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Mustière R, Dassonville-Klimpt A, Sonnet P. Aminopyridines in the development of drug candidates against protozoan neglected tropical diseases. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:1357-1373. [PMID: 39109436 PMCID: PMC11318709 DOI: 10.1080/17568919.2024.2359361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) pose a major threat in tropical zones for impoverished populations. Difficulty of access, adverse effects or low efficacy limit the use of current therapeutic options. Therefore, development of new drugs against NTDs is a necessity. Compounds containing an aminopyridine (AP) moiety are of great interest for the design of new anti-NTD drugs due to their intrinsic properties compared with their closest chemical structures. Currently, over 40 compounds with an AP moiety are on the market, but none is used against NTDs despite active research on APs. The aim of this review is to present the medicinal chemistry work carried out with these scaffolds, against protozoan NTDs: Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei or Leishmania spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Mustière
- Université de Picardie-Jules-Verne, AGIR – Agents infectieux, RéSistance et chimiothérapie, UR 4294, UFR de pharmacie, 1, Rue des Louvels, F-80037 Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - Alexandra Dassonville-Klimpt
- Université de Picardie-Jules-Verne, AGIR – Agents infectieux, RéSistance et chimiothérapie, UR 4294, UFR de pharmacie, 1, Rue des Louvels, F-80037 Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - Pascal Sonnet
- Université de Picardie-Jules-Verne, AGIR – Agents infectieux, RéSistance et chimiothérapie, UR 4294, UFR de pharmacie, 1, Rue des Louvels, F-80037 Amiens cedex 1, France
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Screening the Pathogen Box to Discover and Characterize New Cruzain and TbrCatL Inhibitors. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020251. [PMID: 36839523 PMCID: PMC9967275 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease and Human African Trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and T. brucei, respectively, pose relevant health challenges throughout the world, placing 65 to 70 million people at risk each. Given the limited efficacy and severe side effects associated with current chemotherapy, new drugs are urgently needed for both diseases. Here, we report the screening of the Pathogen Box collection against cruzain and TbrCatL, validated targets for Chagas disease and Human African Trypanosomiasis, respectively. Enzymatic assays were applied to screen 400 compounds, validate hits, determine IC50 values and, when possible, mechanisms of inhibition. In this case, 12 initial hits were obtained and ten were prioritized for follow-up. IC50 values were obtained for six of them (hit rate = 1.5%) and ranged from 0.46 ± 0.03 to 27 ± 3 µM. MMV687246 was found to be a mixed inhibitor of cruzain (Ki = 57 ± 6 µM) while MMV688179 was found to be a competitive inhibitor of cruzain with a nanomolar potency (Ki = 165 ± 63 nM). A putative binding mode for MMV688179 was obtained by docking. The six hits discovered against cruzain and TbrCatL are of great interest for further optimization by the medicinal chemistry community.
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Meena P, Singh A, patel M, Verma AK. Transition-Metal-Free Regioselective Hydroamination of Styrenes with Amino-Heteroarenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8424-8427. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02781j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Base-mediated anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of functionally varied styrenes with amino-substituted pyridine, quinoline, pyrimidine, pyrazine, and phenanthridine with excellent regioselectivity has been described. Double hydroamination was observed chemoselectively on secondary amine leaving...
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Shcherbakov NV, Dar’in DV, Kukushkin VY, Dubovtsev AY. Hetero-Tetradehydro-Diels–Alder Cycloaddition of Enynamides and Cyanamides: Gold-Catalyzed Generation of Diversely Substituted 2,6-Diaminopyridines. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7218-7228. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V. Shcherbakov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry V. Dar’in
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim Yu. Kukushkin
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
- South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Yu. Dubovtsev
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
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Adeyemi CM, Hoppe HC, Isaacs M, Mnkandhla D, Lobb KA, Klein R, Kaye PT. Synthesis and anti-parasitic activity of N-benzylated phosphoramidate Mg 2+-chelating ligands. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104280. [PMID: 33152647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-benzylated phosphoramidate esters, containing a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl Mg2+-chelating group, has been synthesised in five steps as analogues of fosmidomycin, a Plasmodium falciparum 1-deoxy-1-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (PfDXR) inhibitor. The 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group effectively replaces the Mg2+-chelating hydroxamic acid group in fosmidomycin. The compounds showed very encouraging anti-parasitic activity with IC50 values of 5.6-16.4 µM against Plasmodium falciparum parasites and IC50 values of 5.2 - 10.2 µM against Trypanosoma brucei brucei (T.b.brucei). Data obtained from in silico docking of the ligands in the PfDXR receptor cavity (3AU9)5 support their potential as PfDXR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana M Adeyemi
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Michelle Isaacs
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Dumisani Mnkandhla
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Kevin A Lobb
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Rosalyn Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Perry T Kaye
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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Veale CGL, Müller R. Recent Highlights in Anti-infective Medicinal Chemistry from South Africa. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:809-826. [PMID: 32149446 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Global advancements in biological technologies have vastly increased the variety of and accessibility to bioassay platforms, while simultaneously improving our understanding of druggable chemical space. In the South African context, this has resulted in a rapid expansion in the number of medicinal chemistry programmes currently operating, particularly on university campuses. Furthermore, the modern medicinal chemist has the advantage of being able to incorporate data from numerous related disciplines into the medicinal chemistry process, allowing for informed molecular design to play a far greater role than previously possible. Accordingly, this review focusses on recent highlights in drug-discovery programmes, in which South African medicinal chemistry groups have played a substantive role in the design and optimisation of biologically active compounds which contribute to the search for promising agents for infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - Ronel Müller
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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Zulu AI, Oderinlo OO, Kruger C, Isaacs M, Hoppe HC, Smith VJ, Veale CGL, Khanye SD. Synthesis, Structure and In Vitro Anti-Trypanosomal Activity of Non-Toxic Arylpyrrole-Based Chalcone Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:E1668. [PMID: 32260364 PMCID: PMC7181280 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With an intention of identifying chalcone derivatives exhibiting anti-protozoal activity, a cohort of relatively unexplored arylpyrrole-based chalcone derivatives were synthesized in moderate to good yields. The resultant compounds were evaluated in vitro for their potential activity against a cultured Trypanosoma brucei brucei 427 strain. Several compounds displayed mostly modest in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity with compounds 10e and 10h emerging as active candidates with IC50 values of 4.09 and 5.11 µM, respectively. More importantly, a concomitant assessment of their activity against a human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cell line revealed that these compounds are non-toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayanda I. Zulu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (A.I.Z.); (O.O.O.); (C.K.); (V.J.S.)
| | - Ogunyemi O. Oderinlo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (A.I.Z.); (O.O.O.); (C.K.); (V.J.S.)
| | - Cuan Kruger
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (A.I.Z.); (O.O.O.); (C.K.); (V.J.S.)
| | - Michelle Isaacs
- Centre for Chemico and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (M.I.); (H.C.H.)
| | - Heinrich C. Hoppe
- Centre for Chemico and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (M.I.); (H.C.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Vincent J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (A.I.Z.); (O.O.O.); (C.K.); (V.J.S.)
- Centre for Chemico and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (M.I.); (H.C.H.)
| | - Clinton G. L. Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa;
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Setshaba D. Khanye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (A.I.Z.); (O.O.O.); (C.K.); (V.J.S.)
- Centre for Chemico and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (M.I.); (H.C.H.)
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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