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Wood L, Hughes J, Trussell M, Bishop AL, Griffin R. Fasting before Intra-Gastric Dosing with Antigen Improves Intestinal Humoral Responses in Syrian Hamsters. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:572. [PMID: 38932302 PMCID: PMC11209237 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral vaccines, unlike injected, induce intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) mimicking our natural defense against gut pathogens. We previously observed sIgA responses after administering the Clostridioides difficile colonisation factor CD0873 orally in enteric capsules to hamsters. Enteric-coated capsules are designed to resist dissolution in the stomach and disintegrate only at the higher pH of the small intestine. However, the variable responses between animals led us to speculate suboptimal transit of antigens to the small intestine. The rate of gastric emptying is a controlling factor in the passage of oral drugs for subsequent availability in the small intestine for absorption. Whilst in humans, food delays gastric emptying, in rats, capsules can empty quicker from fed stomachs than from fasted. To test in hamsters if fasting improves the delivery of antigens to the small intestine, as inferred from the immune responses generated, 24 animals were dosed intragastrically with enteric capsules containing recombinant CD0873. Twelve hamsters were fasted for 12 h prior to each dose and the other 12 fed. Significantly higher sIgA titres, with significantly greater bacterial-adherence-blocking activity, were detected in small intestinal lavages in the fasted group. We conclude that fasting in hamsters improves intestinal delivery leading to more robust responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Wood
- Vaccines and Therapeutics Group, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Clostridia Research Group, Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jaime Hughes
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Mark Trussell
- Bio Support Unit, The University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Anne L. Bishop
- Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ruth Griffin
- Vaccines and Therapeutics Group, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Clostridia Research Group, Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SBRC), The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Saini S, Vanherwegen AS, Liang S, Verbeke R, Korf H, Lentacker I, De Smedt SC, Gysemans C, Himmelreich U. Fluorine MR Imaging Probes Dynamic Migratory Profiles of Perfluorocarbon-Loaded Dendritic Cells After Streptozotocin-Induced Inflammation. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:321-332. [PMID: 35060024 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) involves presentation of islet-specific self-antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) to autoreactive T cells, resulting in the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. We aimed to study the dynamic homing of diabetes-prone DCs to the pancreas and nearby organs with and without induction of pancreatic stress in a T1D susceptible model of repeated streptozotocin (STZ) injection. PROCEDURES In vitro labeling of activated bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) from NOD (Nonobese diabetes) mice was performed using zonyl perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether nanoparticles (ZPFCE-NPs). Internalization of particles was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Two groups of NOD.SCID (nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency) mice with (induced by low dose STZ administration) or without pancreatic stress were compared. Diabetogenic BMDCs loaded with BDC2.5 mimotope were pre-labeled with ZPFCE-NPs and adoptively transferred into mice. Longitudinal in vivo fluorine MRI (19F MRI) was performed 24 h, 36 h and 48 h after transfer of BMDCs. For ex vivo quantification of labeled cells, 19F NMR and flow cytometry were performed on dissected tissues to validate in vivo 19F MRI data. RESULTS In vitro flow cytometry and confocal microscopy confirmed high uptake of nanoparticles in BMDCs during the process of maturation. Migration/homing of activated and ZPFCE-NP- labeled BMDCs to different organs was monitored and quantified longitudinally, showing highest cell density in pancreas at 48-h time-point. Based on 19F MRI, STZ induced mild inflammation in the pancreatic region, as indicated by high accumulation of ZPFCE-NP-labeled BMDCs in the pancreas when compared to the vehicle group. Pancreatic draining lymph nodes showed elevated homing of labeled BMDCs in the vehicle groups in contrast to the STZ group after 72 h. The effect of STZ was confirmed by increased blood glucose levels. CONCLUSION We showed the potential of 19F MRI for the non-invasive visualization and quantification of migrating immune cells in models for pancreatic inflammation after STZ administration. Without any intrinsic background signal, 19F MRI serves as a highly specific imaging tool to study the migration of diabetic-prone BMDCs in T1D models in vivo. This approach could particularly be of interest for the longitudinal assessment of established or novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Saini
- Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Sayuan Liang
- Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Philips Research China, Shanghai, China
| | - Rein Verbeke
- General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannelie Korf
- Laboratory of Hepatology, CHROMETA, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ine Lentacker
