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KAVAKCIOĞLU YARDIMCI B. Imidazole Antifungals: A Review of Their Action Mechanisms on Cancerous Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2020. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.714310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Lu CT, Leong PY, Hou TY, Kang YT, Chiang YC, Hsu CT, Lin YD, Ko JL, Hsiao YP. Inhibition of proliferation and migration of melanoma cells by ketoconazole and Ganoderma immunomodulatory proteins. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:891-897. [PMID: 31289567 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketoconazole, an antifungal agent, has been used to inhibit hormone synthesis in types of prostate and breast cancer. Immunomodulatory proteins of Ganoderma microsporum (GMI) inhibit the tumor necrosis factor-α- and epidermal growth factor-induced metastatic ability of lung cancer cells. Cutaneous malignant melanoma is a highly invasive and metastatic skin cancer. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is limited understanding regarding the effects of ketoconazole and GMI on melanoma. The current study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of GMI combined with ketoconazole on melanoma survival and metastasis. The effects of GMI combined with ketoconazole on the viability, migration and protein expression of melanoma cells were determined by MTT assay, Boyden chamber assay and western blot analysis, respectively. The expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was investigated by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. The present results indicate that ketoconazole enhances the GMI-induced decrease in proliferation and migration of A375.S2 melanoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Ketoconazole was identified to reduce the level of GMI-induced phosphorylated-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK)-α and autophagy; however, ketoconazole did not affect p-AMPK-β levels in A375.S2 cells. In addition, ketoconazole and dorsomorphin dihydrochloride, an AMPK inhibitor, were revealed to reduce MCP-1 secretion in A375.S2 cells. In summary, the present study revealed that ketoconazole enhances GMI-inhibited proliferation and migration of A375.S2 melanoma cancer cells, and inhibits the secretion of MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Te Lu
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pui-Ying Leong
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ting-Yi Hou
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Ting Kang
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yan-Cheng Chiang
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Dermatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Ting Hsu
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yan-De Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jiunn-Liang Ko
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Oncology and Chest Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Ping Hsiao
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Dermatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Amato RJ, Saxena S, Stepankiw M. Phase II Trial Assessing Granulocyte-macrophage—Colony Stimulating Factor, Ketoconazole Plus Mitoxantrone in Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Progressing After Docetaxel Treatments. Cancer Invest 2013; 31:177-82. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2013.764564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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The prognostic factors of effective ketoconazole treatment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: who can benefit from ketoconazole therapy? Asian J Androl 2012; 14:732-7. [PMID: 22902911 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2012.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the prognostic value of some variables of effective ketoconazole treatment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). In total, 163 patients with mCRPC were eligible, receiving ketoconazole 200-400 mg three times daily with replacement doses of prednisone. Progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated from the beginning of the ketoconazole therapy to the onset of disease progression. The prognostic value of different variables for PFS was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The median PFS was 2.6 months (0.5-8.6 months) for these patients. The serum testosterone level changed during therapy, which decreased when the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) declined; the serum testosterone level increased as the levels of PSA relapsed. The median PFS values for patients associated with different factors were the following: 1.4 and 3.5 months for a nadir PSA of ≥ 0.2 and <0.2 ng ml(-1), respectively (hazard rate (HR)=4.767, P<0.001); 3.1 and 1.6 months for a baseline testosterone of ≥ 0.1 and <0.1 ng ml(-1), respectively (HR=2.865, P=0.012); 2.8 and 1.9 months for a baseline haemoglobin of ≥ 120 and <120 g l(-1), respectively (HR=1.605, P<0.001); and 3.0 and 1.9 months for a PSA doubling time (PSADT) of ≥ 2.0 and <2.0 months, respectively (HR=1.454, P=0.017). A risk model was constructed according to the four factors that divided patients into three subgroups of low risk (0-1 factors), moderate risk (2 factors) and high risk (3-4 factors) with PFS values of 3.6, 3.0 and 1.4 months, respectively (HR=1.619, P<0.001). A nadir PSA of ≥ 0.2 ng ml(-1), a baseline testosterone of <0.1 ng ml(-1), a baseline haemoglobin of <120 g l(-1) and a PSADT of <2 months were associated with a poor PFS. This risk model could provide evidence to predict the survival benefit of ketoconazole therapy.
