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Shankar G, Akhter Y. Stealing survival: Iron acquisition strategies of Mycobacteriumtuberculosis. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00142-1. [PMID: 38901792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), faces iron scarcity within the host due to immune defenses. This review explores the importance of iron for Mtb and its strategies to overcome iron restriction. We discuss how the host limits iron as an innate immune response and how Mtb utilizes various iron acquisition systems, particularly the siderophore-mediated pathway. The review illustrates the structure and biosynthesis of mycobactin, a key siderophore in Mtb, and the regulation of its production. We explore the potential of targeting siderophore biosynthesis and uptake as a novel therapeutic approach for TB. Finally, we summarize current knowledge on Mtb's iron acquisition and highlight promising directions for future research to exploit this pathway for developing new TB interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Shankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 025, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 025, India.
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2
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Mori M, Villa S, Chiarelli LR, Meneghetti F, Bellinzoni M. Structural Study of a New MbtI-Inhibitor Complex: Towards an Optimized Model for Structure-Based Drug Discovery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1559. [PMID: 38004425 PMCID: PMC10675255 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
MbtI from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a Mg2+-dependent salicylate synthase, belonging to the chorismate-utilizing enzyme (CUE) family. As a fundamental player in iron acquisition, MbtI promotes the survival and pathogenicity of Mtb in the infected host. Hence, it has emerged in the last decade as an innovative, potential target for the anti-virulence therapy of tuberculosis. In this context, 5-phenylfuran-2-carboxylic acids have been identified as potent MbtI inhibitors. The first co-crystal structure of MbtI in complex with a member of this class was described in 2020, showing the enzyme adopting an open configuration. Due to the high mobility of the loop adjacent to the binding pocket, large portions of the amino acid chain were not defined in the electron density map, hindering computational efforts aimed at structure-driven ligand optimization. Herein, we report a new, high-resolution co-crystal structure of MbtI with a furan-based derivative, in which the closed configuration of the enzyme allowed tracing the entirety of the active site pocket in the presence of the bound inhibitor. Moreover, we describe a new crystal structure of MbtI in open conformation and in complex with the known inhibitor methyl-AMT, suggesting that in vitro potency is not related to the observed enzyme conformation. These findings will prove fundamental to enhance the potency of this series via rational structure-based drug-design approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Mori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.M.); (S.V.); (F.M.)
| | - Stefania Villa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.M.); (S.V.); (F.M.)
| | - Laurent R. Chiarelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Fiorella Meneghetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.M.); (S.V.); (F.M.)
| | - Marco Bellinzoni
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3528, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, F-75015 Paris, France
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3
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Kumar G, Adhikrao PA. Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis iron-scavenging tools: a recent update on siderophores inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1885-1913. [PMID: 37859726 PMCID: PMC10583813 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the various bacterial infections, tuberculosis (TB) remains a life-threatening infectious disease responsible as the most significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The co-infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in association with TB burdens the healthcare system substantially. Notably, M.tb possesses defence against most antitubercular antibiotic drugs, and the efficacy of existing frontline anti-TB drugs is waning. Also, new and recurring cases of TB from resistant bacteria such as multidrug-resistant TB (MDR), extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR), and totally drug-resistant TB (TDR) strains are increasing. Hence, TB begs the scientific community to explore the new therapeutic class of compounds with their novel mechanism. M.tb requires iron from host cells to sustain, grow, and carry out several biological processes. M.tb has developed strategic methods of acquiring iron from the surrounding environment. In this communication, we discuss an overview of M.tb iron-scavenging tools. Also, we have summarized recently identified MbtA and MbtI inhibitors, which prevent M.tb from scavenging iron. These iron-scavenging tool inhibitors have the potential to be developed as anti-TB agents/drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad (NIPER-Hyderabad) Balanagar Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Patil Amruta Adhikrao
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad (NIPER-Hyderabad) Balanagar Hyderabad 500037 India
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4
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Stelitano G, Cocorullo M, Mori M, Villa S, Meneghetti F, Chiarelli LR. Iron Acquisition and Metabolism as a Promising Target for Antimicrobials (Bottlenecks and Opportunities): Where Do We Stand? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076181. [PMID: 37047161 PMCID: PMC10094389 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) infections is one of the most crucial challenges currently faced by the scientific community. Developments in the fundamental understanding of their underlying mechanisms may open new perspectives in drug discovery. In this review, we conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, to collect information on innovative strategies to hinder iron acquisition in bacteria. In detail, we discussed the most interesting targets from iron uptake and metabolism pathways, and examined the main chemical entities that exhibit anti-infective activities by interfering with their function. The mechanism of action of each drug candidate was also reviewed, together with its pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological properties. The comprehensive knowledge of such an impactful area of research will hopefully reflect in the discovery of newer antibiotics able to effectively tackle the antimicrobial resistance issue.
