1
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Benazza R, Koutsopetras I, Vaur V, Chaubet G, Hernandez-Alba O, Cianférani S. SEC-MS in denaturing conditions (dSEC-MS) for in-depth analysis of rebridged monoclonal antibody-based formats. Talanta 2024; 272:125727. [PMID: 38364570 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Disulfide rebridging methods are emerging recently as new ways to specifically modify antibody-based entities and produce future conjugates. Briefly, the solvent-accessible disulfide bonds of antibodies or antigen-binding fragments (Fab) thereof are reduced under controlled conditions and further covalently attached with a rebridging agent allowing the incorporation of one payload per disulfide bond. There are many examples of successful rebridging cases providing homogeneous conjugates due to the use of symmetrical reagents, such as dibromomaleimides. However, partial rebridging due to the use of unsymmetrical ones, containing functional groups with different reactivity, usually leads to the development of heterogeneous species that cannot be identified by a simple sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) due to its lack of sensitivity, resolution and low mass accuracy. Mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography (LC-MS) approaches have already been demonstrated as highly promising alternatives for the characterization of newly developed antibody-drug-conjugate (ADC) and monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based formats. We report here the in-depth characterization of covalently rebridged antibodies and Fab fragments in-development, using size-exclusion chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry in denaturing conditions (denaturing SEC-MS, dSEC-MS). DSEC-MS was used to monitor closely the rebridging reaction of a conjugated trastuzumab, in addition to conjugated Fab fragments, which allowed an unambiguous identification of the covalently rebridged products along with the unbound species. This all-in-one approach allowed a straightforward analysis of the studied samples with precise mass measurement; critical quality attributes (CQAs) assessment along with rebridging efficiency determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Benazza
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI-FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ilias Koutsopetras
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Valentine Vaur
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Guilhem Chaubet
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI-FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI-FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
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2
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Ma X, Wang M, Ying T, Wu Y. Reforming solid tumor treatment: the emerging potential of smaller format antibody-drug conjugate. Antib Ther 2024; 7:114-122. [PMID: 38566971 PMCID: PMC10983081 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, substantial therapeutic efficacy of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) has been validated through approvals of 16 ADCs for the treatment of malignant tumors. However, realization of the maximum clinical use of ADCs requires surmounting extant challenges, mainly the limitations in tumor penetration capabilities when targeting solid tumors. To resolve the hurdle of suboptimal tumor penetration, miniaturized antibody fragments with engineered formats have been harnessed for ADC assembly. By virtue of their reduced molecular sizes, antibody fragment-drug conjugates hold considerable promise for efficacious delivery of cytotoxic agents, thus conferring superior therapeutic outcomes. This review will focus on current advancements in novel ADC development utilizing smaller antibody formats from ~6 to 80 kDa, with particular emphasis on single-domain antibodies, which have been widely applied in novel ADC design. Additionally, strategies to optimize clinical translation are discussed, including half-life extension, acceleration of internalization, and reduction of immunogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Ma
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingkai Wang
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanling Wu
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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Thoreau F, Rochet LNC, Baker JR, Chudasama V. Enabling the formation of native mAb, Fab' and Fc-conjugates using a bis-disulfide bridging reagent to achieve tunable payload-to-antibody ratios (PARs). Chem Sci 2023; 14:3752-3762. [PMID: 37035695 PMCID: PMC10074397 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Either as full IgGs or as fragments (Fabs, Fc, etc.), antibodies have received tremendous attention in the development of new therapeutics such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). The production of ADCs involves the grafting of active payloads onto an antibody, which is generally enabled by the site-selective modification of native or engineered antibodies via chemical or enzymatic methods. Whatever method is employed, controlling the payload-antibody ratio (PAR) is a challenge in terms of multiple aspects including: (i) obtaining homogeneous protein conjugates; (ii) obtaining unusual PARs (PAR is rarely other than 2, 4 or 8); (iii) using a single method to access a range of different PARs; (iv) applicability to various antibody formats; and (v) flexibility for the production of heterofunctional antibody-conjugates (e.g. attachment of multiple types of payloads). In this article, we report a single pyridazinedione-based trifunctional dual bridging linker that enables, in a two-step procedure (re-bridging/click), the generation of either mAb-, Fab'-, or Fc-conjugates from native mAb, (Fab')2 or Fc formats, respectively. Fc and (Fab')2 formats were generated via enzymatic digestion of native mAbs. Whilst the same reduction and re-bridging protocols were applied to all three of the protein formats, the subsequent click reaction(s) employed to graft payload(s) drove the generation of a range of PARs, including heterofunctional PARs. As such, exploiting click reactivity and/or orthogonality afforded mAb-conjugates with PARs of 6, 4, 2 or 4 + 2, and Fab'- and Fc-conjugates with a PAR of 3, 2, 1 or 2 + 1 on-demand. We believe that the homogeneity, novelty and variety in accessible PARs, as well as the applicability to various antibody-conjugate formats enabled by our non-recombinant method could be a suitable tool for antibody-drug conjugates optimisation (optimal PAR value, optimal payloads combination) and boost the development of new antibody therapeutics (Fab'- and Fc-conjugates).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Thoreau
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Léa N C Rochet
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
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4
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Hasan MM, Laws M, Jin P, Rahman KM. Factors influencing the choice of monoclonal antibodies for antibody-drug conjugates. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:354-361. [PMID: 34597756 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) act as carriers for a cytotoxic payload providing the therapy with targeted action against cells expressing a target cell surface antigen. An appropriate choice of mAb is crucial to developing a successful ADC for clinical development. However, problems such as immunogenicity, poor pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles and variable drug-antibody ratios (DARs) plague ADCs. In this review, we detail recent mAb-based innovations and factors that should be considered to overcome these problems to achieve a new generation of more effective ADC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahbub Hasan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Mark Laws
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Peiqin Jin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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5
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Jäger S, Dickgiesser S, Tonillo J, Hecht S, Kolmar H, Schröter C. EGFR binding Fc domain-drug conjugates: stable and highly potent cytotoxic molecules mediate selective cell killing. Biol Chem 2021; 403:525-534. [PMID: 34535048 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The exposition of cancer cells to cytotoxic doses of payload is fundamental for the therapeutic efficacy of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) in solid cancers. To maximize payload exposure, tissue penetration can be increased by utilizing smaller-sized drug conjugates which distribute deeper into the tumor. Our group recently explored small human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) targeting Fc antigen binding fragments (Fcabs) for ADC applications in a feasibility study. Here, we expand this concept using epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting Fcabs for the generation of site-specific auristatin-based drug conjugates. In contrast to HER2-targeting Fcabs, we identified novel conjugation sites in the EGFR-targeting Fcab scaffold that allowed for higher DAR enzymatic conjugation. We demonstrate feasibility of resultant EGFR-targeting Fcab-drug conjugates that retain binding to half-life prolonging neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and EGFR and show high serum stability as well as target receptor mediated cell killing at sub-nanomolar concentrations. Our results emphasize the applicability of the Fcab format for the generation of drug conjugates designed for increased penetration of solid tumors and potential FcRn-driven antibody-like pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jäger
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany.,Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, D-64287Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stephan Dickgiesser
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jason Tonillo
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, D-64287Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Schröter
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
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6
