1
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Yan Y, Niu Z, Wang B, Zhao S, Sun C, Wu Y, Li Y, Ying H, Liu H. Saringosterol from Sargassum fusiforme Modulates Cholesterol Metabolism and Alleviates Atherosclerosis in ApoE-Deficient Mice. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:485. [PMID: 34564147 PMCID: PMC8466875 DOI: 10.3390/md19090485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis is a major risk factor of atherosclerosis, which can lead to serious health problems, including heart attack and stroke. Liver X receptor (LXR) α and β are transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily, which play important roles in cholesterol homeostasis. Selectively activating LXRβ provides a promising strategy for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Here, we employed atherosclerotic apoE-knockout mice to evaluate the effects of saringosterol, a phytosterol with potent and selective action for LXRβ, which we identified previously in edible marine seaweed Sargassum fusiforme. We found that saringosterol treatment reduced the atherosclerotic plaque burden without having undesirable adverse hepatic effects in apoE-deficient mice fed an atherogenic diet. Meanwhile, reduced serum levels of cholesterol, accompanied by altered expression of LXR-regulated genes involved in cholesterol absorption, transport, efflux, excretion, and elimination, were observed in apoE-knockout mice after saringosterol treatment. Together, our study not only establishes saringosterol as an effective cholesterol-lowering and anti-atherogenic phytosterol but also provides insights into the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.N.); (C.S.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhoumin Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.N.); (C.S.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Boyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.W.); (S.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shangge Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.W.); (S.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.N.); (C.S.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuting Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.N.); (C.S.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.N.); (C.S.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hao Ying
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.N.); (C.S.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.W.); (S.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
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2
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Chalikidi PN, Magkoev TT, Gutnov AV, Demidov OP, Uchuskin MG, Trushkov IV, Abaev VT. One-Step Synthesis of Triphenylphosphonium Salts from (Het)arylmethyl Alcohols. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9838-9846. [PMID: 34232646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two approaches for the synthesis of substituted phosphonium salts from easily available benzyl alcohols and their heterocyclic analogs have been developed. The developed protocols are complementary: the direct mixing of alcohol, trimethylsilyl bromide, and triphenylphosphine in 1,4-dioxane followed by heating at 80 °C was found to be more efficient for acid-sensitive substrates, such as salicyl or furfuryl alcohols as well as secondary benzyl alcohols, while a one-pot procedure including sequential addition of trimethylsilyl bromide and triphenylphosphine gave higher yields for benzyl alcohols bearing electroneutral or electron-withdrawing substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrakis N Chalikidi
- North-Ossetian State University, Vatutina st. 46, Vladikavkaz, 362025, Russian Federation
| | - Taimuraz T Magkoev
- North-Ossetian State University, Vatutina st. 46, Vladikavkaz, 362025, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey V Gutnov
- North-Ossetian State University, Vatutina st. 46, Vladikavkaz, 362025, Russian Federation.,Chiroblock GmbH, Andresenstr. 1a, Wolfen, 06766, Germany
| | - Oleg P Demidov
- North Caucasus Federal University, Pushkin st. 1, Stavropol, 355009, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim G Uchuskin
- Perm State University, Bukireva st. 15, Perm, 614990, Russian Federation
| | - Igor V Trushkov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow, 119334, Russian Federation.,D. Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Samory Mashela st. 1, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir T Abaev
- North-Ossetian State University, Vatutina st. 46, Vladikavkaz, 362025, Russian Federation.,North Caucasus Federal University, Pushkin st. 1, Stavropol, 355009, Russian Federation
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3
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Thakur R, Jaiswal Y, Kumar A. Primary amides: Sustainable weakly coordinating groups in transition metal-catalyzed C–H bond functionalization reactions. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Lewandowski CT, Khan MW, BenAissa M, Dubrovskyi O, Ackerman-Berrier M, LaDu MJ, Layden BT, Thatcher GRJ. Metabolomic analysis of a selective ABCA1 inducer in obesogenic challenge provides a rationale for therapeutic development. EBioMedicine 2021; 66:103287. [PMID: 33752129 PMCID: PMC8010624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic agents with novel mechanisms of action are needed to combat the growing epidemic of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related metabolic syndromes. Liver X receptor (LXR) agonists possess preclinical efficacy yet produce side effects due to excessive lipogenesis. Anticipating that many beneficial and detrimental effects of LXR agonists are mediated by ABCA1 and SREPB1c expression, respectively, we hypothesized that a phenotypic optimization strategy prioritizing selective ABCA1 induction would identify an efficacious lead compound with an improved side effect profile over existing LXRβ agonists. METHODS We synthesized and characterized a novel small molecule