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Targeting Siderophore-Mediated Iron Uptake in M. abscessus: A New Strategy to Limit the Virulence of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020502. [PMID: 36839823 PMCID: PMC9966845 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting pathogenic mechanisms, rather than essential processes, represents a very attractive approach for the development of new antimycobacterial drugs. In this context, iron acquisition routes have recently emerged as potentially druggable pathways. However, the importance of siderophore biosynthesis in the virulence and pathogenicity of M. abscessus (Mab) is still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the Salicylate Synthase (SaS) of Mab as an innovative molecular target for the development of inhibitors of siderophore production. Notably, Mab-SaS does not have any counterpart in human cells, making it an interesting candidate for drug discovery. Starting from the analysis of the binding of a series of furan-based derivatives, previously identified by our group as inhibitors of MbtI from M. tuberculosis (Mtb), we successfully selected the lead compound 1, exhibiting a strong activity against Mab-SaS (IC50 ≈ 5 µM). Computational studies characterized the key interactions between 1 and the enzyme, highlighting the important roles of Y387, G421, and K207, the latter being one of the residues involved in the first step of the catalytic reaction. These results support the hypothesis that 5-phenylfuran-2-carboxylic acids are also a promising class of Mab-SaS inhibitors, paving the way for the optimization and rational design of more potent derivatives.
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Tsui CKM, Sorrentino F, Narula G, Mendoza-Losana A, del Rio RG, Herrán EP, Lopez A, Bojang A, Zheng X, Remuiñán-Blanco MJ, Av-Gay Y. Hit Compounds and Associated Targets in Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144446. [PMID: 35889319 PMCID: PMC9324642 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis, is one of the most devastating infectious agents in the world. Chemical-genetic characterization through in vitro evolution combined with whole genome sequencing analysis was used identify novel drug targets and drug resistance genes in Mtb associated with its intracellular growth in human macrophages. We performed a genome analysis of 53 Mtb mutants resistant to 15 different hit compounds. We found nonsynonymous mutations/indels in 30 genes that may be associated with drug resistance acquisitions. Beyond confirming previously identified drug resistance mechanisms such as rpoB and lead targets reported in novel anti-tuberculosis drug screenings such as mmpL3, ethA, and mbtA, we have discovered several unrecognized candidate drug targets including prrB. The exploration of the Mtb chemical mutant genomes could help novel drug discovery and the structural biology of compounds and associated mechanisms of action relevant to tuberculosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement K. M. Tsui
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; (C.K.M.T.); (F.S.); (G.N.); (A.L.); (A.B.); (X.Z.)
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308442, Singapore
| | - Flavia Sorrentino
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; (C.K.M.T.); (F.S.); (G.N.); (A.L.); (A.B.); (X.Z.)
- GSK, Global Health Medicines R&D, PTM, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-L.); (R.G.d.R.); (E.P.H.); (M.J.R.-B.)
| | - Gagandeep Narula
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; (C.K.M.T.); (F.S.); (G.N.); (A.L.); (A.B.); (X.Z.)
| | - Alfonso Mendoza-Losana
- GSK, Global Health Medicines R&D, PTM, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-L.); (R.G.d.R.); (E.P.H.); (M.J.R.-B.)
- Department of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, Carlos III University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruben Gonzalez del Rio
- GSK, Global Health Medicines R&D, PTM, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-L.); (R.G.d.R.); (E.P.H.); (M.J.R.-B.)
| | - Esther Pérez Herrán
- GSK, Global Health Medicines R&D, PTM, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-L.); (R.G.d.R.); (E.P.H.); (M.J.R.-B.)
| | - Abraham Lopez
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; (C.K.M.T.); (F.S.); (G.N.); (A.L.); (A.B.); (X.Z.)
- GSK, Global Health Medicines R&D, PTM, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-L.); (R.G.d.R.); (E.P.H.); (M.J.R.-B.)
| | - Adama Bojang
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; (C.K.M.T.); (F.S.); (G.N.); (A.L.); (A.B.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xingji Zheng
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; (C.K.M.T.); (F.S.); (G.N.); (A.L.); (A.B.); (X.Z.)
| | - Modesto Jesus Remuiñán-Blanco
- GSK, Global Health Medicines R&D, PTM, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-L.); (R.G.d.R.); (E.P.H.); (M.J.R.-B.)
