1
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Omura M, Kosaka T, Kobayashi H, Shigeta K, Matsumoto K, Hara S, Kikuchi E, Mikami S, Saya H, Sato Y, Oya M. Vasohibin-1 Expression Can Predict Pathological Complete Remission of Advanced Bladder Cancer with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2024; 31:2951-2958. [PMID: 38376711 PMCID: PMC10997694 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-024-15009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is a well-established standard practice in invasive bladder cancer (BCa), however patient selection remains challenging. High expression of vasohibin-1 (VASH1), an endogenous regulator of angiogenesis, has been reported in high-grade and advanced BCa; however, its prognostic value for chemotherapy outcomes remains unexplored. In this study, we sought to identify biomarkers of chemotherapy response focusing on the relationship between angiogenesis and tissue hypoxia. METHODS Forty Japanese patients with BCa who underwent NAC and radical cystectomy were included in the present analysis. We compared the immunohistochemical expression of CD34, VASH1, and carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) between patients who achieved tumor clearance at operation (ypT0) and those with residual disease after cystectomy. RESULTS There were 19 patients in the ypT0 group, while the remaining 21 patients had residual tumors at operation. Patients in the ypT0 group had high microvessel density (p = 0.031), high VASH1 density (p < 0.001), and stronger CA9 staining (p = 0.046) than their counterparts. Multivariate analysis identified microvessel and VASH1 density as independent predictive factors for pathological ypT0 disease (p = 0.043 and 0.002, respectively). The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate was higher in the high VASH1 density group than in the low VASH1 density group (66.3% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.036). CONCLUSION VASH1 density is a potential therapeutic biomarker for chemotherapy response in BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minami Omura
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shigeta
- Department of Urology, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Hara
- Department of Urology, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eiji Kikuchi
- Department of Urology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shuji Mikami
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Sato
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Tang L, Xu H, Wu T, Wu W, Lu Y, Gu J, Wang X, Zhou M, Chen Q, Sun X, Cai H. Advances in tumor microenvironment and underlying molecular mechanisms of bladder cancer: a systematic review. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:111. [PMID: 38602556 PMCID: PMC11009183 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-00902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most frequent malignant tumors of the urinary system. The prevalence of bladder cancer among men and women is roughly 5:2, and both its incidence and death have been rising steadily over the past few years. At the moment, metastasis and recurrence of advanced bladder cancer-which are believed to be connected to the malfunction of multigene and multilevel cell signaling network-remain the leading causes of bladder cancer-related death. The therapeutic treatment of bladder cancer will be greatly aided by the elucidation of these mechanisms. New concepts for the treatment of bladder cancer have been made possible by the advancement of research technologies and a number of new treatment options, including immunotherapy and targeted therapy. In this paper, we will extensively review the development of the tumor microenvironment and the possible molecular mechanisms of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Tang
- Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haifei Xu
- Department of Urology, Nantong Tumor Hospital and Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuhao Lu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jijia Gu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Department of Urology, Nantong Tumor Hospital and Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qiuyang Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xuan Sun
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongzhou Cai
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Wang Y, Buck A, Piel B, Zerefa L, Murugan N, Coherd CD, Miklosi AG, Johal H, Bastos RN, Huang K, Ficial M, Laimon YN, Signoretti S, Zhong Z, Hoang SM, Kastrunes GM, Grimaud M, Fayed A, Yuan HC, Nguyen QD, Thai T, Ivanova EV, Paweletz CP, Wu MR, Choueiri TK, Wee JO, Freeman GJ, Barbie DA, Marasco WA. Affinity fine-tuning anti-CAIX CAR-T cells mitigate on-target off-tumor side effects. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:56. [PMID: 38491381 PMCID: PMC10943873 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01952-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the major hurdles that has hindered the success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies against solid tumors is on-target off-tumor (OTOT) toxicity due to sharing of the same epitopes on normal tissues. To elevate the safety profile of CAR-T cells, an affinity/avidity fine-tuned CAR was designed enabling CAR-T cell activation only in the presence of a highly expressed tumor associated antigen (TAA) but not when recognizing the same antigen at a physiological level on healthy cells. Using direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) which provides single-molecule resolution, and flow cytometry, we identified high carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) density on clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patient samples and low-density expression on healthy bile duct tissues. A Tet-On doxycycline-inducible CAIX expressing cell line was established to mimic various CAIX densities, providing coverage from CAIX-high skrc-59 tumor cells to CAIX-low MMNK-1 cholangiocytes. Assessing the killing of CAR-T cells, we demonstrated that low-affinity/high-avidity fine-tuned G9 CAR-T has a wider therapeutic window compared to high-affinity/high-avidity G250 that was used in the first anti-CAIX CAR-T clinical trial but displayed serious OTOT effects. To assess the therapeutic effect of G9 on patient samples, we generated ccRCC patient derived organotypic tumor spheroid (PDOTS) ex vivo cultures and demonstrated that G9 CAR-T cells exhibited superior efficacy, migration and cytokine release in these miniature tumors. Moreover, in an RCC orthotopic mouse model, G9 CAR-T cells showed enhanced tumor control compared to G250. In summary, G9 has successfully mitigated OTOT side effects and in doing so has made CAIX a druggable immunotherapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alicia Buck
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Brandon Piel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Luann Zerefa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Nithyassree Murugan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Christian D Coherd
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kun Huang
- Molecular Imaging Core, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Miriam Ficial
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yasmin Nabil Laimon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | | | - Gabriella M Kastrunes
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Marion Grimaud
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Atef Fayed
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hsien-Chi Yuan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Quang-De Nguyen
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Tran Thai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Elena V Ivanova
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Belfer Center of Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Cloud P Paweletz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Belfer Center of Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ming-Ru Wu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jon O Wee
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - David A Barbie
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Belfer Center of Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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4
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McDonald PC, Dedhar S. Co-vulnerabilities of inhibiting carbonic anhydrase IX in ferroptosis-mediated tumor cell death. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1327310. [PMID: 38099193 PMCID: PMC10720035 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1327310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumour-associated carbonic anhydrases (CA) IX and XII are upregulated by cancer cells to combat cellular and metabolic stress imparted by hypoxia and acidosis in solid tumours. Owing to its tumour-specific expression and function, CAIX is an attractive therapeutic target and this has driven intense efforts to develop pharmacologic agents to target its activity, including small molecule inhibitors. Many studies in multiple solid tumour models have demonstrated that targeting CAIX activity with the selective CAIX/XII inhibitor, SLC-0111, results in anti-tumour efficacy, particularly when used in combination with chemotherapy or immune checkpoint blockade, and has now advanced to the clinic. However, it has been observed that sustainability and durability of CAIX inhibition, even in combination with chemotherapy agents, is limited by the occurrence of adaptive resistance, resulting in tumour recurrence. Importantly, the data from these models demonstrates that CAIX inhibition may sensitize tumour cells to cytotoxic drugs and evidence now points to ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death (RCD) that results from accumulation of toxic levels of phospholipid peroxidation as a major mechanism involved in CAIX-mediated sensitization to cancer therapy. In this mini-review, we discuss recent advances demonstrating the mechanistic role CAIX plays in sensitizing cancer cells to ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. McDonald
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shoukat Dedhar
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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5
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Silva A, Félix A, Cerqueira M, Gonçalves CS, Sampaio-Marques B, Longatto-Filho A, Baltazar F, Afonso J. Effects of Lactate Transport Inhibition by AZD3965 in Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Bladder Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2688. [PMID: 38140029 PMCID: PMC10747642 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Warburg Effect is characterized by high rates of glucose uptake and lactate production. Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are crucial to avoid cellular acidosis by internal lactate accumulation, being largely overexpressed by cancer cells and associated with cancer aggressiveness. The MCT1-specific inhibitor AZD3965 has shown encouraging results in different cancer models. However, it has not been tested in urothelial bladder cancer (UBC), a neoplasm where rates of recurrence, progression and platinum-based resistance are generally elevated. We used two muscle-invasive UBC cell lines to study AZD3965 activity regarding lactate production, UBC cells' viability and proliferation, cell cycle profile, and migration and invasion properties. An "in vivo" assay with the chick chorioallantoic membrane model was additionally performed, as well as the combination of the compound with cisplatin. AZD3965 demonstrated anticancer activity upon low levels of MCT4, while a general lack of sensitivity was observed under MCT4 high expression. Cell viability, proliferation and migration were reduced, cell cycle was arrested, and tumor growth "in vivo" was inhibited. The compound sensitized these MCT4-low-expressing cells to cisplatin. Thus, AZD3965 seems to display anticancer properties in UBC under a low MCT4-expression setting, but additional studies are necessary to confirm AZD3965 activity in this cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.S.); (A.F.); (M.C.); (C.S.G.); (B.S.-M.); (A.L.-F.); (F.B.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Félix
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.S.); (A.F.); (M.C.); (C.S.G.); (B.S.-M.); (A.L.-F.); (F.B.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Mónica Cerqueira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.S.); (A.F.); (M.C.); (C.S.G.); (B.S.-M.); (A.L.-F.); (F.B.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Céline S. Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.S.); (A.F.); (M.C.); (C.S.G.); (B.S.-M.); (A.L.-F.); (F.B.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Belém Sampaio-Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.S.); (A.F.); (M.C.); (C.S.G.); (B.S.-M.); (A.L.-F.); (F.B.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Adhemar Longatto-Filho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.S.); (A.F.); (M.C.); (C.S.G.); (B.S.-M.); (A.L.-F.); (F.B.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM14), Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo State University, São Paulo 01049-010, SP, Brazil
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.S.); (A.F.); (M.C.); (C.S.G.); (B.S.-M.); (A.L.-F.); (F.B.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Julieta Afonso
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.S.); (A.F.); (M.C.); (C.S.G.); (B.S.-M.); (A.L.-F.); (F.B.)
