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Sturabotti E, Moldoveanu VG, Camilli A, Martinelli A, Simonetti G, Valletta A, Serangeli I, Giustini A, Miranda E, Migneco LM, Vetica F, Leonelli F. Thymol-Functionalized Hyaluronic Acid as Promising Preservative Biomaterial for the Inhibition of Candida albicans Biofilm Formation. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1079-1084. [PMID: 37462451 PMCID: PMC10433527 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring biopolymer that has been employed for a plethora of medicinal applications. Nevertheless, as HA is a natural polysaccharide, it can be a substrate able to promote microbial growth and proliferation. Biopolymer-drug conjugates have gained attention over the years to overcome drawbacks of each single component. Within this context, thymol (Thy), a phenolic compound occurring in essential oils (EOs) extracted from Thymus and Origanum, has been largely studied for its antimycotic applications. However, it is characterized by a low water solubility and moderate cytotoxicity. Herein, we report an innovative HA-thymol conjugate (HA-Thy) biomaterial to circumvent the drawbacks of free thymol use by providing the polymer conjugate with the beneficial properties of both components. Preliminary biological tests evidenced the decrease of thymol cytotoxicity for the HA-Thy conjugate, paired with a promising antibiofilm formation activity against Candida albicans, similar to pure thymol, highlighting its potential application as a preservative biomaterial in formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Sturabotti
- Department
of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Camilli
- Department
of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Martinelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Simonetti
- Department
of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University
of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Valletta
- Department
of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University
of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Serangeli
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giustini
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Miranda
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Maria Migneco
- Department
of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vetica
- Department
of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Leonelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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2
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Sturabotti E, Vetica F, Toscano G, Calcaterra A, Martinelli A, Migneco LM, Leonelli F. N-Acetyl-l-phenylalanine Racemization during TBTU Amidation: An In-Depth Study for the Synthesis of Anti-Inflammatory 2-( N-Acetyl)-l-phenylalanylamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose (NAPA). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020581. [PMID: 36677671 PMCID: PMC9863357 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A thorough study on the amidation conditions of N-acetyl-l-phenylalanine using TBTU and various bases is reported for the synthesis of 2-(N-acetyl)-l-phenylalanylamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose (NAPA), a promising drug for the treatment of joints diseases. TBTU-mediated diastereoselective amidation reaction with 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine always gave racemization of N-acetyl-l-phenylalanine. The stereochemical retention under amidation conditions was studied in detail in the presence of difference bases and via other control experiments, evidencing the possibility to reduce racemization using pyridine as base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Sturabotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (A.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Fabrizio Vetica
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Toscano
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcaterra
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (A.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Andrea Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Maria Migneco
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Leonelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (A.C.); (F.L.)
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3
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Tan C, Yang SJ, Zhao DH, Li J, Yin LQ. Antihypertensive activity of indole and indazole analogues: A review. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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4
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Sharif NA. Therapeutic Drugs and Devices for Tackling Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma, and Need for Neuroprotection and Cytoprotective Therapies. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:729249. [PMID: 34603044 PMCID: PMC8484316 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.729249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to the optic nerve and the death of associated retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), also known as glaucoma, is responsible for visual impairment and blindness in millions of people worldwide. The ocular hypertension (OHT) and the deleterious mechanical forces it exerts at the back of the eye, at the level of the optic nerve head/optic disc and lamina cribosa, is the only modifiable risk factor associated with glaucoma that can be treated. The elevated IOP occurs due to the inability of accumulated aqueous humor (AQH) to egress from the anterior chamber of the eye due to occlusion of the major outflow pathway, the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm’s canal (SC). Several different classes of pharmaceutical agents, surgical techniques and implantable devices have been developed to lower and control IOP. First-line drugs to promote AQH outflow via the uveoscleral outflow pathway include FP-receptor prostaglandin (PG) agonists (e.g., latanoprost, travoprost and tafluprost) and a novel non-PG EP2-receptor agonist (omidenepag isopropyl, Eybelis®). TM/SC outflow enhancing drugs are also effective ocular hypotensive agents (e.g., rho kinase inhibitors like ripasudil and netarsudil; and latanoprostene bunod, a conjugate of a nitric oxide donor and latanoprost). One of the most effective anterior chamber AQH microshunt devices is the Preserflo® microshunt which can lower IOP down to 10–13 mmHg. Other IOP-lowering drugs and devices on the horizon will be also discussed. Additionally, since elevated IOP is only one of many risk factors for development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, a treatise of the role of inflammatory neurodegeneration of the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells and appropriate neuroprotective strategies to mitigate this disease will also be reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Global Alliances and External Research, Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA, United States
