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Dvorak KR, Tepe JJ. Advances in the total synthesis of bis- and tris-indole alkaloids containing N-heterocyclic linker moieties. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:1264-1293. [PMID: 38666377 PMCID: PMC11323739 DOI: 10.1039/d4np00012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The past several years have seen an increase in the discovery and isolation of natural products of the indole alkaloid class. Bis- and tris-indole alkaloids are classes of natural products that have been shown to display diverse, potent biological activities. Of particular interest are bis- and tris-indole alkaloids containing N-heterocyclic linker moieties. It has been reported that more than 85% of biologically active compounds contain one or more heterocyclic moieties; of these, N-heterocycles have been identified as the most prevalent. The goal of this review is to provide a detailed overview of the recent advances in isolation and total synthesis of bis- and tris-indole alkaloids that contain N-heterocyclic linker moieties. The known biological activities of these natural products will also be discussed.
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Seferyan MA, Saverina EA, Frolov NA, Detusheva EV, Kamanina OA, Arlyapov VA, Ostashevskaya II, Ananikov VP, Vereshchagin AN. Multicationic Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: A Framework for Combating Bacterial Resistance. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1206-1220. [PMID: 37161274 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During previous stages of research, high biocidal activity toward microorganism archival strains has been used as the main indicator in the development of new antiseptic formulations. Although this factor remains one of the most important characteristics of biocide efficiency, the scale of antimicrobial resistance spread causes serious concern. Therefore, focus shifts toward the development of formulations with a stable effect even in the case of prolonged contact with pathogens. Here, we introduce an original isocyanuric acid alkylation method with the use of available alkyl dichlorides, which opened access to a wide panel of multi-QACs with alkyl chains of various lengths between the nitrogen atoms of triazine and pyridine cycles. We used a complex approach for the resulting series of 17 compounds, including their antibiofilm properties, bacterial tolerance development, and antimicrobial activity toward multiresistant pathogenic strains. As a result of these efforts, available compounds have shown higher levels of antibacterial activity against ESKAPE pathogens than widely used commercial QACs. Hit compounds possessed high activity toward clinical bacterial strains and have also demonstrated a long-term biocidal effect without significant development of microorganism tolerance. The overall results indicated a high level of antibacterial activity and the broad application prospects of multi-QACs based on isocyanuric acid against multiresistant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Seferyan
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniya A Saverina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Tula State University, Lenin pr. 92, 300012 Tula, Russia
| | - Nikita A Frolov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V Detusheva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, 142279 Serpukhov, Moscow Region, Russia
| | | | | | - Irina I Ostashevskaya
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Bhavani GV, Kondapuram SK, Shamsudeen AF, Coumar MS, Selvin J, Kannan T. Synthesis, antitubercular evaluation, and molecular docking studies of hybrid pyridinium salts derived from isoniazid. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:470-483. [PMID: 36744647 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the quest to develop potent inhibitors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, novel isoniazid-based pyridinium salts were designed, synthesized, and tested for their antimycobacterial activities against the H37 Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using rifampicin as a standard. The pyridinium salts 4k, 4l, and 7d showed exceptional antimycobacterial activities with MIC90 at 1 µg/mL. The in vitro cytotoxicity and pharmacokinetics profiles of these compounds were established for the identification of a lead molecule using in vivo efficacy proof-of-concept studies and found that the lead compound 4k possesses LC50 value at 25 µg/mL. The in vitro antimycobacterial activity results were further supported by in silico studies with good binding affinities ranging from -9.8 to -11.6 kcal/mol for 4k, 4l, and 7d with the target oxidoreductase DprE1 enzyme. These results demonstrate that pyridinium salts derived from isoniazid can be a potentially promising pharmacophore for the development of novel antitubercular candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joseph Selvin
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, India
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Odžak R, Crnčević D, Sabljić A, Primožič I, Šprung M. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 3-Amidoquinuclidine Quaternary Ammonium Compounds as New Soft Antibacterial Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:187. [PMID: 37259335 PMCID: PMC9966435 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are among the most effective antimicrobial agents that have been used for more than a century. However, due to the growing trend of bacterial resistance and high toxicity of QACs, research in this field remains a pressing matter. Recent studies of the structure-activity relationship suggest that the introduction of the amide functional group into QAC structures results in soft variants that retain their antimicrobial properties while opening the possibility of fine-tuned activity regulation. Here, we report the synthesis and structure-function study of three structurally distinct series of naturally derived soft QACs. The obtained 3-amidoquinuclidine QACs showed a broad range of antibacterial activities related to the hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance of the QAC structures. All three series yielded candidates with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the single-digit μM range. Time-resolved growth analysis revealed subtle differences in the antibacterial activity of the selected candidates. The versatile MIC values were recorded in different nutrient media, suggesting that the media composition may have a dramatic impact on the antibacterial potential. The new QACs were found to have excellent potential to suppress bacterial biofilm formation while exhibiting low ability to induce bacterial resistance. In addition, the selected candidates were found to be less toxic than commercially available QACs and proved to be potential substrates for protease degradation. These data suggest that 3-amidoquinuclidine QACs could be considered as novel antimicrobial agents that pose a low threat to ecosystems and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Odžak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Doris Crnčević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Antonio Sabljić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ines Primožič