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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6
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Venkateswaran G, McDonald PC, Chafe SC, Brown WS, Gerbec ZJ, Awrey SJ, Parker SJ, Dedhar S. A Carbonic Anhydrase IX/SLC1A5 Axis Regulates Glutamine Metabolism Dependent Ferroptosis in Hypoxic Tumor Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:1228-1242. [PMID: 37348875 PMCID: PMC10543979 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of tumor cells to alter their metabolism to support survival and growth presents a challenge to effectively treat cancers. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a hypoxia-induced, metabolic enzyme that plays a crucial role in pH regulation in tumor cells. Recently, through a synthetic lethal screen, we identified CAIX to play an important role in redox homeostasis. In this study, we show that CAIX interacts with the glutamine (Gln) transporter, solute carrier family 1 member 5 (SLC1A5), and coordinately functions to maintain redox homeostasis through the glutathione/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GSH/GPX4) axis. Inhibition of CAIX increases Gln uptake by SLC1A5 and concomitantly increases GSH levels. The combined inhibition of CAIX activity and Gln metabolism or the GSH/GPX4 axis results in an increase in lipid peroxidation and induces ferroptosis, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, this study demonstrates cotargeting of CAIX and Gln metabolism as a potential strategy to induce ferroptosis in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Venkateswaran
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul C. McDonald
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shawn C. Chafe
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wells S. Brown
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zachary J. Gerbec
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shannon J. Awrey
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Seth J. Parker
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shoukat Dedhar
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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7
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Zhang K, Wang ZQ, Liu Z, Qu T, Zhang Z, Zeng F, Song H, Shi Q, Kang Z, Chen B, Dai P, Guo P, Tong Z, Xu W. Self-Disguised Nanospy for Improving Drug Delivery Efficiency via Decreasing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300060. [PMID: 36929045 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale drug carriers play a crucial role in reducing side effects of chemotherapy drugs. However, the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) and the drug protonation after nanoparticles (NPs) burst release still limit the drug delivery efficiency. In this work, a self-disguised Nanospy is designed to overcome this problem. The Nanospy is composed of: i) poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG) loading doxorubicin is the core structure of the Nanospy. ii) CD47 mimic peptides (CD47p) is linked to NPs which conveyed the "don't eat me" signal. iii) 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonamide (AEBS) as the inhibitor of Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) linked to NPs. Briefly, when the Nanospy circulates in the bloodstream, CD47p binds to the regulatory protein α (SIRPα) on the surface of macrophages, which causes the Nanospy escapes from phagocytosis. Subsequently, the Nanospy enriches in tumor and the AEBS reverses the acidic microenvironment of tumor. Due to above characteristics, the Nanospy reduces liver macrophage phagocytosis by 25% and increases tumor in situ DOX concentration by 56% compared to PLGA@DOX treatment. In addition, the Nanospy effectively inhibits tumor growth with a 63% volume reduction. This work presents a unique design to evade the capture of MPS and overcomes the influence of acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) on weakly alkaline drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Zhang
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Urology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Qi Wang
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Urology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China
| | - Zhongqing Liu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Urology, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Tianrui Qu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Urology, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Zhishuai Zhang
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Urology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China
| | - Fanshu Zeng
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Urology, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Song
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Urology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China
| | - Qing Shi
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Urology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China
| | - Zhijian Kang
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Urology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China
| | - Bogong Chen
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Urology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China
| | - Peng Dai
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Urology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China
| | - Pengyu Guo
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Urology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China
| | - Zhichao Tong
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Urology, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Wanhai Xu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Urology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China
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8
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Zhang P, Sun Y, Shi L, Sun D, Wang L, Feng D, Ding C. Effect of isorhamnetin on carbonic anhydrase IX expression and tumorigenesis of bladder cancer by activating PPARγ/PTEN/AKT pathway. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102048. [PMID: 36905861 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To clarify the research prospect and mechanism analysis of isorhamnetin as a therapeutic drug for bladder cancer. METHODS Firstly, the effects of different concentrations of isorhamnetin on the expression of PPARγ/PTEN/Akt pathway protein, CA9, PPARγ, PTEN and AKT protein were discussed by western blot. The effects of isorhamnetin on the growth of bladder cells were also analyzed. Secondly, we verified whether the effect of isorhamnetin on CA9 was related to PPARγ/PTEN/Akt pathway by western blot, and the mechanism of isorhamnetin on the growth of bladder cells is related to this pathway by CCK8, cell cycle and ball formation experiment. Further, nude mouse model of subcutaneous tumor transplantation was constructed to analyze the effects of isorhamnetin, PPAR and PTEN on 5637 cell tumorigenesis and the effects of isorhamnetin on tumorigenesis and CA9 expression through PPARγ/PTEN/Akt pathway. RESULTS Isorhamnetin inhibited the development of bladder cancer, and regulated the expression of PPAR, PTEN, AKT, CA9. Isorhamnetin inhibits cell proliferation and the transition of cells from G0/G1 phase to S phase, and tumor sphere formation. Carbonic anhydrase IX is a potential downstream molecule of PPARγ/PTEN/AKT pathway. Overexpression of PPARγ and PTEN inhibited expression of CA9 in bladder cancer cells and tumor tissues. Isorhamnetin reduced CA9 expression in bladder cancer via PPARγ/PTEN/AKT pathway, thereby inhibiting bladder cancer tumorigenicity. CONCLUSION Isorhamnetin has the potential to become a therapeutic drug for bladder cancer, whose antitumor mechanism is related to PPARγ/PTEN/AKT pathway. Isorhamnetin reduced CA9 expression in bladder cancer via PPARγ/PTEN/AKT pathway, thereby inhibiting bladder cancer tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yisheng Sun
- Department of Urology, Shidao People's Hospital of Rongcheng, Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Dekang Sun
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Dongdong Feng
- Department of Urology, Haiyang People's Hospital, Haiyang, Shandong, China.
| | - Chao Ding
- Department of Urology, Longkou Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine, Longkou, Shandong, China.
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Ligor T, Adamczyk P, Kowalkowski T, Ratiu IA, Wenda-Piesik A, Buszewski B. Analysis of VOCs in Urine Samples Directed towards of Bladder Cancer Detection. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27155023. [PMID: 35956972 PMCID: PMC9370153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27155023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of most common types of cancer diagnosed in the genitourinary tract. Typical tests are costly and characterized by low sensitivity, which contributes to a growing interest in volatile biomarkers. Head space solid phase microextraction (SPME) was applied for the extraction of volatile organic compounds from urine samples, and gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC TOF MS) was used for the separation and detection of urinary volatiles. A cohort of 40 adult patients with bladder cancer and 57 healthy persons was recruited. Different VOC profiles were obtained for urine samples taken from each group. Twelvecompounds were found only in the samples from theBC group.The proposed candidate biomarkers are butyrolactone; 2-methoxyphenol; 3-methoxy-5-methylphenol; 1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-dien-1-yl)-2-buten-1-one; nootkatone and 1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)-2-buten-1-one.Since most of the studies published in the field are proving the potential of VOCs detected in urine samples for the screening and discrimination of patients with bladder cancer from healthy, but rarely presenting the identity of proposed biomarkers, our study represents a novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Ligor
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (B.B.)
| | - Przemysław Adamczyk
- Department of General and Oncologic Urology, Nicolaus Copernicus Hospital in Torun, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalkowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Ileana Andreea Ratiu
- “Raluca Ripan” Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele, RO-400239 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anna Wenda-Piesik
- Department of Agronomics, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (B.B.)