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5
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Moss AL, Hritz RL, Hector RC, Wotman KL. Investigation of the effects of orally administered trazodone on intraocular pressure, pupil diameter, physical examination variables, and sedation level in healthy equids. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:138-143. [PMID: 33480276 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of orally administered trazodone on intraocular pressure (IOP), pupil diameter measured in the vertical plane (ie, vertical pupil diameter [VPD]), selected physical examination variables, and sedation level in healthy equids. ANIMALS 7 horses and 1 pony. PROCEDURES Food was withheld for 12 hours prior to drug administration. After baseline (time 0) sedation scoring, physical examination, and measurement of IOP and VPD, equids received 1 dose (approx 6 mg/kg) of trazodone orally. Examination and measurement procedures were repeated 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after drug administration. Blood samples were collected at each time point for analysis of plasma trazodone concentrations. Repeated-measures analysis was used to compare examination results between downstream time points and baseline. RESULTS 7 of 8 equids had mild sedation from 0.5 to 8 hours after treatment; compared with baseline values, mean IOP was significantly lower from 0.5 hours to 8 hours, mean VPD was significantly smaller at 0.5 hours, and mean rectal temperature was significantly lower from 1 to 8 hours after drug administration. Adverse effects (signs of excitement in 1 equid and sweating in 4) were self-limiting and considered minor. Mean maximum plasma concentration of trazodone was 1,493 ng/mL 0.75 hours after administration, and terminal half-life of the drug was 9.96 hours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The described oral dose of trazadone elicited sedation with a few self-limiting adverse effects in the study sample. Drug effects on IOP and VPD may alter ocular examination findings. Further investigation is warranted prior to use of trazodone for sedation in equids, particularly those with ophthalmic conditions.
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6
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Piperazine- and Piperidine-Containing Thiazolo[5,4- d]pyrimidine Derivatives as New Potent and Selective Adenosine A 2A Receptor Inverse Agonists. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13080161. [PMID: 32722122 PMCID: PMC7465344 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic use of A2A adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases, is a very promising approach. Moreover, the potential therapeutic role of A2A AR antagonists to avoid both immunoescaping of tumor cells and tumor development is well documented. Herein, we report on the synthesis and biological evaluation of a new set of piperazine- and piperidine- containing 7-amino-2-(furan-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives designed as human A2A AR antagonists/inverse agonists. Binding and potency data indicated that a good number of potent and selective hA2A AR inverse agonists were found. Amongst them, the 2-(furan-2-yl)-N5-(2-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl)thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine-5,7-diamine 11 exhibited the highest A2A AR binding affinity (Ki = 8.62 nM) as well as inverse agonist potency (IC50 = 7.42 nM). In addition, bioinformatics prediction using the web tool SwissADME revealed that 8, 11, and 19 possessed good drug-likeness profiles.
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Abstract
Oxetanes have been increasingly used as stable motifs in medicinal chemistry as well as versatile synthetic intermediates. Herein, an intramolecular ring opening of oxetane carboxamides with mild nucleophiles, such as nitrogen heterocycles, is presented. The reaction proceeds under metal-free basic conditions which is highly unusual in ring opening reactions of oxetanes. Amide formation and oxetane ring opening/cyclization in a one-pot approach affords high levels of molecular complexity in a single step from simple, readily available substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey G DeRatt
- Janssen Research and Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477 , United States
| | - Edward C Lawson
- Janssen Research and Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477 , United States
| | - Chao-Yuan Wang
- Janssen Research and Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477 , United States
| | - Scott D Kuduk
- Janssen Research and Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477 , United States
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Zhang SG, Liang CG, Zhang WH. Recent Advances in Indazole-Containing Derivatives: Synthesis and Biological Perspectives. Molecules 2018; 23:E2783. [PMID: 30373212 PMCID: PMC6278422 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Indazole-containing derivatives represent one of the most important heterocycles in drug molecules. Diversely substituted indazole derivatives bear a variety of functional groups and display versatile biological activities; hence, they have gained considerable attention in the field of medicinal chemistry. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in various methods for the synthesis of indazole derivatives. The current developments in the biological activities of indazole-based compounds are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Guang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Chao-Gen Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wei-Hua Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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