for selective induction of ABCA1 vs. SREBP1c in vitro. This compound was evaluated in both wild-type mice and a high-fat diet (HFD) mouse model of obesity-driven diabetes through functional, biochemical, and metabolomic analysis. FINDINGS Six weeks of oral administration of our lead compound attenuated weight gain, glucose intolerance, insulin signaling deficits, and adiposity. Global metabolomics revealed suppression of gluconeogenesis, free fatty acids, and pro-inflammatory metabolites. Target identification linked these beneficial effects to selective LXRβ agonism and PPAR/RXR antagonism. INTERPRETATION Our observations in the HFD model, combined with the absence of lipogenesis and neutropenia in WT mice, support this novel approach to therapeutic development for T2D and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cutler T Lewandowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Md Wasim Khan
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Manel BenAissa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Oleksii Dubrovskyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Martha Ackerman-Berrier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1295N. Martin, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian T Layden
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1295N. Martin, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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5
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Goel D, Vohora D. Liver X receptors and skeleton: Current state-of-knowledge. Bone 2021; 144:115807. [PMID: 33333244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXR) is a nuclear receptor that acts as a prominent regulator of lipid homeostasis and inflammatory response. Its therapeutic effectiveness against various diseases like Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis has been investigated in detail. Emerging pieces of evidence now reveal that LXR is also a crucial modulator of bone remodeling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of LXR on the skeleton and its role in osteoporosis are poorly understood. Therefore, in the current review, we highlight LXR and its actions through different molecular pathways modulating skeletal homeostasis. The studies described in this review propound that LXR in association with estrogen, PTH, PPARγ, RXR hedgehog, and canonical Wnt signaling regulates osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. It regulates RANKL-induced expression of c-Fos, NFATc1, and NF-κB involved in osteoclast differentiation. Additionally, several studies suggest suppression of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by synthetic LXR ligands. Given the significance of modulation of LXR in various physiological and pathological settings, our findings indicate that therapeutic targeting of LXR might potentially prevent or treat osteoporosis and improve bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Goel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Chen LP, Chen JF, Zhang YJ, He XY, Han YF, Xiao YT, Lv GF, Lu X, Teng F, Sun Q, Li JH. Atroposelective carbonylation of aryl iodides with amides: facile synthesis of enantioenriched cyclic and acyclic amides. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01147b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented palladium-catalyzed asymmetric carbonylation of ArI with carbon monoxide (CO) to expand a class of atroposelective cyclic and acyclic amides in good yields with high enantioselectivities has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jiang-Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yu-Jiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xing-Yi He
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Ya-Fei Han
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Yu-Ting Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Gui-Fen Lv
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Fan Teng
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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7
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Tan W, Zhao K, Xiang J, Zhou X, Cao F, Song W, Liu Q, Zhang X, Li X, Tan Z. Pyrazinamide alleviates rifampin-induced steatohepatitis in mice by regulating the activities of cholesterol-activated 7α-hydroxylase and lipoprotein lipase. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 151:105402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Gramage-Doria R. Steering Site-Selectivity in Transition Metal-Catalyzed C-H Bond Functionalization: the Challenge of Benzanilides. Chemistry 2020; 26:9688-9709. [PMID: 32237177 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Selective C-H bond functionalization catalyzed by metal complexes have completely revolutionized the way in which chemical synthesis is conceived nowadays. Typically, the reactivity of a transition metal catalyst is the key to control the site-, regio- and/or stereo-selectivity of a C-H bond functionalization. Of particular interests are molecules that contain multiple C-H bonds prone to undergo C-H bond activations with very similar bond dissociation energies at different positions. This is the case of benzanilides, relevant chemical motifs that are found in many useful fine chemicals, in which two C-H sites are present in chemically different aromatic fragments. In the last years, it has been found that depending on the metal catalyst and the reaction conditions, the amide motif might behave as a directing group towards the metal-catalyzed C-H bond activation in the benzamide site or in the anilide site. The impact and the consequences of such subtle control of site-selectivity are herein reviewed with important applications in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond forming processes. The mechanisms unraveling these unique transformations are discussed in order to provide a better understanding for future developments in the field of site-selective C-H bond functionalization with transition metal catalysts.