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Wang CL, Tsai ML, Wu SN. Evidence for mitoxantrone-induced block of inwardly rectifying K(+) channels expressed in the osteoclast precursor RAW 264.7 cells differentiated with lipopolysaccharide. Cell Physiol Biochem 2012; 30:687-701. [PMID: 22854649 DOI: 10.1159/000341449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Mitoxanthrone (MX) is an anthracenedione antineoplastic agent. Whether this drug and other related compounds have any effects on ion currents in osteoclasts remains largely unclear. METHODS In this study, the effects of MX and other related compounds on inwardly rectifying K(+) current (I(K(IR))) were investigated in RAW 264.7 osteoclast precursor cells treated with lipopolysaccharide. RESULTS The I(K(IR))in these cells are blocked by BaCl(2) (1 mM). MX (1-100 µM) decreased the amplitude of I(K(IR)) in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC(50) value of 6.4 µM. MX also slowed the time course of I(K(IR)) inactivation elicited by large hyperpolarization. Doxorubicin (10 µM), 17β-estradiol (10 µM) and tertiapin (1 µM) decreased the I(K(IR)) amplitude in these cells. In bafilomycin A(1)-treated cells, MX-mediated block of I(K(IR)) still existed. In cell-attached configuration, when the electrode was filled with MX (10 µM), the activity of inwardly rectifying K(+) (Kir) channels was decreased with no change in single-channel conductance. MX-mediated reduction of channel activity is accompanied by a shortening of mean open time. Under current-clamp conditions, addition of MX resulted in membrane depolarization. Therefore, MX can interact with the Kir channels to decrease the I(K(IR)) amplitude and to depolarize the membrane in these cells. CONCLUSION The block by this drug of Kir2.1 channels appears to be one of the important mechanisms underlying its actions on the resorptive activity of osteoclasts, if similar results occur in vivo. Targeting at Kir channels may be clinically useful as an adjunctive regimen to anti-cancer drugs (e.g., MX or doxorubicin) in influencing the resorptive activity of osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Lin Wang
- Department of Nursing, Chung Jen College of Nursing, Health Sciences and Management, Chiayi city, Taiwan
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Hu Q, Jagusch C, Hille UE, Haupenthal J, Hartmann RW. Replacement of Imidazolyl by Pyridyl in Biphenylmethylenes Results in Selective CYP17 and Dual CYP17/CYP11B1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5749-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100317b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhong Hu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Carsten Jagusch
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ulrike E. Hille
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörg Haupenthal
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarland University, Campus C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Gobbi S, Zimmer C, Belluti F, Rampa A, Hartmann RW, Recanatini M, Bisi A. Novel Highly Potent and Selective Nonsteroidal Aromatase Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Structure−Activity Relationships Investigation. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5347-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100319h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gobbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Christina Zimmer
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 151150, & Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Federica Belluti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela Rampa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 151150, & Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Maurizio Recanatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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Figg WD, Woo S, Zhu W, Chen X, Ajiboye AS, Steinberg SM, Price DK, Wright JJ, Parnes HL, Arlen PM, Gulley JL, Dahut WL. A phase I clinical study of high dose ketoconazole plus weekly docetaxel for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. J Urol 2010; 183:2219-26. [PMID: 20399458 PMCID: PMC3474294 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase I study of high dose ketoconazole and docetaxel was designed against castration resistant prostate cancer to determine the maximum tolerated doses, side effects, and pharmacokinetic interaction of co-administered docetaxel and ketoconazole. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer received weekly docetaxel for 3 of every 4 weeks plus daily ketoconazole. