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Prognostic Significance of Cyclins A2, B1, D1, and E1 and CCND1 Numerical Aberrations in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2018; 2018:7253510. [PMID: 29785357 PMCID: PMC5892296 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7253510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed the expression of cyclins A2, B1, D1, and E1 by immunohistochemistry and numerical aberrations in CCND1 gene by fluorescence in situ hybridization technique in 67 primary oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). Cyclin A2 expression was observed in 54 (83.1%) tumours, cyclin D1 in 58 (89.2%), cyclin B1 in 39 (60%), and cyclin E in 21 (32.8%). CCND1 region analysis revealed 26 (43.3%) tumours with the presence of numerical aberrations which were correlated with cyclin D1 high expression (Rho = 0.48; p < 0.001). Twenty-nine (45.3%) tumours were classified as high proliferative tumours assessed by Ki-67 protein expression and correlated with tumours with high expression of cyclin A2 (Rho = 0.30; p = 0.016) and cyclin B1 (Rho = 0.37; p = 0.003). In multivariate analysis for an overall five-year survival (OS), we found an adverse independent prognostic value for cyclin A2 high expression (p = 0.031) and for advanced tumour stage (p < 0.001). Our results confirm that several cyclins are commonly expressed in OSCC. CCND1 gene is abnormal in more than one-third of the cases and is frequently associated with cyclin D1 high expression. Moreover, cyclin A2 high expression is an independent indicator of worse OS suggesting that this protein may serve as a reliable biological marker to identify high-risk subgroups with poor prognosis.
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2
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Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common neoplasia of the mouth. Downregulation of p16(INK4a) (a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor) has been reported for mouth cancer and it is believed that its inactivation is an early event in oral carcinogenesis. The goal of this article is to quantitatively report expression of p16(INK4a) and the state of methylation in oral squamous cell carcinoma, and evaluate its relationship with the clinical and prognostic factors, in addition to setting out a multivariate model that predicts survival. The mean expression of p16(INK4a) was 7.70 (SD=14.07) (F=0.894; P=0.449). According to the semiquantitative analysis, there were statistically significant differences, where 19 cases were negative (<2 %), 11 at initial stages, and 8 at advanced stages (χ(2)=6.016; P<0.05). The methylation of p16(INK4a) was not associated with any of the clinical or pathologic variables. Kaplan-Meier curve showed a better survival for patients in initial stages (40.72 mo) compared to those in advanced stages (28.6 mo) (P<0.01). Survival was also reduced in a statistically significant manner in patients with any degree of dysplasia in the adjacent margin (P<0.05). During univariate Cox regression analysis, it was observed that individuals with relapse had a higher risk (almost 9 times higher) [P<0.001; hazard ratio=8.91; 95% confidence interval (CI), 4.18-19.02]. During the Cox multivariate analysis for each unit of decrease in p16(INK4a), the risk increased by 1.06) (P<0.05; hazard ratio=0.94; 95% CI, 0.89-1.00). p16(INK4a) expression is reduced with advancing tumor stage and its gene silencing is associated with an increased risk of death.