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10
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Al-Zubaidi M, Viswambaram P, McCombie S, Liow E, Lenzo N, Ferguson T, Redfern AD, Gauci R, Hayne D. 89Zirconium-labelled girentuximab ( 89Zr-TLX250) PET in Urothelial Cancer Patients (ZiPUP): protocol for a phase I trial of a novel staging modality for urothelial carcinoma. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e060478. [PMID: 35428649 PMCID: PMC9014075 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bladder cancer is a lethal disease with a rising incidence on a background of limited conventional imaging modalities for staging (either CT of the chest-abdomen-pelvis or 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emitting tomography (FDG-PET/CT)). CT is known to have relatively low sensitivity for detecting low volume metastatic disease, an important goal when considering surgical interventions entailing significant potential morbidity. FDG is also limited, being predominantly renally excreted and, therefore, producing intense non-specific activity in the urinary tract, which limits its utility to detect bladder and upper tract lesions, or nodal metastases in close proximity to the urinary tract. 89Zirconium-labelled girentuximab (89Zr-TLX250) may have utility in the accurate staging of bladder and urothelial carcinomas, with less renal excretion as compared with FDG; however, this has not previously been investigated. METHODS AND ANALYSIS 89Zirconium-labelled girentuximab PET in Urothelial Cancer Patients is a single-arm phase I trial examining the feasibility of using 89Zr-TLX250-PET/CT as a staging modality for urothelial and bladder carcinomas by examining isotope uptake by the cancer. This trial will also examine the safety and utility of 89Zr-TLX250-PET/CT in patients either undergoing preoperative staging of bladder or other urothelial carcinomas for curative intent, or with known metastatic urothelial carcinomas. All participants will undergo 89Zr-TLX250-PET/CT and will need to have undergone recent FDG-PET/CT for comparison. This trial aims to recruit 10 participants undergoing preoperative staging and 10 participants with known metastatic disease. The primary endpoint is feasibility defined by the ability to recruit to the target sample size within the study duration; secondary endpoints are safety, tolerability, sensitivity and specificity in detecting lymph node metastases compared with FDG-PET/CT. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval has been obtained from the South Metropolitan Health Service Human Research Ethics Committee (RGS0000003940). Eligible patients will only be enrolled after providing written informed consent. Patients will be given a full explanation, in lay terms, of the aims of the study and potential risks including as a written patient information sheet. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS ACTRN12621000411842, NCT05046665.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve McCombie
- Urology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Liow
- Urology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nat Lenzo
- Nuclear Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tom Ferguson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew D Redfern
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UWA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard Gauci
- Nuclear Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dickon Hayne
- Urology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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11
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CD47-targeted optical molecular imaging and near-infrared photoimmunotherapy in the detection and treatment of bladder cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:319-330. [PMID: 35118190 PMCID: PMC8784304 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) followed by intravesical therapy remains the most effective strategy for the management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer worldwide. TURBT has two purposes: to remove all visible tumors and to obtain tumor specimens for histopathological analysis. However, the detection of flat and small malignant lesions under white-light cystoscopy is extremely challenging, and residual lesions are still the main reason for the high recurrence rate of bladder cancer. We hypothesized that visual enhancement of malignant lesions using targeted optical molecular imaging could potentially highlight residual tumors in the bladder during surgery, and near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) could kill exfoliated cancer cells and residual tumors. A mouse model of complete or partial bladder tumor resection was established under the guidance of optical molecular imaging mediated by indocyanine green and anti-CD47-Alexa Fluor 790, respectively. Once the tumor recurred, mouse model received repeated CD47-targeted NIR-PIT. After complete resection, there was no tumor recurrence. Furthermore, the growth rate of recurrent tumor decreased significantly after repeated NIR-PIT. Therefore, CD47-targeted optical molecular imaging can potentially assist urologists to detect and remove all tumors, and repeated NIR-PIT shows the potential to reduce tumor recurrence rates and inhibit the growth of recurrent tumor.
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12
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Sebestyén A, Dankó T, Sztankovics D, Moldvai D, Raffay R, Cervi C, Krencz I, Zsiros V, Jeney A, Petővári G. The role of metabolic ecosystem in cancer progression — metabolic plasticity and mTOR hyperactivity in tumor tissues. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 40:989-1033. [PMID: 35029792 PMCID: PMC8825419 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite advancements in cancer management, tumor relapse and metastasis are associated with poor outcomes in many cancers. Over the past decade, oncogene-driven carcinogenesis, dysregulated cellular signaling networks, dynamic changes in the tissue microenvironment, epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, protein expression within regulatory pathways, and their part in tumor progression are described in several studies. However, the complexity of metabolic enzyme expression is considerably under evaluated. Alterations in cellular metabolism determine the individual phenotype and behavior of cells, which is a well-recognized hallmark of cancer progression, especially in the adaptation mechanisms underlying therapy resistance. In metabolic symbiosis, cells compete, communicate, and even feed each other, supervised by tumor cells. Metabolic reprogramming forms a unique fingerprint for each tumor tissue, depending on the cellular content and genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental alterations of the developing cancer. Based on its sensing and effector functions, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is considered the master regulator of metabolic adaptation. Moreover, mTOR kinase hyperactivity is associated with poor prognosis in various tumor types. In situ metabolic phenotyping in recent studies highlights the importance of metabolic plasticity, mTOR hyperactivity, and their role in tumor progression. In this review, we update recent developments in metabolic phenotyping of the cancer ecosystem, metabolic symbiosis, and plasticity which could provide new research directions in tumor biology. In addition, we suggest pathomorphological and analytical studies relating to metabolic alterations, mTOR activity, and their associations which are necessary to improve understanding of tumor heterogeneity and expand the therapeutic management of cancer.