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed on day 1 (docetaxel alone) and day 16 (after ketoconazole). RESULTS The study enrolled 42 patients at 9 different dose levels. The combination regimens investigated included docetaxel weekly, increasing from 5 to 43 mg/m(2), with starting doses of 600, 800 or 1,200 mg ketoconazole daily. Decreases in prostate specific antigen of 50% or greater were seen in 62% of patients. Of 25 patients with soft tissue disease 7 (28%) had a partial response. Median overall survival was 22.8 months and was significantly greater in docetaxel naïve patients than in patients pretreated with docetaxel (36.8 vs 10.3 months, p = 0.0001). The most frequently observed adverse events were anemia, edema, fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, sensory neuropathy and elevated liver function tests. The fractional change in docetaxel clearance correlated significantly with ketoconazole exposure (p <0.01). Concomitant ketoconazole increased docetaxel exposure 2.6-fold with 1,200 mg daily, 1.6-fold with 800 mg daily and approximately 1.3 to 1.5-fold with 600 mg daily. CONCLUSIONS Combination regimens using 600 mg ketoconazole daily were fairly well tolerated and the maximum tolerated dose of docetaxel was 32 mg/m(2). Results suggest that the combination has significant antitumor activity in castration resistant prostate cancer. The long survival in the docetaxel naïve cohort warrants additional, larger trials of docetaxel with ketoconazole or possibly CYP17A1 inhibitors such as abiraterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Figg
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Hu Q, Negri M, Olgen S, Hartmann R. The Role of Fluorine Substitution in Biphenyl Methylene Imidazole-Type CYP17 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Prostate Carcinoma. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:899-910. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Roy PP, Roy K. Classical and 3D-QSAR studies of cytochrome 17 inhibitor imidazole-substituted biphenyls. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020903426493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hille UE, Hu Q, Pinto-Bazurco Mendieta MA, Bartels M, Vock CA, Lauterbach T, Hartmann RW. Steroidogenic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes as drug targets: Combining substructures of known CYP inhibitors leads to compounds with different inhibitory profile. CR CHIM 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Veytsman I, Nieman L, Fojo T. Management of endocrine manifestations and the use of mitotane as a chemotherapeutic agent for adrenocortical carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:4619-29. [PMID: 19667279 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.17.2775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy in which patients have poor overall 5-year survival. Patients with ACC can present with symptoms of hormone excess, including Cushing's syndrome, virilization, feminization, or--less frequently--hypertension with hypokalemia. In many patients with ACC, advanced disease at presentation precludes surgery or is followed by local relapse or distant metastatic disease that cannot be managed surgically. In these instances, chemotherapy is often tried, but its limited efficacy all too often leaves the problem of persistent hormonal excess. Physicians who treat patients with ACC and severe hypercortisolism should recognize that uncontrolled hormone production is a malignant disease, which has severe consequences that require aggressive management. Because chemotherapy benefits only a small percentage of patients, steroidogenesis inhibitors, including mitotane, ketoconazole, metyrapone, and etomidate, should be used singly or in combination even as chemotherapy is administered. Diligent management with frequent adjustments is required, especially in patients with chemotherapy-refractory tumors that continue to grow. In the absence of randomized, controlled trials, adjuvant use of mitotane remains controversial, although the authors of a recent case-control study argue for its use. Despite difficulty administering effective doses, most clinicians agree that mitotane should be used if the tumor cannot be removed surgically or should be used as adjuvant therapy if there is a high likelihood of recurrence. The option of long-term monotherapy is restricted to patients who tolerate mitotane and either experience a clinical response or are at high risk for recurrence. Recommendations are provided to help manage patients with this difficult disease and to improve the quality of their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Veytsman
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bldg 10, Rm 12N226, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Pinto-Bazurco Mendieta MAE, Negri M, Hu Q, Hille UE, Jagusch C, Jahn-Hoffmann K, Müller-Vieira U, Schmidt D, Lauterbach T, Hartmann RW. CYP17 inhibitors. Annulations of additional rings in methylene imidazole substituted biphenyls: synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2008; 341:597-609. [PMID: 18720339 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200700251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-one novel compounds originating from two classes of annulated biphenyls were synthesized as mimetics of the steroidal A- and C-rings and examined for their potency as inhibitors of human CYP17. Selected compounds were tested for inhibition of the hepatic CYP enzyme 3A4. Potent CYP17 inhibitors were found for each class, compound 9 (17 and 71% at 0.2 and 2 microM, respectively) and 21 (591 nM). Compound 21 showed only weak inhibition of CYP3A4 (32 and 64% at 2 and 10 microM, respectively). Both compounds, however, exhibited moderate to strong inhibition of the glucocorticoid-forming enzyme CYP11B1. The most interesting compounds were docked into our protein model. They bound into one of the modes which we have previously published. New interaction regions were identified.