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3
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Wangsa D, Chowdhury SA, Ryott M, Gertz EM, Elmberger G, Auer G, Åvall Lundqvist E, Küffer S, Ströbel P, Schäffer AA, Schwartz R, Munck-Wikland E, Ried T, Heselmeyer-Haddad K. Phylogenetic analysis of multiple FISH markers in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma suggests that a diverse distribution of copy number changes is associated with poor prognosis. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:98-109. [PMID: 26175310 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is associated with poor prognosis. To improve prognostication, we analyzed four gene probes (TERC, CCND1, EGFR and TP53) and the centromere probe CEP4 as a marker of chromosomal instability, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in single cells from the tumors of sixty-five OTSCC patients (Stage I, n = 15; Stage II, n = 30; Stage III, n = 7; Stage IV, n = 13). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the FISH data distinguished three clusters related to smoking status. Copy number increases of all five markers were found to be correlated to non-smoking habits, while smokers in this cohort had low-level copy number gains. Using the phylogenetic modeling software FISHtrees, we constructed models of tumor progression for each patient based on the four gene probes. Then, we derived test statistics on the models that are significant predictors of disease-free and overall survival, independent of tumor stage and smoking status in multivariate analysis. The patients whose tumors were modeled as progressing by a more diverse distribution of copy number changes across the four genes have poorer prognosis. This is consistent with the view that multiple genetic pathways need to become deregulated in order for cancer to progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darawalee Wangsa
- Genetics Branch, Center For Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Salim Akhter Chowdhury
- Joint Carnegie Mellon/University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program In Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.,Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Michael Ryott
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sophiahemmet Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Michael Gertz
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center For Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Göran Elmberger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pathology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Gert Auer
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Åvall Lundqvist
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology And Department Of Clinical And Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Stefan Küffer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alejandro A Schäffer
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center For Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Russell Schwartz
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eva Munck-Wikland
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head And Neck Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Ried
- Genetics Branch, Center For Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kerstin Heselmeyer-Haddad
- Genetics Branch, Center For Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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van Kempen PMW, Noorlag R, Braunius WW, Moelans CB, Rifi W, Savola S, Koole R, Grolman W, van Es RJJ, Willems SM. Clinical relevance of copy number profiling in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2015. [PMID: 26194878 PMCID: PMC4618623 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current conventional treatment modalities in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are nonselective and have shown to cause serious side effects. Unraveling the molecular profiles of head and neck cancer may enable promising clinical applications that pave the road for personalized cancer treatment. We examined copy number status in 36 common oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in a cohort of 191 oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) and 164 oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) using multiplex ligation probe amplification. Copy number status was correlated with human papillomavirus (HPV) status in OPSCC, with occult lymph node status in OSCC and with patient survival. The 11q13 region showed gain or amplifications in 59% of HPV-negative OPSCC, whereas this amplification was almost absent in HPV-positive OPSCC. Additionally, in clinically lymph node-negative OSCC (Stage I–II), gain of the 11q13 region was significantly correlated with occult lymph node metastases with a negative predictive value of 81%. Multivariate survival analysis revealed a significantly decreased disease-free survival in both HPV-negative and HPV-positive OPSCC with a gain of Wnt-induced secreted protein-1. Gain of CCND1 showed to be an independent predictor for worse survival in OSCC. These results show that copy number aberrations, mainly of the 11q13 region, may be important predictors and prognosticators which allow for stratifying patients for personalized treatment of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline M W van Kempen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Noorlag
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Weibel W Braunius
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy B Moelans
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Widad Rifi
- Tumor diagnostics, MRC-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suvi Savola
- Tumor diagnostics, MRC-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Koole
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilko Grolman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J J van Es
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan M Willems
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Salehinejad J, Sharifi N, Amirchaghmaghi M, Ghazi N, Shakeri MT, Ghazi A. Immunohistochemical expression of p16 protein in oral squamous cell carcinoma and lichen planus. Ann Diagn Pathol 2014; 18:210-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Segura S, Rozas-Muñoz E, Toll A, Martín-Ezquerra G, Masferrer E, Espinet B, Rodriguez M, Baró T, Barranco C, Pujol R. Evaluation of MYC status in oral lichen planus in patients with progression to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169:106-14. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Segura