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Schmidt J, Oppermann E, Blaheta RA, Schreckenbach T, Lunger I, Rieger MA, Bechstein WO, Holzer K, Malkomes P. Carbonic-anhydrase IX expression is increased in thyroid cancer tissue and represents a potential therapeutic target to eradicate thyroid tumor-initiating cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 535:111382. [PMID: 34216643 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The expression of Carbonic-anhydrase IX (CAIX) in thyroid cancer (TC) subtypes was determined and its role in cancer cell growth and tumor-initiating cells (TICs) investigated. Immunohistochemistry in 114 TC patients revealed that CAIX expression was increased in tumor specimens of papillary, follicular and anaplastic TCs compared to normal thyroid tissue. Clinicopathological data indicated that lymph node metastases were more frequent in patients with high CAIX expression. The Cancer Genome Atlas database analysis demonstrated that a strong CAIX-mRNA expression was associated with advanced tumor stages and poor survival in TCs. In TC cell lines, CAIX expression was elevated in tumorspheres compared to monolayer cultures and was associated with an increased expression of stemness markers. Genetic knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of CAIX suppressed cell proliferation and the TIC ability to form tumorspheres by an induction of apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. These findings suggest CAIX as a potential prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schmidt
- Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elsie Oppermann
- Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roman A Blaheta
- Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Urology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Teresa Schreckenbach
- Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ilaria Lunger
- Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Inner Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael A Rieger
- Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Inner Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 42-44, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wolf Otto Bechstein
- Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katharina Holzer
- Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Philipps University Hospital of Marburg, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Visceral-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, Baldingerstraße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Patrizia Malkomes
- Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Leite KRM, Borges LL, Filho LR, Chade D, Coelho RF, Cordeiro M, Srougi M, Nahas WC. Histological Variants of Urothelial Carcinoma Predict No Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2021; 20:e1-e6. [PMID: 34393098 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer (MIBC) has been adopted as a standard of care related to better survival outcomes. However, there is a considerable number of patients who do not respond, experiencing toxicity and delay in the surgical treatment. Our aim is to find biomarkers of response that could be easily adopted in the clinical practice. METHODS Between January 2009 and July 2016, 52 patients with MIBC were submitted to radical cystectomy after NAC. A tissue microarray containing 25 cases, who met the inclusion criteria was built for immunohistochemical analysis of Cytokeratins 5/6, 7, and 20, GATA3, Her2, EGFR, p63, p53, Carbonic-anhydrase IX (CAIX), MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. The surgery was performed in a mean time of 58.7 (± 21) days after the end of the NAC. Fisher's exact test was used to analyze the relationship between response (≤pT1) and histopathological and immunohistochemical results and Kaplan-Meier curves were designed for survival analysis. RESULTS Ten (40.0%) patients presented response to NAC. Histological variants of the urothelial carcinoma characterized by squamous, sarcomatous/rhabdoid, plasmacytoid, and micropapillary was present in 36.0% and none responded to NAC (P = .002). CAIX was expressed by 53.3% and none responded to NAC (P= .005). Lymph-node metastasis, divergent differentiation, and expression of cytokeratin 5/6 were related to short cancer specific survival. CONCLUSION Histological variants and CAIX immune-expression are biomarkers of nonresponse to NAC of MIBC, and might be easily used in the clinical practice to select patients to be submitted to surgery upfront.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Ramos Moreira Leite
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation - LIM55, Urology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Lima Borges
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation - LIM55, Urology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo - ICESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Daher Chade
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo - ICESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mauricio Cordeiro
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo - ICESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel Srougi
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation - LIM55, Urology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian Carlos Nahas
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation - LIM55, Urology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo - ICESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Todenhöfer T, Gibb EA, Seiler R, Kamyabi A, Hennenlotter J, McDonald P, Moskalev I, Stewart C, Gao J, Fazli L, Dedhar S, Stenzl A, Oo HZ, Black PC. Evaluation of carbonic anhydrase IX as a potential therapeutic target in urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2021; 39:498.e1-498.e11. [PMID: 34083096 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) is important in the regulation of intra- and extracellular pH in solid tumors, contributing to cell growth and invasion. In urothelial carcinoma (UC), CA9 has been identified as a urinary marker for disease detection, but its biologic role is unknown. To date, differential gene expression patterns of CA9 in various molecular subtypes and potential effects of CA9 inhibition in UC cells are unknown. We aimed to investigate the function of CA9 and the effects of CA9 inhibition in invasive UC. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to assess CA9 expression in a cohort of 153 patients undergoing radical cystectomy. CA9 expression was correlated with molecular subtype by analysis of the TCGA data and of our own cohort of 223 patients with invasive UC receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. CA9 expression was assessed in a panel of 12 UC cell lines by Western Blot and qPCR, and multiple siRNAs were used to silence CA9 in 2 cell lines. Effects of CA9 silencing on cell growth, migration, and invasion were assessed. We also used the small molecule inhibitor U-104 to inhibit CA9 in vitro and in an orthotopic xenograft model. RESULTS CA9 expression was higher in cancer tissue compared to benign urothelium and was particularly highly expressed in luminal papillary and basal squamous tumors. CA9 expression did not correlate with outcome after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and/or radical cystectomy. Silencing of CA9 by siRNA diminished invasion but did not induce a consistent change of cell growth and migration. Treatment with U-104 led to cell growth reduction only at high concentrations in vitro and failed to have a significant effect on tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The present study confirms over-expression of CA9 in UC and for the first time shows a correlation with molecular subtypes. However, CA9 expression showed no association with the outcome of patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer and inhibition of CA9 did not lead to a consistent inhibition of tumor growth. Based on these data, CA9 exhibits a role neither as a predictive or prognostic marker nor as a therapeutic target in invasive UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Todenhöfer
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany; Clinical Trial Unit Studienpraxis Urologie, Nürtingen, Germany.
| | | | - Roland Seiler
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alireza Kamyabi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | - Igor Moskalev
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Craig Stewart
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jian Gao
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | - Htoo Zarni Oo
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Peter C Black
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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16
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Lodhi T, Song YP, West C, Hoskin P, Choudhury A. Hypoxia and its Modification in Bladder Cancer: Current and Future Perspectives. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2021; 33:376-390. [PMID: 33762140 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy plays an essential role in the curative treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Hypoxia affects the response to MIBC radiotherapy, limiting radiocurability. Likewise, hypoxia influences MIBC genetic instability and malignant progression being associated with metastatic disease and a worse prognosis. Hypoxia identification in MIBC enables treatment stratification and the promise of improved survival. The most promising methods are histopathological markers such as necrosis; biomarkers of protein expression such as HIF-1α, GLUT-1 and CAIX; microRNAs; and novel mRNA signatures. Although hypoxia modification can take different forms, the gold standard remains carbogen and nicotinamide, which improve local control rates in bladder preservation and absolute overall survival with no significant increase in late toxicity. This is an exciting time for evolving therapies such as bioreductive agents, novel oxygen delivery techniques, immunotherapy and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP) inhibitors, all in development and representing upcoming trends in MIBC hypoxia modification. Whatever the future holds for hypoxia-modified radiotherapy, there is no doubt of its importance in MIBC. mRNA signatures provide an ideal platform for the selection of those with hypoxic tumours but are yet to qualified and integrated into the clinic. Future interventional trials will require biomarker stratification to ensure optimal treatment response to improve outcomes for patients with MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lodhi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Y P Song
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - C West
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - P Hoskin
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Cancer Centre, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, UK
| | - A Choudhury
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
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17
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Yang Y, Liu C, Yan X, Li J, Yang X. En Bloc Tumor Resection, Optical Molecular Imaging, and the Potential Synergy of the Combination of the Two Techniques in Bladder Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:638083. [PMID: 33796465 PMCID: PMC8008058 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.638083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although transurethral resection of bladder tumor is the golden standard for the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, this surgical procedure still has some serious drawbacks. For example, piecemeal resection of tumor tissue results in exfoliated tumor cells dissemination and implantation, and fragmented tumor specimens make it difficult for pathologists to accurately assess the pathological stage and histologic grade. En bloc tumor resection follows the basic principle of oncological surgery and provides an intact tumor specimen containing detrusor muscle for pathologists to make accurate histopathological assessment. However, there is no robust clinical evidence that en bloc tumor resection is superior to conventional resection in terms of oncological outcomes. Considering the high recurrence rate, small or occult tumor lesions may be overlooked and incomplete tumor resection may occur during white light cystoscopy-assisted transurethral resection. Molecular fluorescent tracers have the ability to bind tumor cells with high sensitivity and specificity. Optical molecular imaging mediated by it can detect small or occult malignant lesions while minimizing the occurrence of false-positive results. Meanwhile, optical molecular imaging can provide dynamic and real-time image guidance in the surgical procedure, which helps urologists to accurately determine the boundary and depth of tumor invasion, so as to perform complete and high-quality transurethral tumor resection. Integrating the advantages of these two technologies, optical molecular imaging-assisted en bloc tumor resection shows the potential to improve the positive detection rate of small or occult tumor lesions and the quality of transurethral resection, resulting in high recurrence-free and progression-free survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Yang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chao Liu
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoting Yan
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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18
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Carbonic Anhydrase IX Promotes Human Cervical Cancer Cell Motility by Regulating PFKFB4 Expression. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051174. [PMID: 33803236 PMCID: PMC7967120 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a hypoxia-induced protein that is highly expressed in numerous human cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in CAIX and human cervical cancer metastasis remain poorly understood. Our study found that CAIX overexpression increases PFKFB4 expression and EMT, promoting cervical cancer cell migration. CAIX could contribute to cervical cancer cell metastasis and its inhibition could be a cervical cancer treatment strategy. Abstract Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a hypoxia-induced protein that is highly expressed in numerous human cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in CAIX and human cervical cancer metastasis remain poorly understood. In this study, CAIX overexpression in SiHa cells increased cell migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Silencing CAIX in the Caski cell line decreased the motility of cells and EMT. Furthermore, the RNA-sequencing analysis identified a target gene, bifunctional 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB4), which is influenced by CAIX overexpression and knockdown. A positive correlation was found between CAIX expression and PFKFB4 levels in the cervical cancer of the TCGA database. Mechanistically, CAIX overexpression activated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) to induce EMT and promote cell migration. In clinical results, human cervical cancer patients with CAIXhigh/PFKFB4high expression in the late stage had higher rates of lymph node metastasis and the shortest survival time. Our study found that CAIX overexpression increases PFKFB4 expression and EMT, promoting cervical cancer cell migration. CAIX could contribute to cervical cancer cell metastasis and its inhibition could be a cervical cancer treatment strategy.
