1
|
Guan Q, Xing S, Wang L, Zhu J, Guo C, Xu C, Zhao Q, Wu Y, Chen Y, Sun H. Triazoles in Medicinal Chemistry: Physicochemical Properties, Bioisosterism, and Application. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7788-7824. [PMID: 38699796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Triazole demonstrates distinctive physicochemical properties, characterized by weak basicity, various dipole moments, and significant dual hydrogen bond acceptor and donor capabilities. These features are poised to play a pivotal role in drug-target interactions. The inherent polarity of triazole contributes to its lower logP, suggesting the potential improvement in water solubility. The metabolic stability of triazole adds additional value to drug discovery. Moreover, the metal-binding capacity of the nitrogen atom lone pair electrons of triazole has broad applications in the development of metal chelators and antifungal agents. This Perspective aims to underscore the unique physicochemical attributes of triazole and its application. A comparative analysis involving triazole isomers and other heterocycles provides guiding insights for the subsequent design of triazoles, with the hope of offering valuable considerations for designing other heterocycles in medicinal chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Guan
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaishuai Xing
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Guo
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bonifazi A, Del Bello F, Giorgioni G, Piergentili A, Saab E, Botticelli L, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Quaglia W. Targeting orexin receptors: Recent advances in the development of subtype selective or dual ligands for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1607-1667. [PMID: 37036052 DOI: 10.1002/med.21959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Orexin-A and orexin-B, also named hypocretin-1 and hypocretin-2, are two hypothalamic neuropeptides highly conserved across mammalian species. Their effects are mediated by two distinct G protein-coupled receptors, namely orexin receptor type 1 (OX1-R) and type 2 (OX2-R), which share 64% amino acid identity. Given the wide expression of OX-Rs in different central nervous system and peripheral areas and the several pathophysiological functions in which they are involved, including sleep-wake cycle regulation (mainly mediated by OX2-R), emotion, panic-like behaviors, anxiety/stress, food intake, and energy homeostasis (mainly mediated by OX1-R), both subtypes represent targets of interest for many structure-activity relationship (SAR) campaigns carried out by pharmaceutical companies and academies. However, before 2017 the research was predominantly directed towards dual-orexin ligands, and limited chemotypes were investigated. Analytical characterizations, including resolved structures for both OX1-R and OX2-R in complex with agonists and antagonists, have improved the understanding of the molecular basis of receptor recognition and are assets for medicinal chemists in the design of subtype-selective ligands. This review is focused on the medicinal chemistry aspects of small molecules acting as dual or subtype selective OX1-R/OX2-R agonists and antagonists belonging to different chemotypes and developed in the last years, including radiolabeled OX-R ligands for molecular imaging. Moreover, the pharmacological effects of the most studied ligands in different neuropsychiatric diseases, such as sleep, mood, substance use, and eating disorders, as well as pain, have been discussed. Poly-pharmacology applications and multitarget ligands have also been considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Gianfabio Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Elizabeth Saab
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | | | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Watanabe H, Ide T, Ono M. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Radioiodinated Triazole-Pyrolidine Derivative to Detect Orexin 2 Receptor in the Brain. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2023; 71:234-239. [PMID: 36858529 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) plays a critical role in the arousal-promoting function, and in vivo imaging of OX2R is expected to contribute to elucidation of orexin systems and the development of drugs to treat sleep disorder. In this study, we newly synthesized and characterized a radioiodinated triazole-pyrolidine derivative ([125I]TPI) to detect OX2R in the brain. In vitro studies using OX1R or OX2R expression cells showed selective binding of [125I]TPI to OX2R. In addition, in vitro autoradiography using rat brain sections showed high accumulation of radioactivity in the OX2R expression region. However, [125I]TPI showed low brain uptake in normal mice. These results suggest that [125I]TPI has a fundamental character to detect OX2R in vitro, but further structural modification to improve brain pharmacokinetics is required to use it for in vivo detection of OX2R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Takuji Ide
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Boss C, Gatfield J, Brotschi C, Heidmann B, Sifferlen T, von Raumer M, Schmidt G, Williams JT, Treiber A, Roch C. The Quest for the Best Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist (Daridorexant) for the Treatment of Insomnia Disorders. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:2286-2305. [PMID: 32937014 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1998, the orexin system has been of interest to the research community as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of sleep/wake disorders, stress and anxiety disorders, addiction or eating disorders. It consists of two G protein-coupled receptors, the orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors, and two neuropeptides with agonistic effects, the orexin A and orexin B peptides. Herein we describe our efforts leading to the identification of a promising set of dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) which subsequently went through physiology-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling>[1] and finally led to the selection of daridorexant, currently in phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment of insomnia disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - John Gatfield
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Christine Brotschi
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Bibia Heidmann
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Sifferlen
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Markus von Raumer
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Gunther Schmidt
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Jodi T Williams
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Treiber
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research & Development, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, BL, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|