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Jäger S, Wagner TR, Rasche N, Kolmar H, Hecht S, Schröter C. Generation and Biological Evaluation of Fc Antigen Binding Fragment-Drug Conjugates as a Novel Antibody-Based Format for Targeted Drug Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1699-1710. [PMID: 34185508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fragment crystallizable (Fc) antigen binding fragments (Fcabs) represent a novel antibody format comprising a homodimeric Fc region with an engineered antigen binding site. In contrast to their full-length antibody offspring, Fcabs combine Fc-domain-mediated and antigen binding functions at only one-third of the size. Their reduced size is accompanied by elevated tissue penetration capabilities, which is an attractive feature for the treatment of solid tumors. In the present study, we explored for the first time Fcabs as a novel scaffold for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). As model, various HER2-targeting Fcab variants coupled to a pH-sensitive dye were used in internalization experiments. A selective binding on HER2-expressing tumor cells and receptor-mediated endocytosis could be confirmed for selected variants, indicating that these Fcabs meet the basic prerequisite for an ADC approach. Subsequently, Fcabs were site-specifically coupled to cytotoxic monomethyl auristatin E yielding homogeneous conjugates. The conjugates retained HER2 and FcRn binding behavior of the parent Fcabs, showed a selective in vitro cell killing and conjugation site-dependent serum stability. Moreover, Fcab conjugates showed elevated penetration in a spheroid model, compared to their full-length antibody and Trastuzumab counterparts. Altogether, the presented results emphasize the potential of Fcabs as a novel scaffold for targeted drug delivery in solid cancers and pave the way for future in vivo translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jäger
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.,Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tim R Wagner
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rasche
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Schröter
- ADCs & Targeted NBE Therapeutics, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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7
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Le Gall CM, van der Schoot JMS, Ramos-Tomillero I, Khalily MP, van Dalen FJ, Wijfjes Z, Smeding L, van Dalen D, Cammarata A, Bonger KM, Figdor CG, Scheeren FA, Verdoes M. Dual Site-Specific Chemoenzymatic Antibody Fragment Conjugation Using CRISPR-Based Hybridoma Engineering. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:301-310. [PMID: 33476135 PMCID: PMC7898269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Functionalized antibodies
and antibody fragments have found applications
in the fields of biomedical imaging, theranostics, and antibody–drug
conjugates (ADC). In addition, therapeutic and theranostic approaches
benefit from the possibility to deliver more than one type of cargo
to target cells, further challenging stochastic labeling strategies.
Thus, bioconjugation methods to reproducibly obtain defined homogeneous
conjugates bearing multiple different cargo molecules, without compromising
target affinity, are in demand. Here, we describe a straightforward
CRISPR/Cas9-based strategy to rapidly engineer hybridoma cells to
secrete Fab′ fragments bearing two distinct site-specific labeling
motifs, which can be separately modified by two different sortase
A mutants. We show that sequential genetic editing of the heavy chain
(HC) and light chain (LC) loci enables the generation of a stable
cell line that secretes a dual tagged Fab′ molecule (DTFab′),
which can be easily isolated. To demonstrate feasibility, we functionalized
the DTFab′ with two distinct cargos in a site-specific manner.
This technology platform will be valuable in the development of multimodal
imaging agents, theranostics, and next-generation ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille M Le Gall
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan M S van der Schoot
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iván Ramos-Tomillero
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Melek Parlak Khalily
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris J van Dalen
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Zacharias Wijfjes
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Liyan Smeding
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Duco van Dalen
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Cammarata
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberly M Bonger
- Institute for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ferenc A Scheeren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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8
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Deonarain MP, Yahioglu G. Current strategies for the discovery and bioconjugation of smaller, targetable drug conjugates tailored for solid tumor therapy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:613-624. [PMID: 33275475 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1858050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) have undergone a recent resurgence with 5 product approvals over the last 2 years but for those close to the field, it's been repeated cycles of setbacks and new innovations. A new wave of innovation is in the type of format used to deliver the cytotoxic payloads, with smaller bio-molecules being designed to have more optimal penetration and elimination properties tailored for solid tumors.Areas covered: In this review, the authors cover many of the recently described smaller-format drug conjugates (including formats such as diabodies, Fabs, scFvs, domain antibodies) with an emphasis on the types of conjugation technologies used to attach the chemical linker-payload.Expert opinion: Smaller formats are highly influenced by the structure of the linker-payload, arguably more-so than larger ADCs, so careful consideration is needed where solublising and pharmacokinetic modulation is required. High-quality conjugates are being developed with in vivo tumor efficacy and tolerability properties competitive with ADCs and with a few formats already in clinical development, we expect the pipeline to expand and to reach the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra P Deonarain