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19
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Langella E, Buonanno M, De Simone G, Monti SM. Intrinsically disordered features of carbonic anhydrase IX proteoglycan-like domain. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2059-2067. [PMID: 33201250 PMCID: PMC11072538 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
hCA IX is a multi-domain protein belonging to the family of hCAs which are ubiquitous zinc enzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2 to HCO3- and H+. hCA IX is a tumor-associated enzyme with a limited distribution in normal tissues, but over-expressed in many tumors, and is a promising drug target. Although many studies concerning the CA IX catalytic domain were performed, little is known about the proteoglycan-like (PG-like) domain of hCA IX which has been poorly investigated so far. Here we attempt to fill this gap by providing an overview on the functional, structural and therapeutic studies of the PG-like domain of hCA IX which represents a unique feature within the CA family. The main studies and recent advances concerning PG role in modulating hCA IX catalytic activity as well as in tumor spreading and migration are here reported. Special attention has been paid to the newly discovered disordered features of the PG domain which open new perspectives about its molecular mechanisms of action under physiological and pathological conditions, since disorder is likely involved in mediating interactions with partner proteins. The emerged disordered features of PG domain will be explored for putative diagnostic and therapeutic applications involving CA IX targeting in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Langella
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Naples, Italy.
| | - Martina Buonanno
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Simone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Maria Monti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Naples, Italy.
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20
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Aldera AP, Govender D. Carbonic anhydrase IX: a regulator of pH and participant in carcinogenesis. J Clin Pathol 2021; 74:jclinpath-2020-207073. [PMID: 33619217 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-207073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a transmembrane metalloenzyme which is upregulated in tumour cells under hypoxic conditions. CAIX expression is induced by the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and has several downstream effects, including acidification of the extracellular pH, loss of cellular adhesion and increased tumour cell migration. CAIX is upregulated in a variety of solid organ tumours and has prognostic implications. High CAIX protein expression is a marker of poor prognosis in breast, lung, ovarian and bladder carcinomas. Conversely, low expression is an indicator of poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). CAIX immunohistochemistry is useful diagnostically to identify metastatic CCRCC, and the recently recognised clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma. There is much interest in targeting CAIX with monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors. There are several small molecule inhibitors under development which have shown promising results in clinical trials. In this paper, we provide an overview of the role of CAIX in tumourigenesis and outline its use as a prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pietro Aldera
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- JDW Pathology Inc, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dhirendra Govender
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Anatomical Pathology, Pathcare Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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21
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Venkateswaran G, Dedhar S. Interplay of Carbonic Anhydrase IX With Amino Acid and Acid/Base Transporters in the Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:602668. [PMID: 33240897 PMCID: PMC7680889 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.602668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors are challenged with a hypoxic and nutrient-deprived microenvironment. Hence, hypoxic tumor cells coordinatively increase the expression of nutrient transporters and pH regulators to adapt and meet their bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands. Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a membrane-bound enzyme that plays a vital role in pH regulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Numerous studies have established the importance of CAIX in mediating tumor progression and metastasis. To understand the mechanism of CAIX in mediating tumor progression, we performed an unbiased proteomic screen to identify the potential interactors of CAIX in the TME using the proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) technique. In this review, we focus on the interactors from this BioID screen that are crucial for nutrient and metabolite transport in the TME. We discuss the role of transport metabolon comprising CAIX and bicarbonate transporters in regulating intra- and extracellular pH of the tumor. We also discuss the role of amino acid transporters that are high confidence interactors of CAIX, in optimizing favorable metabolic state for tumor progression, and give our perspective on the coordinative interplay of CAIX with the amino acid transporters in the hypoxic TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Venkateswaran
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shoukat Dedhar
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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22
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Yang Y, Liu C, Yang X. Endoscopic Molecular Imaging plus Photoimmunotherapy: A New Strategy for Monitoring and Treatment of Bladder Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 18:409-418. [PMID: 32913890 PMCID: PMC7452043 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high recurrence and progression rate of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer after transurethral resection of bladder tumor, some new optical imaging technologies have arisen as auxiliary imaging modes for white light cystoscopy to improve the detection rate of small or occult tumor lesions, such as photodynamic diagnosis, narrow-band imaging, and molecular imaging. White light cystoscopy is inadequate and imperfect for bladder cancer detection, and thus residual tumors or coexisting flat malignant lesions, especially carcinoma in situ, would be ignored during conventional resection. The bladder, a hollow organ with high compliance, provides an ideal closed operation darkroom for endoscopic molecular imaging free from interference of external light sources. Also, intravesical instillation of a molecular fluorescent tracer is simple and convenient before surgery through the urethra. Molecular fluorescent tracer has high sensitivity and specificity to tumor cells, and its mediated molecular imaging allows small or occult tumor lesion detection while minimizing false-positive results. Meanwhile, endoscopic molecular imaging provides a real-time and dynamic image during surgery, which helps urologists to perform high-quality and complete tumor resection through accurate judgment of tumor boundaries and depth of invasion. Photoimmunotherapy is a novel molecular targeted therapeutic pattern of photodynamic therapy that kills malignant cells selectively and minimizes the cytotoxicity to normal tissues. The combination of endoscopic molecular imaging and photoimmunotherapy used in initial treatment may avoid the need of repeat transurethral resection in strictly selected patients and improve oncological outcomes such as recurrence-free survival and overall survival after operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Yang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chao Liu
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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23
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Wilson JL, Antoniassi MP, Lopes PI, Azevedo H. Proteomic research and diagnosis in bladder cancer: state of the art review. Int Braz J Urol 2020; 47:503-514. [PMID: 32459456 PMCID: PMC7993960 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2021.99.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Proteomic biomarkers have been emerging as alternative methods to the gold standard procedures of cystoscopy and urine cytology in the diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer (BC). This review aims to update the state of the art of proteomics research and diagnosis in BC. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the current literature related to BC research on urinary, tissue, blood and cell line proteomics, using the Pubmed database. Findings: Two urinary protein biomarkers are FDA-approved (NMP22® and BTA® tests), only if performed along with cystoscopy for surveillance after initial diagnosis, but not in the primary diagnostic setting due to high false-positive rates in case of infections, stones and hematuria. There are a great number of non-FDA approved proteins being studied, with good preliminary results; panels of proteins seem valuable tools to be refined in ongoing trials. Blood proteins are a bigger challenge, because of the complexity of the serum protein profile and the scarcity of blood proteomic studies in BC. Previous studies with the BC tissue proteome do not correlate well with the urinary proteome, likely due to the tumor heterogeneity. Cell line proteomic research helps in the understanding of basic mechanisms that drive BC development and progression; the main difficulty is culturing low-grade tumors in vitro, which represents the majority of BC tumors in clinical practice. Conclusion: Protein biomarkers have promising value in the diagnosis, surveillance and prognostic of BC. Urine is the most appropriate body fluid for biomarker research in BC due to its easiness of sampling, stability and enrichment of shed and secreted tumor-specific proteins. Panels of biomarkers may exhibit higher sensitivity than single proteins in the diagnosis of BC at larger populations due to clinical and tumor heterogeneity. Prospective clinical trials are warranted to validate the relevance of proteomic data in the clinical management of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luis Wilson
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Divisão de Urologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Mariana Pereira Antoniassi
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Divisão de Urologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Paula Intasqui Lopes
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Divisão de Urologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Hatylas Azevedo
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Divisão de Urologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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24
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Al-Sharaky DR, Kandil MAEH, Aiad HAS, El-Hosary EM, Alagizy HA, Elshenawy MAS, El-Rebey HS. ROC-1, P21 and CAIX as markers of tumor aggressiveness in bladder carcinoma in Egyptian patients. Diagn Pathol 2020; 15:33. [PMID: 32264924 PMCID: PMC7137342 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-020-00947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies in Egypt, representing about 8.7% of cancers in both sexes with more predominance in males, making identification of valuable predictive and prognostic markers, mandatory. Cullin-RING ligases (CRL) play an important role in the ubiquitination of cell cycle-related proteins or other proteins (e.g., DNA replication protein, signal transduction protein). Regulator of Cullins-1 (ROC-1) is a key subunit of CRL. P21 belongs to the family of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) which regulates cell cycle by inactivating Cyclin- Dependent Kinases key regulators of the cell cycle. CAIX a highly active member of the family of carbonic anhydrases has gained much interest as a hypoxic marker. Hypoxia is a consequence of the rapid growth of many tumors, including bladder cancer, and is an important regulator of gene expression and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore the purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of ROC-1, CAIX and P21 and its relationship with the clinico-pathological features of bladder cancer in Egyptian patients. METHODS Using the standard immunohistochemical technique, ROC-1, CAIX and P21 expression in 80 primary bladder carcinomas and 15 normal bladder specimens as control group were assessed. The bladder carcinoma cases included 50 cases with muscle invasive bladder cancer and 30 cases with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. RESULTS Over expression of ROC-1, CAIX and P21 in BC were significantly associated with muscularis propria invasion and high grade BC. ROC-1, CAIX and P21, showed significant inverse relationship in primary BC cases. CAIX expression was significantly higher in BC compared with controls. Regarding the survival analysis, expression of ROC-1, CAIX and P21 didn't affect the survival of BC patients. CONCLUSIONS High expression of ROC-1, CAIX and P21 could be promising potential biomarkers for identifying patients with poor prognostic factors in bladder cancer serving as potential targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Rifaat Al-Sharaky
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Governorate, 35211, Egypt.