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9
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Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of Novel Liver X Receptor Agonists Based on Naphthoquinone Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234316. [PMID: 31779181 PMCID: PMC6930623 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to synthesize novel liver X receptor (LXR) agonists with potent agonist activity and subtype selectivity. Our synthetic scheme started with naphthoquinone derivatives, such as menadione and 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone. We introduced different substituents into the naphthoquinone structures, including aniline, piperidine, pyrrolidine, and morpholine, in one or two steps, and thus, we produced 14 target compounds. All 14 synthetic ligands were tested to determine whether they mediated LXR-mediated transcriptional activity. We investigated the transcriptional activity of each compound with two types of receptors, LXRα and LXRβ. Among all 14 compounds, two showed weak LXRβ-agonist activity, and two others exhibited potent LXRα-agonist activity. We also performed docking studies to obtain a better understanding of the modes of compound binding to LXR at the atomic level. In conclusion, we successfully synthesized naphthoquinone derivatives that act as LXRα/β agonists and selective LXRα agonists.
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10
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Saida–Tamiya K, Tamiya M, Sekiya G, Isobe K, Kitazawa T, Isaka N, Matsukawa A, Kawahara K, Komuro A, Ishiguro M. Structural requirements of cholenamide derivatives as the LXR ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1330-1335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Yuan YC, Bruneau C, Roisnel T, Gramage-Doria R. Site-selective Ru-catalyzed C–H bond alkenylation with biologically relevant isoindolinones: a case of catalyst performance controlled by subtle stereo-electronic effects of the weak directing group. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01231a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A general regio- and site-selective ruthenium-catalyzed C–H bond alkenylation with the biologically relevant isoindolinone fragment serving as a weak directing group is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chao Yuan
- Univ Rennes
- CNRS
- ISCR – UMR6226
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
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12
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Abstract
Liver X receptors α and β (LXRα and LXRβ) are nuclear receptors with pivotal roles in the transcriptional control of lipid metabolism. Transcriptional activity of LXRs is induced in response to elevated cellular levels of cholesterol. LXRs bind to and regulate the expression of genes that encode proteins involved in cholesterol absorption, transport, efflux, excretion and conversion to bile acids. The coordinated, tissue-specific actions of the LXR pathway maintain systemic cholesterol homeostasis and regulate immune and inflammatory responses. LXRs also regulate fatty acid metabolism by controlling the lipogenic transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c and regulate genes that encode proteins involved in fatty acid elongation and desaturation. LXRs exert important effects on the metabolism of phospholipids, which, along with cholesterol, are major constituents of cellular membranes. LXR activation preferentially drives the incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into phospholipids by inducing transcription of the remodelling enzyme lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3. The ability of the LXR pathway to couple cellular sterol levels with the saturation of fatty acids in membrane phospholipids has implications for several physiological processes, including lipoprotein production, dietary lipid absorption and intestinal stem cell proliferation. Understanding how LXRs regulate membrane composition and function might provide new therapeutic insight into diseases associated with dysregulated lipid metabolism, including atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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13
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Nishiyama Y, Mori S, Makishima M, Fujii S, Kagechika H, Hashimoto Y, Ishikawa M. Novel Nonsteroidal Progesterone Receptor (PR) Antagonists with a Phenanthridinone Skeleton. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:641-645. [PMID: 30034593 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The progesterone receptor (PR) plays an important role in various physiological systems, including female reproduction and the central nervous system, and PR antagonists are thought to be effective not only as contraceptive agents and abortifacients but also in the treatment of various diseases, including hormone-dependent cancers and endometriosis. Here, we identified phenanthridin-6(5H)-one derivatives as a new class of PR antagonists and investigated their structure-activity relationships. Among the synthesized compounds, 37, 40, and 46 exhibited very potent PR antagonistic activity with high selectivity for PR over other nuclear receptors. These compounds are structurally distinct from other nonsteroidal PR antagonists, including cyanoaryl derivatives, and should be useful for further studies of the clinical utility of PR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nishiyama