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matilda Šprung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Crnčević D, Krce L, Cvitković M, Brkljača Z, Sabljić A, Vuko E, Primožič I, Odžak R, Šprung M. New Membrane Active Antibacterial and Antiviral Amphiphiles Derived from Heterocyclic Backbone of Pyridinium-4-Aldoxime. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070775. [PMID: 35890073 PMCID: PMC9315884 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) are irreplaceable membrane-active antimicrobial agents that have been widely used for nearly a century. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is one of the most potent QAS. However, recent data from the literature indicate that CPC activity against resistant bacterial strains is decreasing. The major QAS resistance pathway involves the QacR dimer, which regulates efflux pump expression. A plausible approach to address this issue is to structurally modify the CPC structure by adding other biologically active functional groups. Here, a series of QAS based on pyridine-4-aldoxime were synthesized, characterized, and tested for antimicrobial activity in vitro. Although we obtained several potent antiviral candidates, these candidates had lower antibacterial activity than CPC and were not toxic to human cell lines. We found that the addition of an oxime group to the pyridine backbone resulted in derivatives with large topological polar surfaces and with unfavorable cLog P values. Investigation of the antibacterial mode of action, involving the cell membrane, revealed altered cell morphologies in terms of corrugated and/or disrupted surface, while 87% of the cells studied exhibited a permeabilized membrane after 3 h of treatment at 4 × minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of the interaction of QacR with a representative candidate showed rapid dimer disruption, whereas this was not observed for QacR and QacR bound to the structural analog CPC. This might explain the lower bioactivity of our compounds, as they are likely to cause premature expression of efflux pumps and thus activation of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Crnčević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (D.C.); (A.S.)
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Lucija Krce
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (L.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Mislav Cvitković
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (L.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Zlatko Brkljača
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Selvita Ltd., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Sabljić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (D.C.); (A.S.)
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Elma Vuko
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Ines Primožič
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Renata Odžak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (D.C.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.O.); (M.Š.)
| | - Matilda Šprung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Bošković 33, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (D.C.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.O.); (M.Š.)
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Distributions of counterions on adsorption and aggregation behavior of Gemini quaternary ammonium salt. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kaplan AR, Schrank CL, Wuest WM. An Efficient Synthesis of 3-Alkylpyridine Alkaloids Enables Their Biological Evaluation. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2487-2490. [PMID: 33755337 PMCID: PMC8895759 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
3-Alkylpyridine alkaloids (3-APAs) isolated from the arctic sponge Haliclona viscosa are a promising group of bioactive marine alkaloids. However, due to limited bioavailability, investigations of their bioactivity have been hampered. Additionally, synthesis of a common intermediate requires the use of protecting groups and harsh conditions. In this work, we developed a simple and concise two-step route to nine different natural and synthetic haliclocyclins. These compounds displayed modest antibiotic activity against several Gram-positive bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Kaplan
- Chemistry Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - William M Wuest
- Chemistry Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Frolov NA, Fedoseeva KA, Hansford KA, Vereshchagin AN. Novel Phenyl-Based Bis-quaternary Ammonium Compounds as Broad-Spectrum Biocides. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2954-2959. [PMID: 34252992 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis and microbiological evaluation of novel phenyl based bis-quaternary ammonium compounds (bis-QACs). Using a simple 2-step synthetic route from dibromo- and dihydroxybenzenes, we obtained a structurally diverse broad panel of bis-QACs with topologically distinct bridging connections between pyridinium heads. Selected analogs possessed potent broad-spectrum biocidal activity against both bacterial and fungal pathogens: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300); Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 700603), Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 19606), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Candida albicans (ATCC 90028), Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (ATCC 208821). Promising compounds displayed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values ≤0.25 μg/mL alongside improved cytotoxicity and hemolytic profiles compared to modern antiseptics. Thus, synthesized bis-QACs represent a promising class of biocides with the potential to replace existing household sanitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A Frolov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ksenia A Fedoseeva
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047, Miusskaya square 9, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Karl A Hansford
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Anatoly N Vereshchagin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Mahoney AR, Safaee MM, Wuest WM, Furst AL. The silent pandemic: Emergent antibiotic resistances following the global response to SARS-CoV-2. iScience 2021; 24:102304. [PMID: 33748695 PMCID: PMC7955580 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the importance of the rapid development of vaccines and antivirals. However, the potential for the emergence of antibiotic resistances due to the increased use of antibacterial cleaning products and therapeutics presents an additional, underreported threat. Most antibacterial cleaners contain simple quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs); however, these compounds are steadily becoming less effective as antibacterial agents. QACs are extensively used in SARS-CoV-2-related sanitization in clinical and household settings. Similarly, due to the danger of secondary infections, antibiotic therapeutics are increasingly used as a component of COVID-19 treatment regimens, even in the absence of a bacterial infection diagnosis. The increased use of antibacterial agents as cleaners and therapeutics is anticipated to lead to novel resistances in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Mahoney
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Dr, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
| | - Mohammad Moein Safaee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Dr, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA, USA 30322
| | - Ariel L. Furst
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02139
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