| | - Mona Abd El-Halim Kandil
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Governorate, 35211, Egypt
| | - Hayam Abdel Samie Aiad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Governorate, 35211, Egypt
| | | | - Hagar Abdelmagied Alagizy
- Clinical oncology & Nuclear medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | | | - Hala Said El-Rebey
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Governorate, 35211, Egypt
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25
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John A, Vetrivel U, Sivashanmugam M, Natarajan SK. Microsecond Simulation of the Proteoglycan-like Region of Carbonic Anhydrase IX and Design of Chemical Inhibitors Targeting pH Homeostasis in Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4270-4281. [PMID: 32149257 PMCID: PMC7057697 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a membrane-bound enzyme associated with tumor hypoxia and found to be over expressed in various tumor conditions. Targeting CAIX catalytic activity is proven to be efficient modality in modulating pH homeostasis in cancer cells. Proteoglycan-like (PG) region is unique to CAIX and is proposed to serve as an antenna enhancing the export of protons in conjunction with facilitated efflux of lactate ions via monocarboxylate transporters. Moreover, the PG region is also reported to contribute to the assembly and maturation of focal adhesion links during cellular attachment and dispersion on solid supports. Thus, drug targeting of this region shall efficiently modulate pH homeostasis and cell adhesion in cancer cells. As the PG region is intrinsically disordered, the complete crystal structure is not elucidated. Hence, in this study, we intend to sample the conformational landscape of the PG region at microsecond scale simulation in order to sample the most probable conformations that shall be utilized for structure-based drug design. In addition, the sampled conformations were subjected to high-throughput virtual screening against NCI and Maybridge datasets to identify potential hits based on consensus scoring and validation by molecular dynamics simulation. Further, the identified hits were experimentally validated for efficacy by in vitro and direct enzymatic assays. The results reveal 5-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,3-benzenetriol to be the most promising hit as it showed significant CAIX inhibition at all levels of in silico and experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun John
- Centre
for Bioinformatics, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision
and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation,
Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India
- School
of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed
University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Umashankar Vetrivel
- Centre
for Bioinformatics, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision
and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation,
Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India
- E-mail: . Phone: +91-44-28271616. Fax: +91-44-28254180
| | - Muthukumaran Sivashanmugam
- Centre
for Bioinformatics, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision
and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation,
Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sulochana Konerirajapuram Natarajan
- R.S.
Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kamalnayan
Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India
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26
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Competitive glucose metabolism as a target to boost bladder cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 17:77-106. [PMID: 31953517 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-019-0263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer - the tenth most frequent cancer worldwide - has a heterogeneous natural history and clinical behaviour. The predominant histological subtype, urothelial bladder carcinoma, is characterized by high recurrence rates, progression and both primary and acquired resistance to platinum-based therapy, which impose a considerable economic burden on health-care systems and have substantial effects on the quality of life and the overall outcomes of patients with bladder cancer. The incidence of urothelial tumours is increasing owing to population growth and ageing, so novel therapeutic options are vital. Based on work by The Cancer Genome Atlas project, which has identified targetable vulnerabilities in bladder cancer, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have arisen as an effective alternative for managing advanced disease. However, although ICIs have shown durable responses in a subset of patients with bladder cancer, the overall response rate is only ~15-25%, which increases the demand for biomarkers of response and therapeutic strategies that can overcome resistance to ICIs. In ICI non-responders, cancer cells use effective mechanisms to evade immune cell antitumour activity; the overlapping Warburg effect machinery of cancer and immune cells is a putative determinant of the immunosuppressive phenotype in bladder cancer. This energetic interplay between tumour and immune cells leads to metabolic competition in the tumour ecosystem, limiting nutrient availability and leading to microenvironmental acidosis, which hinders immune cell function. Thus, molecular hallmarks of cancer cell metabolism are potential therapeutic targets, not only to eliminate malignant cells but also to boost the efficacy of immunotherapy. In this sense, integrating the targeting of tumour metabolism into immunotherapy design seems a rational approach to improve the therapeutic efficacy of ICIs.
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27
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Bernardino RL, Dias TR, Moreira BP, Cunha M, Barros A, Oliveira E, Sousa M, Alves MG, Oliveira PF. Carbonic anhydrases are involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and control the production of lactate by human Sertoli cells. FEBS J 2019; 286:1393-1406. [PMID: 30724485 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The process that allows cells to control their pH and bicarbonate levels is essential for ionic and metabolic equilibrium. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyse the conversion of CO2 to HCO 3 - and H+ and are thus essential for this process. Herein, we inhibited CAs with acetazolamide - ACT and SLC-0111 - to study their involvement in the metabolism, mitochondrial potential, mitochondrial biogenesis and lipid metabolism of human Sertoli cells (hSCs), obtained from biopsies from men with conserved spermatogenesis. We were able to identify three isoforms of CAs, one mitochondrial isoform (CA VB) and two cell membrane-bound isoforms (CA IX and CA XII) in hSCs. When assessing the expression of markers for mitochondrial biogenesis, we observed a decrease in HIF-1α, SIRT1, PGC1α and NRF-1 mRNAs after all CAs were inhibited, resulting in decreased mitochondrial DNA copy numbers. This was followed by an increased production of lactate and alanine in the same conditions. In addition, consumption of glucose was maintained after inhibition of all CAs in hSCs. These results indicate a reduced conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coA, possibly due to decreased mitochondrial function, caused by CA inhibition in hSCs. Inhibition of CAs also caused alterations in lipid metabolism, since we detected an increased expression of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in hSCs. Our results suggest that CAs are essential for mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose and lipid metabolism in hSCs. This is the first report showing that CAs play an essential role in hSC metabolic dynamics, being involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and controlling lactate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel L Bernardino
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia R Dias
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), University of Porto, Portugal.,University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,LAQV/REQUINTE - Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno P Moreira
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Cunha
- Centre for Reproductive Genetics Prof. Alberto Barros, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Barros
- Centre for Reproductive Genetics Prof. Alberto Barros, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.,i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Elsa Oliveira
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Sousa
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), University of Porto, Portugal.,Centre for Reproductive Genetics Prof. Alberto Barros, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), University of Porto, Portugal.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.,i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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28
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Chen KT, Nguyen K, Ieritano C, Gao F, Seimbille Y. A Flexible Synthesis of 68Ga-Labeled Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX)-Targeted Molecules via CBT/1,2-Aminothiol Click Reaction. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010023. [PMID: 30577607 PMCID: PMC6337199 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein describe a flexible synthesis of a small library of 68Ga-labeled CAIX-targeted molecules via an orthogonal 2-cyanobenzothiazole (CBT)/1,2-aminothiol click reaction. Three novel CBT-functionalized chelators (1–3) were successfully synthesized and labeled with the positron emitter gallium-68. Cross-ligation between the pre-labeled bifunctional chelators (BFCs) and the 1,2-aminothiol-acetazolamide derivatives (8 and 9) yielded six new 68Ga-labeled CAIX ligands with high radiochemical yields. The click reaction conditions were optimized to improve the reaction rate for applications with short half-life radionuclides. Overall, our methodology allows for a simple and efficient radiosynthetic route to produce a variety of 68Ga-labeled imaging agents for tumor hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Ting Chen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T2A3, Canada.
| | - Christian Ieritano
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T2A3, Canada.
| | - Feng Gao
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T2A3, Canada.
| | - Yann Seimbille
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T2A3, Canada.