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Pinto-Bazurco Mendieta MAE, Negri M, Jagusch C, Müller-Vieira U, Lauterbach T, Hartmann RW. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling of abiraterone analogues: novel CYP17 inhibitors for the treatment of prostate cancer. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5009-18. [PMID: 18672868 DOI: 10.1021/jm800355c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abiraterone, a steroidal cytochrome P450 17alpha-hydroxylase-17,20-lyase inhibitor (CYP17), is currently undergoing phase II clinical trials as a potential drug for the treatment of androgen-dependent prostate cancer. Since steroidal compounds often show side effects attributable to their structure, we have tried to replace the sterane scaffold by nonsteroidal core structures. The design and synthesis of 20 new abiraterone mimetics are described. Their activities have been tested with recombinant human CYP17 expressed in E. coli. Promising compounds were further evaluated for selectivity against CYP11B1, CYP11B2, and the hepatic CYP3A4. Compounds 19 and 20 showed comparable activity to abiraterone (IC50 values of 144 and 64 nM vs 72 nM) and similar or even better selectivity against the other CYP enzymes. Selected compounds were also docked into our homology model, and the same binding modes as for abiraterone were found.
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Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling studies of novel ACD- and ABD-ring steroidomimetics as inhibitors of CYP17. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:267-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bruno RD, Njar VC. Targeting cytochrome P450 enzymes: a new approach in anti-cancer drug development. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5047-60. [PMID: 17544277 PMCID: PMC1958998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) represent a large class of heme-containing enzymes that catalyze the metabolism of multitudes of substrates both endogenous and exogenous. Until recently, however, CYPs have been largely overlooked in cancer drug development, acknowledged only for their role in phase I metabolism of chemotherapeutics. The first successful strategy targeting CYP enzymes in cancer therapy was the development of potent inhibitors of CYP19 (aromatase) for the treatment of breast cancer. Aromatase inhibitors ushered in a new era in hormone ablation therapy for estrogen dependent cancers, and have paved the way for similar strategies (i.e., inhibition of CYP17) that combat androgen dependent prostate cancer. Identification of CYPs involved in the inactivation of anti-cancer metabolites of vitamin D(3) and vitamin A has triggered development of agents that target these enzymes as well. The discovery of the over-expression of exogenous metabolizing CYPs, such as CYP1B1, in cancer cells has roused interest in the development of inhibitors for chemoprevention and of prodrugs designed to be activated by CYPs only in cancer cells. Finally, the expression of CYPs within tumors has been utilized in the development of bioreductive molecules that are activated by CYPs only under hypoxic conditions. This review offers the first comprehensive analysis of strategies in drug development that either inhibit or exploit CYP enzymes for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Bruno
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, U.S.A
| | - Vincent C.O. Njar
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, U.S.A
- The University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, U.S.A
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