into clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Forster
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan A Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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21
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Abstract
AIM The histone kinase PRK1 has been identified as a potential target to combat prostate cancer but selective PRK1 inhibitors are lacking. The US FDA -approved JAK1-3 inhibitor tofacitinib also potently inhibits PRK1 in vitro. RESULTS We show that tofacitinib also inhibits PRK1 in a cellular setting. Using tofacitinib as a starting point for structure-activity relationship studies, we identified a more potent and another more selective PRK1 inhibitor compared with tofacitinib. Furthermore, we found two potential PRK1/JAK3-selectivity hotspots. CONCLUSION The identified inhibitors and the selectivity hotspots lay the basis for the development of selective PRK1 inhibitors. The identification of PRK1, but also of other cellular tofacitinib targets, has implications on its clinical use and on future development of tofacitinib-like JAK inhibitors. [Formula: see text].
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22
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Gehringer M, Muth F, Koch P, Laufer SA. c-JunN-terminal kinase inhibitors: a patent review (2010 – 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:849-72. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1039984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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FDA-approved small-molecule kinase inhibitors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:422-39. [PMID: 25975227 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 694] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kinases have emerged as one of the most intensively pursued targets in current pharmacological research, especially for cancer, due to their critical roles in cellular signaling. To date, the US FDA has approved 28 small-molecule kinase inhibitors, half of which were approved in the past 3 years. While the clinical data of these approved molecules are widely presented and structure-activity relationship (SAR) has been reported for individual molecules, an updated review that analyzes all approved molecules and summarizes current achievements and trends in the field has yet to be found. Here we present all approved small-molecule kinase inhibitors with an emphasis on binding mechanism and structural features, summarize current challenges, and discuss future directions in this field.
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24
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Gehringer M, Forster M, Laufer SA. Solution-phase parallel synthesis of ruxolitinib-derived Janus kinase inhibitors via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2015; 17:5-10. [PMID: 25405713 DOI: 10.1021/co500122h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A solution-phase parallel synthesis of triazole-derived ruxolitinib analogues was developed in the current study. The method employs copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition to build up the central triazole template. Product isolation by precipitation and centrifugation is straightforward and yields high purity compounds suited for biological profiling. A simple protocol for accessing the terminal alkyne precursors in high yields was established and a library of ruxolitinib-like triazoles featuring diverse functional groups was prepared. In addition, a model for the binding mode of ruxolitinib to Janus kinase (JAK) 2 is proposed. In contrast to previous models, the pose explains the compound selectivity for JAK1/JAK2 and is in accordance with published structure-activity data. On this basis, a structure-based design hypothesis for inverting the selectivity profile of ruxolitinib is deduced. Application of this strategy identified a moderately potent JAK3 inhibitor (35 nM) with high selectivity against other JAKs, potentially exploiting a covalent binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gehringer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Forster
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan A. Laufer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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