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29
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Davis RM, Kiss B, Trivedi DR, Metzner TJ, Liao JC, Gambhir SS. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Nanoparticles for Multiplexed Imaging of Bladder Cancer Tissue Permeability and Molecular Phenotype. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9669-9679. [PMID: 30203645 PMCID: PMC6202635 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer has the highest recurrence rate of all cancers due in part to inadequate transurethral resection. Inadequate resection is caused by the inability of cystoscopes to detect invisible lesions during the resection procedure. To improve detection and resection of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer, we quantified the ability of a surface-enhanced Raman nanoparticle and endoscope system to classify bladder tissue as normal or cancerous. Both antibody-based (active) and tissue permeability-based (passive) targeting mechanisms were evaluated by topically applying nanoparticles to ex vivo human bladder tissue samples. Multiplexed molecular imaging of CD47 and Carbonic Anhydrase 9 tumor proteins gave a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC AUC of 0.93 (0.75, 1.00). Furthermore, passively targeted nanoparticles enabled tissue classification with an ROC AUC of 0.93 (0.73, 1.00). Passively targeted nanoparticles penetrated 5-fold deeper and bound to tumor tissue at 3.3-fold higher concentrations in cancer compared to normal bladder urothelium, suggesting the existence of an enhanced surface permeability and retention effect in human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Davis
- Department
of Radiology and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bernhard Kiss
- Department
of Radiology and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Urology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Dharati R. Trivedi
- Department
of Urology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Veterans
Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94550, United States
| | - Thomas J. Metzner
- Department
of Urology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Joseph C. Liao
- Department
of Urology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Veterans
Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94550, United States
| | - Sanjiv S. Gambhir
- Department
of Radiology and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- E-mail:
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Marks IS, Gardeen SS, Kurdziel SJ, Nicolaou ST, Woods JE, Kularatne SA, Low PS. Development of a Small Molecule Tubulysin B Conjugate for Treatment of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Receptor Expressing Cancers. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2289-2296. [PMID: 29715036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a membrane-spanning zinc metalloenzyme that catalyzes the reversible consumption of CO2 and water to form H+ + HCO3-. Many human cancers upregulate CAIX to help control the pH in their hypoxic microenvironments. The consequent overexpression of CAIX on malignant cells and low expression on normal tissues render CAIX a particularly attractive target for small molecule inhibitors, antibody-drug conjugates, and ligand-targeted drugs. In this study, CAIX-targeted fluorescent reporter molecules were initially exploited to investigate CAIX-specific binding to multiple cancer cell lines, where they were shown to display potent and selective binding to CAIX positive cells. A small molecule CAIX-targeted tubulysin B conjugate was then synthesized and examined for its ability to kill CAIX-expressing tumor cells in vitro. Potent therapeutic conjugates were subsequently tested in vivo and demonstrated to eliminate solid human tumor xenografts in murine tumor models without exhibiting overt signs of toxicity. Because most solid tumors contain hypoxic regions where CAIX is overexpressed, development of a method to selectively deliver drugs to these hypoxic regions could aid in the therapy of otherwise difficult to treat tumors.
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31
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Supuran CT, Alterio V, Di Fiore A, D' Ambrosio K, Carta F, Monti SM, De Simone G. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase IX targets primary tumors, metastases, and cancer stem cells: Three for the price of one. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1799-1836. [PMID: 29635752 DOI: 10.1002/med.21497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX is a tumor-associated protein, since it is scarcely present in normal tissues, but highly overexpressed in a large number of solid tumors, where it actively contributes to survival and metastatic spread of tumor cells. Due to these features, the characterization of its biochemical, structural, and functional features for drug design purposes has been extensively carried out, with consequent development of several highly selective small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies to be used for different purposes. Aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art of studies performed on this enzyme, regarding structural, functional, and biomedical aspects, as well as the development of molecules with diagnostic and therapeutic applications for cancer treatment. A brief description of additional pharmacologic applications for CA IX inhibition in other diseases, such as arthritis and ischemia, is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Anna Di Fiore
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Carta
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
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32
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Katsila T, Liontos M, Patrinos GP, Bamias A, Kardamakis D. The New Age of -omics in Urothelial Cancer - Re-wording Its Diagnosis and Treatment. EBioMedicine 2018; 28:43-50. [PMID: 29428524 PMCID: PMC5835572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unmet needs in urothelial cancer management represent an important challenge in our effort to improve long-term overall and disease-free survival rates with no significant compromise in quality of life. Radical cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection is the standard for the management of muscle-invasive, non-metastatic cancers. In spite of a 90% local disease control, up to 50% of patients ultimately die of distant metastasis. Bladder preservation using chemo-radiation is an acceptable alternative, but optimal patient selection remains elusive. Recent research is focused on the employment of tailored-made strategies in urothelial cancer exploiting the potential of theranostics in patient selection for specific therapies. Herein, we review the current knowledge on molecular theranostics in urothelial cancer and we suggest that this is the time to move toward imaging theranostics, if tailored-made disease management and patient stratification is envisaged. Urothelial cancer management represents an important challenge. Optimum patient stratification and tailored-made theranostics remain elusive. Imaging theranostics is envisaged as a cancer roadmap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Katsila
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece.
| | - Michalis Liontos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Patrinos
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aristotelis Bamias
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kardamakis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
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33
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Shen HP, Hsiao YH, Yang SF, Liu YF, Ko JL, Wang PH. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes of carbonic anhydrase 9 can predict invasive squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:587-594. [PMID: 29725249 PMCID: PMC5930460 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.23359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the involvement of carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the development of invasive cancer of uterine cervix for Taiwanese women. Ninety-seven patients with cervical invasive squamous cell carcinoma and 88 with preinvasive squamous cell lesions as well as 324 control women were recruited. Two CA9 SNPs in exons, including rs2071676 (+201, G/A) in exon 1 and rs3829078 (+1081, A/G) in exon 7, rs1048638 (+1584, C/A) in 3'-untranslated region of exon 11, as well as an 18-base pair deletion/insertion (376deltion393) in exon 1 were selected and their genotypic distributions were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Haplotype was then constructed with rs2071676, 376del393, rs3829078 and rs1048638 in order. The results revealed that Taiwanese women with genotypes CA or CA/AA in CA9 SNP rs1048638 displayed a more risk in developing cervical invasive cancer, assigning wild genotype CC as a reference. AA in SNP rs2071676 tended to increase the risk of developing cervical invasive cancer, using GG/GA as a reference. When women had the diplotypes, carrying at least one haplotype A1AA (one mutant allele A in rs2071676, no deletion in 376del393, no mutant allele A in rs3829078 and one mutant allele A in rs1048638), they were significantly susceptible to cervical invasive cancer. In conclusion, CA9 SNP rs1048638 and haplotype A1AA are associated with the susceptibility of cervical invasive squamous cell carcinoma for Taiwanese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Pin Shen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Hsiao
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Liang Ko
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hui Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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34
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Jiang L, Xu G, Li Z, Zeng X, Li Z, Liu J, Mei L, Li X. RNAi-mediated knockdown of CAIX enhances the radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line, CNE-2. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:4701-4709. [PMID: 29026318 PMCID: PMC5626387 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s144756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although radiotherapy remains the most powerful as well as the primary treatment modality for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), approximately 20% of NPC patients still have local recurrence. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)-related signaling pathways that mediate radioresistance have been found in various kinds of cancer. However, the role of CAIX in NPC radioresistance is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of CAIX silencing on sensitization to ionizing radiation in NPC by using Lipofectamine 2000, which delivers small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) that targets CAIX. Results showed that Lipofectamine 2000 effectively delivered siRNA into the CNE-2 cells, which resulted in the decrease of CAIX expression and cell viability, decrease in cell proliferation and colony formation, and increase in the number of CNE-2 cells stuck in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle upon induction of ionizing radiation. Increased sensitivity of radiotherapy in CNE-2 cells under hypoxic conditions was correlated with the suppression of CAIX. Cells treated with irradiation in addition to CAIX-siRNA1 demonstrated reduced radiobiological parameters (survival fraction at 2 Gy [SF2]) compared with those treated with irradiation only, with a sensitization-enhancing ratio of 1.47. These findings suggest that CAIX can be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of radioresistant human NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liji Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihuang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Zeng
- The Shenzhen Key Lab of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuangling Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Mei
- The Shenzhen Key Lab of Gene and Antibody Therapy, Division of Life and Health Sciences, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianming Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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35
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Lau J, Lin KS, Bénard F. Past, Present, and Future: Development of Theranostic Agents Targeting Carbonic Anhydrase IX. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:4322-4339. [PMID: 29158829 PMCID: PMC5695016 DOI: 10.7150/thno.21848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Theranostics is the integration of diagnostic information with pharmaceuticals to increase effectiveness and safety of cancer treatments. Nuclear medicine provides a non-invasive means to visualize drug target expression across primary and metastatic sites, and assess pharmacokinetics and efficacy of companion therapeutic agents. This is significant given the increasing recognition of the importance of clonal heterogeneity in treatment response and resistance. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) has been advocated as an attractive diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker for targeting hypoxia in solid malignancies. CA-IX confers cancer cell survival under low oxygen tension, and is associated with increased propensity for metastasis. As such, CA-IX is overexpressed in a broad spectrum of cancers. Different classes of antigen recognition molecules targeting CA-IX including monoclonal antibodies, peptides, small molecule inhibitors, and antibody mimetics have been radiolabeled for imaging and therapeutic applications. cG250, a chimeric monoclonal antibody, has been labeled with an assortment of radionuclides (124I, 111In, 89Zr, 131I, 90Y, and 177Lu) and is the most extensively investigated CA-IX radiopharmaceutical. In recent years, there have been tremendous advancements made by the research community in developing alternatives to cG250. Although still in preclinical settings, several small molecule inhibitors and antibody mimetics hold great promise in improving the management of aggressive and resistant cancers.