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Shuichi Mori
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shinya Fujii
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hashimoto
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Minoru Ishikawa
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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14
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Nomura S, Endo-Umeda K, Fujii S, Makishima M, Hashimoto Y, Ishikawa M. Structural development of tetrachlorophthalimides as liver X receptor β (LXRβ)-selective agonists with improved aqueous solubility. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 28:796-801. [PMID: 29398545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
LXRβ-selective agonists are promising candidates to improve atherosclerosis without increasing plasma or hepatic TG levels. We have reported a series of tetrachlorophthalimide analogs as an LXRβ-selective agonist. However, they exhibited poor aqueous solubility probably due to its high hydrophobicity and highly rigid and plane structure. In this report, we present further structural development of tetrachloro(styrylphenyl)phthalimides as the LXRβ-selective agonists with improved aqueous solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nomura
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kaori Endo-Umeda
- Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shinya Fujii
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hashimoto
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Minoru Ishikawa
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
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15
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Endo-Umeda K, Aoyama A, Shimizu M, Ishikawa M, Hashimoto Y, Yamada S, Makishima M. 1α-Hydroxy derivatives of 7-dehydrocholesterol are selective liver X receptor modulators. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 172:136-148. [PMID: 28736297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptors liver X receptor (LXR) α and LXRβ are involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, inflammation, immunity, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis. Oxysterols are endogenous LXR ligands, and also interact with other nuclear and membrane receptors. We previously reported that a phytosterol derivative with a 1α-hydroxy group acts as a potent LXR agonist with intestine-selective action and that 25-hydroxy and 26/27-hydroxy metabolites of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) exhibit partial LXR agonism. In this study, we report that 1α-hydroxy derivatives of 7-DHC, 1α-OH-7-DHC and 1,25-(OH)2-7-DHC, act as LXR modulators. Luciferase reporter gene assays showed that 1α-OH-7-DHC activates LXRα and LXRβ and that 1,25-(OH)2-7-DHC activates both LXRs and vitamin D receptor. Examination of cofactor peptide association showed that the 1α-hydroxy derivatives, specifically 1,25-(OH)2-7-DHC, induce association of coactivator/corepressor peptide in a different manner from the agonist T0901317. Docking modeling and alanine mutational analysis of LXRα demonstrated that 1,25-(OH)2-7-DHC interacts with LXRα residues in a manner distinct from potent agonists, such as T0901317 and 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol. 1α-OH-7-DHC and 1,25-(OH)2-7-DHC induced expression of LXR target genes in a cell type- and gene-selective manner. 1,25-(OH)2-7-DHC effectively suppressed lipopolysaccharide-stimulated proinflammatory gene expression in an LXR-dependent manner. Therefore, 1α-hydroxy derivatives, such as 1,25-(OH)2-7-DHC, are unique LXR modulators with selective agonistic activity and potent transrepression function. These oxysterols have potential as LXR-targeted therapeutics for inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Endo-Umeda
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Atsushi Aoyama
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Masato Shimizu
- School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Minoru Ishikawa
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hashimoto
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamada
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
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