- General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, CHROMETA, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Sulaiman S, Gershkovich P, Hoad CL, Calladine M, Spiller RC, Stolnik S, Marciani L. Application of In Vivo MRI Imaging to Track a Coated Capsule and Its Disintegration in the Gastrointestinal Tract in Human Volunteers. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020270. [PMID: 35214003 PMCID: PMC8879863 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral specially coated formulations have the potential to improve treatment outcomes of a range of diseases in distal intestinal tract whilst limiting systemic drug absorption and adverse effects. Their development is challenging, partly because of limited knowledge of the physiological and pathological distal gastrointestinal factors, including colonic chyme fluid distribution and motor function. Recently, non-invasive techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have started to provide novel important insights. In this feasibility study, we formulated a coated capsule consisting of a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) shell, coated with a synthetic polymer based on polymethacrylate-based copolymer (Eudragit®) that can withstand the upper gastrointestinal tract conditions. The capsule was filled with olive oil as MRI-visible marker fluid. This allowed us to test the ability of MRI to track such a coated capsule in the gastrointestinal tract and to assess whether it is possible to image its loss of integrity by exploiting the ability of MRI to image fat and water separately and in combination. Ten healthy participants were administered capsules with varying amounts of coating and underwent MRI imaging of the gastrointestinal tract at 45 min intervals. The results indicate that it is feasible to track the capsules present in the gastrointestinal tract at different locations, as they were detected in all 10 participants. By the 360 min endpoint of the study, in nine participants the capsules were imaged in the small bowel, in eight participants in the terminal ileum, and in four in the colon. Loss of capsule integrity was observed in eight participants, occurring predominantly in distal intestinal regions. The data indicate that the described approach could be applied to assess performance of oral formulations in undisturbed distal gastrointestinal regions, without the need for ionizing radiation or contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sulaiman
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (S.S.); (R.C.S.)
| | - Pavel Gershkovich
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, UK; (P.G.); (M.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Caroline L. Hoad
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QX, UK;
| | - Matthew Calladine
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, UK; (P.G.); (M.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Robin C. Spiller
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (S.S.); (R.C.S.)
| | - Snow Stolnik
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, UK; (P.G.); (M.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Luca Marciani
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (S.S.); (R.C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-11-5823-1248
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Karyal C, Hughes J, Kelly ML, Luckett JC, Kaye PV, Cockayne A, Minton NP, Griffin R. Colonisation Factor CD0873, an Attractive Oral Vaccine Candidate against Clostridioides difficile. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020306. [PMID: 33540694 PMCID: PMC7913071 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is the main cause of health-care-associated infectious diarrhoea. Toxins, TcdA and TcdB, secreted by this bacterium damage colonic epithelial cells and in severe cases this culminates in pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon and death. Vaccines in human trials have focused exclusively on the parenteral administration of toxin-based formulations. These vaccines promote toxin-neutralising serum antibodies but fail to confer protection from infection in the gut. An effective route to immunise against gut pathogens and stimulate a protective mucosal antibody response (secretory immunoglobulin A, IgA) at the infection site is the oral route. Additionally, oral immunisation generates systemic antibodies (IgG). Using this route, two different antigens were tested in the hamster model: The colonisation factor CD0873 and a TcdB fragment. Animals immunised with CD0873 generated a significantly higher titre of sIgA in intestinal fluid and IgG in serum compared to naive animals, which significantly inhibited the adherence of C. difficile to Caco-2 cells. Following challenge with a hypervirulent isolate, the CD0873-immunised group showed a mean increase of 80% in time to experimental endpoint compared to naïve animals. Survival and body condition correlated with bacterial clearance and reduced pathology in the cecum. Our findings advocate CD0873 as a promising oral vaccine candidate against C. difficile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Karyal
- Synthetic Biology Research Centre, The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (C.K.); (J.H.); (M.L.K.); (A.C.); (N.P.M.)
| | - Jaime Hughes
- Synthetic Biology Research Centre, The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (C.K.); (J.H.); (M.L.K.); (A.C.); (N.P.M.)
| | - Michelle L. Kelly
- Synthetic Biology Research Centre, The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (C.K.); (J.H.); (M.L.K.); (A.C.); (N.P.M.)
| | - Jeni C. Luckett
- The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Philip V. Kaye
- Department of Histopathology, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alan Cockayne
- Synthetic Biology Research Centre, The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (C.K.); (J.H.); (M.L.K.); (A.C.); (N.P.M.)
| | - Nigel P. Minton
- Synthetic Biology Research Centre, The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (C.K.); (J.H.); (M.L.K.); (A.C.); (N.P.M.)
| | - Ruth Griffin
- Synthetic Biology Research Centre, The University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (C.K.); (J.H.); (M.L.K.); (A.C.); (N.P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-0115-7486120
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