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital del Mar; Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25-29 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - E. Rozas-Muñoz
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital del Mar; Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25-29 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - A. Toll
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital del Mar; Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25-29 08003 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Cytogenetics; Hospital del Mar; Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25-29 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - G. Martín-Ezquerra
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital del Mar; Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25-29 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - E. Masferrer
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital del Mar; Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25-29 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - B. Espinet
- Department of Cytogenetics; Hospital del Mar; Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25-29 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - M. Rodriguez
- Department of Cytogenetics; Hospital del Mar; Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25-29 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - T. Baró
- Department of Cytogenetics; Hospital del Mar; Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25-29 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - C. Barranco
- Department of Cytogenetics; Hospital del Mar; Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25-29 08003 Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - R.M. Pujol
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital del Mar; Parc de Salut Mar, Passeig Marítim 25-29 08003 Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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7
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The clinical impact of p16 status in fine-needle aspirates of cervical lymph node metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 270:661-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-012-2039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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8
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Saawarn S, Astekar M, Saawarn N, Dhakar N, Gomateshwar Sagari S. Cyclin d1 expression and its correlation with histopathological differentiation in oral squamous cell carcinoma. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:978327. [PMID: 22629227 PMCID: PMC3353659 DOI: 10.1100/2012/978327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Cyclin D1 regulates the G1 to S transition of cell cycle. Its deregulation or overexpression may lead to disturbance in the normal cell cycle control and tumour formation. Overexpression of cyclin D1 has been reported in various tumors of diverse histogenesis. This case control retrospective study was carried out to study the immunohistochemical reactivity and expression of cyclin D1 and its association with site, clinical staging, and histopathological differentiation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods. Forty formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of biopsy specimens of oral squamous cell carcinoma were immunohistochemically evaluated for expression of cyclin D1. Results. Cyclin D1 expression was seen in 45% cases of OSCC. It did not correlate with site and clinical staging. Highest expression was seen in well-differentiated, followed by moderately differentiated, and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas, with a statistically significant correlation. Conclusion. Cyclin D1 expression significantly increases with increase in differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Saawarn
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Peoples Dental Academy, Bhanpur, Bhopal, 462037 MP, India.
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Monteiro LS, Diniz-Freitas M, Garcia-Caballero T, Warnakulasuriya S, Forteza J, Fraga M. Combined cytoplasmic and membranous EGFR and p53 overexpression is a poor prognostic marker in early stage oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 41:559-67. [PMID: 22417132 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate the expression of several molecules that regulate growth, the cell cycle and signalling pathways including EGFR, p53, p16 and p27 in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). We examined their utility as prognostic markers by relating to clinicopathological characteristics and the clinical outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using tissue microarray technology, we analysed 67 primary OSCC and examined immunohistochemical expression of EGFR, p53, p16 and p27. Multivariate analysis was conducted to examine their role in survival. RESULTS Many of the markers were highly expressed in these cancers. Membranous EGFR expression in 95.2%, both membrane and cytoplasm expression in 35%, p53 expression in 61.6%, p27 expression in 89.5% and p16 expression in 27.9% of cases. In the multivariate analysis, independent prognostic influence of a lower overall survival was determined only for advanced tumour stage (P < 0.001), p53 overexpression (P = 0.004), EGFR cytoplasm and membrane co-expression location (P = 0.002) and p16 reduced expression (P = 0.002). When considering a subgroup of early stage tumours, p53 overexpression (P = 0.028) and combined membranous and cytoplasm EGFR co-expression (P = 0.039) were indicators of a lower overall survival. For disease-free survival, in addition to these three factors, the histological grade (P = 0.011) showed independent prognostic values. CONCLUSION The independent value of EGFR subcellular location (cytoplasm and membrane) and p53 overexpression in overall survival even in early stages of OSCC suggests that these markers may serve as reliable biological markers to identify high-risk subgroups and to guide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Silva Monteiro
- Medicine and Oral Surgery Department, Dental Sciences Group-Health Sciences Research Centre, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Norte, Paredes, Portugal.