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Hertfordshire, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gokhan Yahioglu
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Hertfordshire, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
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9
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Park J, Lee S, Kim Y, Yoo TH. Methods to generate site-specific conjugates of antibody and protein. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 30:115946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Dean AQ, Luo S, Twomey JD, Zhang B. Targeting cancer with antibody-drug conjugates: Promises and challenges. MAbs 2021; 13:1951427. [PMID: 34291723 PMCID: PMC8300931 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1951427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a rapidly expanding class of biotherapeutics that utilize antibodies to selectively deliver cytotoxic drugs to the tumor site. As of May 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved ten ADCs, namely Adcetris®, Kadcyla®, Besponsa®, Mylotarg®, Polivy®, Padcev®, Enhertu®, Trodelvy®, Blenrep®, and Zynlonta™ as monotherapy or combinational therapy for breast cancer, urothelial cancer, myeloma, acute leukemia, and lymphoma. In addition, over 80 investigational ADCs are currently being evaluated in approximately 150 active clinical trials. Despite the growing interest in ADCs, challenges remain to expand their therapeutic index (with greater efficacy and less toxicity). Recent advances in the manufacturing technology for the antibody, payload, and linker combined with new bioconjugation platforms and state-of-the-art analytical techniques are helping to shape the future development of ADCs. This review highlights the current status of marketed ADCs and those under clinical investigation with a focus on translational strategies to improve product quality, safety, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Q. Dean
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Shen Luo
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Julianne D. Twomey
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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11
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Deonarain MP, Xue Q. Tackling solid tumour therapy with small-format drug conjugates. Antib Ther 2020; 3:237-245. [PMID: 33928231 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship is extremely complex and tumour drug penetration is one key parameter influencing therapeutic efficacy. In the context of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which has undergone many innovation cycles and witnessed many failures, this feature is being addressed by a number of alternative technologies. Immunoglobulin-based ADCs continue to dominate the industrial landscape, but smaller formats offer the promise of more-effective cytotoxic payload delivery to solid tumours, with a higher therapeutic window afforded by the more rapid clearance. To make these smaller formats viable as delivery vehicles, a number of strategies are being employed, which will be reviewed here. These include identifying the most-appropriate size to generate the larger therapeutic window, increasing the amount of functional, cytotoxic payload delivered through conjugation or half-life extending technologies or other ways of extending the dosing without inducing toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra P Deonarain
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG12FX, UK
| | - Quinn Xue
- Essex Biotechnology Ltd, Shun Tak Centre, Room 2818, China Merchants Tower, Connaught Road Central, Hong Kong 168-200, SAR China
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12
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Parvaz S, Taheri-Ledari R, Esmaeili MS, Rabbani M, Maleki A. A brief survey on the advanced brain drug administration by nanoscale carriers: With a particular focus on AChE reactivators. Life Sci 2019; 240:117099. [PMID: 31760098 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Obviously, delivery of the medications to the brain is more difficult than other tissues due to the existence of a strong obstacle, which is called blood-brain barrier (BBB). Because of the lipophilic nature of this barrier, it would be a complex (and in many cases impossible) process to cross the medications with hydrophilic behavior from BBB and deliver them to the brain. Thus, novel intricate drug-carriers in nano scales have been recently developed and suitably applied for this purpose. One of the most important categories of these hydrophilic medications, are reactivators for acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of acetylcholine (as a neurotransmitter). The AChE function is inhibited by organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents that are extremely used in military conflicts. In this review, the abilities of the nanosized drug delivery systems to perform as suitable vehicles for AChE reactivators are comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Parvaz
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Reza Taheri-Ledari
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mir Saeed Esmaeili
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Rabbani
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Ali Maleki
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
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