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; (C.K.M.T.); (F.S.); (G.N.); (A.L.); (A.B.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-604-822-3432
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7
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Sanz-Rodríguez CE, Hoffman B, Guyett PJ, Purmal A, Singh B, Pollastri MP, Mensa-Wilmot K. Physiologic Targets and Modes of Action for CBL0137, a Lead for Human African Trypanosomiasis Drug Development. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 102:1-16. [PMID: 35605992 PMCID: PMC9341264 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CBL0137 is a lead drug for human African trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma brucei Herein, we use a four-step strategy to 1) identify physiologic targets and 2) determine modes of molecular action of CBL0137 in the trypanosome. First, we identified fourteen CBL0137-binding proteins using affinity chromatography. Second, we developed hypotheses of molecular modes of action, using predicted functions of CBL0137-binding proteins as guides. Third, we documented effects of CBL0137 on molecular pathways in the trypanosome. Fourth, we identified physiologic targets of the drug by knocking down genes encoding CBL0137-binding proteins and comparing their molecular effects to those obtained when trypanosomes were treated with CBL0137. CBL0137-binding proteins included glycolysis enzymes (aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase, phosphoglycerate kinase) and DNA-binding proteins [universal minicircle sequence binding protein 2, replication protein A1 (RPA1), replication protein A2 (RPA2)]. In chemical biology studies, CBL0137 did not reduce ATP level in the trypanosome, ruling out glycolysis enzymes as crucial targets for the drug. Thus, many CBL0137-binding proteins are not physiologic targets of the drug. CBL0137 inhibited 1) nucleus mitosis, 2) nuclear DNA replication, and 3) polypeptide synthesis as the first carbazole inhibitor of eukaryote translation. RNA interference (RNAi) against RPA1 inhibited both DNA synthesis and mitosis, whereas RPA2 knockdown inhibited mitosis, consistent with both proteins being physiologic targets of CBL0137. Principles used here to distinguish drug-binding proteins from physiologic targets of CBL0137 can be deployed with different drugs in other biologic systems. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: To distinguish drug-binding proteins from physiologic targets in the African trypanosome, we devised and executed a multidisciplinary approach involving biochemical, genetic, cell, and chemical biology experiments. The strategy we employed can be used for drugs in other biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Sanz-Rodríguez
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (C.E.S.-R., B.H., P.J.G., K.M.-W.); Buffalo Biolabs Inc, Buffalo, New York (A.P.); Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (B.S., M.P.); and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia (K.M.-W.)
| | - Benjamin Hoffman
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (C.E.S.-R., B.H., P.J.G., K.M.-W.); Buffalo Biolabs Inc, Buffalo, New York (A.P.); Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (B.S., M.P.); and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia (K.M.-W.)
| | - Paul J Guyett
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (C.E.S.-R., B.H., P.J.G., K.M.-W.); Buffalo Biolabs Inc, Buffalo, New York (A.P.); Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (B.S., M.P.); and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia (K.M.-W.)
| | - Andrei Purmal
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (C.E.S.-R., B.H., P.J.G., K.M.-W.); Buffalo Biolabs Inc, Buffalo, New York (A.P.); Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (B.S., M.P.); and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia (K.M.-W.)
| | - Baljinder Singh
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (C.E.S.-R., B.H., P.J.G., K.M.-W.); Buffalo Biolabs Inc, Buffalo, New York (A.P.); Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (B.S., M.P.); and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia (K.M.-W.)
| | - Michael P Pollastri
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (C.E.S.-R., B.H., P.J.G., K.M.-W.); Buffalo Biolabs Inc, Buffalo, New York (A.P.); Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (B.S., M.P.); and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia (K.M.-W.)
| | - Kojo Mensa-Wilmot
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (C.E.S.-R., B.H., P.J.G., K.M.-W.); Buffalo Biolabs Inc, Buffalo, New York (A.P.); Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (B.S., M.P.); and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia (K.M.-W.)