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10
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Nakata Y, Uzawa N, Takahashi KI, Sumino J, Michikawa C, Sato H, Sonoda I, Ohyama Y, Okada N, Amagasa T. EGFR gene copy number alteration is a better prognostic indicator than protein overexpression in oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:2364-72. [PMID: 21852109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is particularly important in the pathogenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), conflicting data have been reported on the correlation between EGFR copy number and survival and the association between EGFR copy number and protein expression. Anatomical site of the tumour in HNSCCs may likely contribute to the discordance of the above points as EGFR expression may differ between the sub-sites of HNSCCs. Thus, in this study, we focused on oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas (OTSCCs). To investigate the association between EGFR copy number alteration and overexpression and to determine which is the more reliable prognostic indicator, Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) were performed at a single institution on samples from 89 patients with OTSCCs undergoing surgery as the primary treatment modality. Thirty-two (36%) of 89 cases demonstrated an EGFR copy number alteration. EGFR protein expression was found in all 89 cases, of which 82.0% showed overexpression. No significant correlation was found between gene copy number and protein overexpression. Gene copy number alteration was significantly associated with reduced disease-free survival (P=0.048) and overall survival (P=0.001). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis demonstrated that EGFR copy number increase was significantly correlated with overall survival (P=0.001). EGFR copy number status is a more reliable indicator than protein overexpression of the survival rate in OTSCCs. FISH analysis of the EGFR status is useful in predicting poor prognosis in OTSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Nakata
- Maxillofacial Surgery, Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Kim ES, Herbst RS, Wistuba II, Lee JJ, Blumenschein GR, Tsao A, Stewart DJ, Hicks ME, Erasmus J, Gupta S, Alden CM, Liu S, Tang X, Khuri FR, Tran HT, Johnson BE, Heymach JV, Mao L, Fossella F, Kies MS, Papadimitrakopoulou V, Davis SE, Lippman SM, Hong WK. The BATTLE trial: personalizing therapy for lung cancer. Cancer Discov 2011; 1:44-53. [PMID: 22586319 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8274.cd-10-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 704] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Biomarker-integrated Approaches of Targeted Therapy for Lung Cancer Elimination (BATTLE) trial represents the first completed prospective, biopsy-mandated, biomarker-based, adaptively randomized study in 255 pretreated lung cancer patients. Following an initial equal randomization period, chemorefractory non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were adaptively randomized to erlotinib, vandetanib, erlotinib plus bexarotene, or sorafenib, based on relevant molecular biomarkers analyzed in fresh core needle biopsy specimens. Overall results include a 46% 8-week disease control rate (primary end point), confirm prespecified hypotheses, and show an impressive benefit from sorafenib among mutant-KRAS patients. BATTLE establishes the feasibility of a new paradigm for a personalized approach to lung cancer clinical trials. SIGNIFICANCE The BATTLE study is the first completed prospective, adaptively randomized study in heavily pretreated NSCLC patients that mandated tumor profiling with "real-time" biopsies, taking a substantial step toward realizing personalized lung cancer therapy by integrating real-time molecular laboratory findings in delineating specific patient populations for individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Kim
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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12
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p16(INK4a)/CDKN2 expression and its relationship with oral squamous cell carcinoma is our current knowledge enough? Cancer Lett 2011; 306:134-41. [PMID: 21411222 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) are the most common malignancy of the oral cavity and their multistep development requires the accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. Inactivation of p16(INK4a), encoded by the CDKN2 gene has been widely associated with this type of tumors. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the relationship between p16(INK4a) expression and the different clinical and pathological aspects of OSCC, analyze the variation in results between studies, detailing the described genetic/epigenetic alterations that result in gene silencing and the relationship between p16(INK4a) and HPV infection.
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Epidermal growth factor receptor gene copy number aberration at the primary tumour is significantly associated with extracapsular spread in oral cancer. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:850-5. [PMID: 21304522 PMCID: PMC3048213 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Extracapsular spread (ECS) of lymph node metastasis in head and neck cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs), is known to reflect tumour aggressiveness, and is significantly associated with high rates of loco-regional recurrence, distant metastasis, and poor outcome. The purpose of this study was to confirm ECS as an important prognostic indicator and to determine the significant factors associated with ECS in OSCCs. Methods: We investigated the incidence of ECS and impact of ECS on survival in 127 OSCC patients. To determine the factors significantly correlated with ECS, we examined many factors, including the clinicopathological features of primary tumours, lymph node metastasis, and copy number aberrations of the cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) and epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) at primary tumours, and evaluated the value of predicting the risk of ECS of the metastatic lymph node. Results: Kaplan–Meier and multivariate disease-free and overall survival analysis clearly demonstrated that ECS is an independent prognostic factor in OSCCs. Moreover, logistic regression analysis showed that the number of pathologically positive nodes and copy number aberrations of EGFR at the primary tumour are independent predictors of ECS. Conclusions: The findings suggest that ECS is an independent prognostic factor in OSCCs. Moreover, the number of pathologically positive lymph nodes and EGFR numerical aberrations of the primary tumour were also shown to be excellent predictors of ECS in OSCCs. Preoperative evaluation of EGFR numerical aberrations might therefore be a useful tool for selecting patients at high risk of ECS, who would benefit from targeted aggressive multimodality therapy.
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14
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Martín-Ezquerra G, Salgado R, Toll A, Gilaberte M, Baró T, Alameda Quitllet F, Yébenes M, Solé F, Garcia-Muret M, Espinet B, Pujol R. Multiple genetic copy number alterations in oral squamous cell carcinoma: study of MYC
, TP53
, CCDN1, EGFR
and ERBB2
status in primary and metastatic tumours. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:1028-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Sato H, Uzawa N, Takahashi KI, Myo K, Ohyama Y, Amagasa T. Prognostic utility of chromosomal instability detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization in fine-needle aspirates from oral squamous cell carcinomas. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:182. [PMID: 20459605 PMCID: PMC2881888 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although chromosomal instability (CIN) has been detected in many kinds of human malignancies by means of various methods, there is no practical assessment for small clinical specimens. In this study, we evaluated CIN in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsied oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, and investigated its prognostic significance. METHODS To evaluate CIN status of tumors, FISH with genomic probes for the centromeres of chromosomes 7, 9, and 11 was performed on specimens obtained by FNA from 77 patients with primary oral SCCs. RESULTS High-grade CIN (CIN3) was observed in 11.7% (9/77) of patients with oral SCCs and was associated significantly with reduced disease-free survival (p = .008) and overall survival (p = .003). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that CIN status was significantly correlated with disease-free survival (p = .035) and overall survival (p = .041). CONCLUSION Analysis of CIN status using FISH on FNA biopsy specimens may be useful in predicting of recurrence and poor prognosis in patients with oral SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Sato
- Maxillofacial Surgery, Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Takahashi KI, Uzawa N, Myo K, Okada N, Amagasa T. Simultaneous Assessment of Cyclin D1 and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene Copy Number for Prognostic Factor in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1348-8643(09)80009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Kim YJ, Cho YE, Kim YW, Kim JY, Lee S, Park JH. Suppression of putative tumour suppressor gene GLTSCR2 expression in human glioblastomas. J Pathol 2008; 216:218-24. [PMID: 18729076 DOI: 10.1002/path.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glioma tumour-suppressor candidate region gene 2 (GLTSCR2/PICT-1) is localized within the well-known 1.4 Mb tumour-suppressive region of chromosome 19q, which is frequently altered in various human tumours, including diffuse gliomas. Aside from its chromosomal localization, several lines of evidence, including PTEN-phosphorylating and cell-killing activities, suggests that GLTSCR2 participates in the suppression of tumour growth and development. However, little is known about the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of GLTSCR2 as a tumour suppressor gene. We investigated the pathological significance of GLTSCR2 expression in association with the development and progression of glioblastomas, the most common malignant brain tumour. We used real-time PCR and western blot analysis to examine the expression levels of GLTSCR2 mRNA and protein in glioblastomas, normal brain tissue and in non-glial tumour tissue of different origin, and found that GLTSCR2 expression is down-regulated in glioblastomas. In addition, direct sequencing analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization clearly demonstrates the presence of genetic alterations, such as a nonsense mutation and deletion, in the GLTSCR2 gene in glioblastomas. Finally, our immunohistochemical study demonstrates that GLTSCR2 is sequentially down-regulated according to the histological malignant progression of the astrocytic glial tumour. Taken together, our results suggest that GLTSCR2 is involved in astrocytic glioma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-J Kim
- Department of Pathology and Medical Research Centre for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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