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8
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Shyam M, Verma H, Bhattacharje G, Mukherjee P, Singh S, Kamilya S, Jalani P, Das S, Dasgupta A, Mondal A, Das AK, Singh A, Brucoli F, Bagnéris C, Dickman R, Basavanakatti VN, Naresh Babu P, Sankaran V, Dev A, Sinha BN, Bhakta S, Jayaprakash V. Mycobactin Analogues with Excellent Pharmacokinetic Profile Demonstrate Potent Antitubercular Specific Activity and Exceptional Efflux Pump Inhibition. J Med Chem 2022; 65:234-256. [PMID: 34981940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have designed and synthesized pyrazoline analogues that partially mimic the structure of mycobactin, to address the requirement of novel therapeutics to tackle the emerging global challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Our investigation resulted in the identification of novel lead compounds 44 and 49 as potential mycobactin biosynthesis inhibitors against mycobacteria. Moreover, candidates efficiently eradicated intracellularly surviving mycobacteria. Thermofluorimetric analysis and molecular dynamics simulations suggested that compounds 44 and 49 bind to salicyl-AMP ligase (MbtA), a key enzyme in the mycobactin biosynthetic pathway. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first rationally designed mycobactin inhibitors to demonstrate an excellent in vivo pharmacokinetic profile. In addition, these compounds also exhibited more potent whole-cell efflux pump inhibition than known efflux pump inhibitors verapamil and chlorpromazine. Results from this study pave the way for the development of 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(aryl)-pyrazolines as a new weapon against superbug-associated AMR challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Shyam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India.,Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, U.K
| | - Harshita Verma
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, U.K
| | - Gourab Bhattacharje
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | | | | | - Sujit Kamilya
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Pushpendu Jalani
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Swetarka Das
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Arunava Dasgupta
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10 Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Abhishake Mondal
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Amit Kumar Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | | | - Federico Brucoli
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, U.K
| | - Claire Bagnéris
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, U.K
| | - Rachael Dickman
- Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | | | | | - Vadivelan Sankaran
- Eurofins Advinus Limited, 21 & 22, Peenya Industrial area, Bengaluru 560058, India
| | - Abhimanyu Dev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Barij Nayan Sinha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, U.K
| | - Venkatesan Jayaprakash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
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9
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Perveen S, Sharma R. Screening approaches and therapeutic targets: The two driving wheels of tuberculosis drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114906. [PMID: 34990594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease, infecting a quarter of world's population. Drug resistant TB further exacerbates the grim scenario of the drying TB drug discovery pipeline. The limited arsenal to fight TB presses the need for thorough efforts for identifying promising hits to combat the disease. The review highlights the efforts in the field of tuberculosis drug discovery, with an emphasis on massive drug screening campaigns for identifying novel hits against Mtb in both industry and academia. As an intracellular pathogen, mycobacteria reside in a complicated intracellular environment with multiple factors at play. Here, we outline various strategies employed in an effort to mimic the intracellular milieu for bringing the screening models closer to the actual settings. The review also focuses on the novel targets and pathways that could aid in target-based drug discovery in TB. The recent high throughput screening efforts resulting in the identification of potent hits against Mtb has been summarized in this article. There is a pressing need for effective screening strategies and approaches employing innovative tools and recent technologies; including nanotechnology, gene-editing tools such as CRISPR-cas system, host-directed bacterial killing and high content screening to augment the TB drug discovery pipeline with safer and shorter drug regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summaya Perveen
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rashmi Sharma
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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10
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Shyam M, Shilkar D, Verma H, Dev A, Sinha BN, Brucoli F, Bhakta S, Jayaprakash V. The Mycobactin Biosynthesis Pathway: A Prospective Therapeutic Target in the Battle against Tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2020; 64:71-100. [PMID: 33372516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The alarming rise in drug-resistant clinical cases of tuberculosis (TB) has necessitated the rapid development of newer chemotherapeutic agents with novel mechanisms of action. The mycobactin biosynthesis pathway, conserved only among the mycolata family of actinobacteria, a group of intracellularly surviving bacterial pathogens that includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis, generates a salicyl-capped peptide mycobactin under iron-stress conditions in host macrophages to support the iron demands of the pathogen. This in vivo essentiality makes this less explored mycobactin biosynthesis pathway a promising endogenous target for novel lead-compounds discovery. In this Perspective, we have provided an up-to-date account of drug discovery efforts targeting selected enzymes (MbtI, MbtA, MbtM, and PPTase) from the mbt gene cluster (mbtA-mbtN). Furthermore, a succinct discussion on non-specific mycobactin biosynthesis inhibitors and the Trojan horse approach adopted to impair iron metabolism in mycobacteria has also been included in this Perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Shyam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215 Jharkhand, India.,Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, U.K
| | - Deepak Shilkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215 Jharkhand, India
| | - Harshita Verma
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, U.K
| | - Abhimanyu Dev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215 Jharkhand, India
| | - Barij Nayan Sinha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215 Jharkhand, India
| | - Federico Brucoli
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, U.K
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, U.K
| | - Venkatesan Jayaprakash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215 Jharkhand, India
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