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36
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Lv PC, Roy J, Putt KS, Low PS. Evaluation of Nonpeptidic Ligand Conjugates for the Treatment of Hypoxic and Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Expressing Cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 16:453-460. [PMID: 27980101 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The majority of tumors contain regions of hypoxia, which cause marked phenotypic changes to resident cells. This altered gene expression often leads to increased resistance to anticancer treatments. Therefore, elimination of these resistant hypoxic cells is crucial to prevent disease recurrence. Herein, we describe the selective delivery of imaging and chemotherapeutic agents to cells expressing carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), a highly upregulated hypoxia receptor. These agents were conjugated to a potent divalent CA IX ligand through a hydrophilic PEG linker. These conjugates are shown to bind CA IX-expressing cells in a receptor-dependent manner in vitro with mid-nanomolar affinities and in vivo with good tumor selectivity. In a mouse xenograft tumor model using HT-29 cells, a cytotoxic tubulysin B conjugate completely inhibited tumor growth. Overall, the targeting of a hypoxia marker, such as CA IX, to selectively deliver imaging or chemotherapeutic agents may lead to better treatment options for solid, hypoxic tumors. In addition, the combination of standard chemotherapeutics that are most potent in normoxic dividing cells and drugs specifically designed to eliminate hypoxic nondividing cells may elicit a superior clinical outcome. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(3); 453-60. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Lv
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jyoti Roy
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Karson S Putt
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Philip S Low
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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37
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Lv PC, Putt KS, Low PS. Evaluation of Nonpeptidic Ligand Conjugates for SPECT Imaging of Hypoxic and Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Expressing Cancers. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1762-9. [PMID: 27362480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As tumors grow, vasculature is often deficient or malformed, resulting in many localized areas of hypoxia. Cells located in these hypoxic regions exhibit an altered gene expression pattern that can significantly alter resistance to conventional anticancer treatments such as ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs. A priori knowledge of the level of hypoxia within a tumor may better guide clinical care. In an effort to create a hypoxia specific imaging agent, a ligand for the tissue hypoxia marker, carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), was synthesized and used as a targeting ligand to deliver an attached (99m)Tc-chelating agent. Binding of the resulting conjugates to hypoxic cancer cells was first characterized in vitro. Whole animal imaging and biodistribution studies then were performed to determine tumor specificity in vivo. Several conjugates were found to bind selectively to CA IX expressing tumors in a receptor-dependent manner. We suggest that such conjugates could prove useful in identifying hypoxic cancers and/or quantitating the level of hypoxia within a tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Lv
- Institute for Drug Discovery and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - Karson S Putt
- Institute for Drug Discovery and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - Philip S Low
- Institute for Drug Discovery and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
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38
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Lv PC, Roy J, Putt KS, Low PS. Evaluation of a Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Targeted Near-Infrared Dye for Fluorescence-Guided Surgery of Hypoxic Tumors. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1618-25. [PMID: 27043317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Proof-of-principle studies in ovarian, lung, and brain cancer patients have shown that fluorescence-guided surgery can enable removal of otherwise undetectable malignant lesions, decrease the number of cancer-positive margins, and permit identification of disease-containing lymph nodes that would have normally evaded resection. Unfortunately, the current arsenal of tumor-targeted fluorescent dyes does not permit identification of all cancers, raising the need to design new tumor-specific fluorescent dyes to illuminate the currently undetectable cancers. In an effort to design a more universal fluorescent cancer imaging agent, we have undertaken to synthesize a fluorophore that could label all hypoxic regions of tumors. We report here the synthesis, in vitro binding, and in vivo imaging of a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye that is targeted to carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), i.e., a widely accepted marker of hypoxic tissues. The low molecular weight NIR probe, named Hypoxyfluor, is shown to bind CA IX with high affinity and accumulate rapidly and selectively in CA IX positive tumors. Because nearly all human cancers contain hypoxic regions that express CA IX abundantly, this NIR probe should facilitate surgical resection of a wide variety of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Lv
- Center for Drug Discovery and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jyoti Roy
- Center for Drug Discovery and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Karson S Putt
- Center for Drug Discovery and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip S Low
- Center for Drug Discovery and ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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39
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van Kuijk SJA, Yaromina A, Houben R, Niemans R, Lambin P, Dubois LJ. Prognostic Significance of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Expression in Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2016; 6:69. [PMID: 27066453 PMCID: PMC4810028 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a characteristic of many solid tumors and an adverse prognostic factor for treatment outcome. Hypoxia increases the expression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), an enzyme that is predominantly found on tumor cells and is involved in maintaining the cellular pH balance. Many clinical studies investigated the prognostic value of CAIX expression, but most have been inconclusive, partly due to small numbers of patients included. The present meta-analysis was therefore performed utilizing the results of all clinical studies to determine the prognostic value of CAIX expression in solid tumors. Renal cell carcinoma was excluded from this meta-analysis due to an alternative mechanism of upregulation. 958 papers were identified from a literature search performed in PubMed and Embase. These papers were independently evaluated by two reviewers and 147 studies were included in the analysis. The meta-analysis revealed strong significant associations between CAIX expression and all endpoints: overall survival [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.76, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.58–1.98], disease-free survival (HR = 1.87, 95%CI 1.62–2.16), locoregional control (HR = 1.54, 95%CI 1.22–1.93), disease-specific survival (HR = 1.78, 95%CI 1.41–2.25), metastasis-free survival (HR = 1.82, 95%CI 1.33–2.50), and progression-free survival (HR = 1.58, 95%CI 1.27–1.96). Subgroup analyses revealed similar associations in the majority of tumor sites and types. In conclusion, these results show that patients having tumors with high CAIX expression have higher risk of locoregional failure, disease progression, and higher risk to develop metastases, independent of tumor type or site. The results of this meta-analysis further support the development of a clinical test to determine patient prognosis based on CAIX expression and may have important implications for the development of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J A van Kuijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Lab), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Ala Yaromina
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Lab), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Ruud Houben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MAASTRO Clinic , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Raymon Niemans
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Lab), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lambin
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Lab), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Ludwig J Dubois
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Lab), GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands
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40
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Boström PJ, Thoms J, Sykes J, Ahmed O, Evans A, van Rhijn BWG, Mirtti T, Stakhovskyi O, Laato M, Margel D, Pintilie M, Kuk C, Milosevic M, Zlotta AR, Bristow RG. Hypoxia Marker GLUT-1 (Glucose Transporter 1) is an Independent Prognostic Factor for Survival in Bladder Cancer Patients Treated with Radical Cystectomy. Bladder Cancer 2016; 2:101-109. [PMID: 27376131 PMCID: PMC4927886 DOI: 10.3233/blc-150033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour hypoxia, which is frequent in many cancer types, is associated with treatment resistance and poor prognosis. The role of hypoxia in surgically treated bladder cancer (BC) is not well described. We studied the role of hypoxia in two independent series of urothelial bladder cancers treated with radical cystectomy. METHODS 279 patients from the University Hospital Network (UHN), Toronto, Canada, and Turku University, Finland were studied. Hypoxia biomarkers (HIF1-α, CAIX, GLUT-1) and proliferation marker Ki-67 were analyzed with immunohistochemistry using defined tissue microarrays. Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to investigate prognostic role of the factors. RESULTS In univariate analyses, strong GLUT-1 positivity and a high Ki-67 index were associated with poor survival. In multivariate model containing clinical prognostic variables, GLUT-1 was an independent prognostic factor associated with worse disease-specific survival (HR 2.9, 95% CI 0.7-12.6, Wald p = 0.15 in the Toronto cohort and HR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3-7.5, Wald p = 0.0085 in the Turku cohort). CONCLUSION GLUT-1 is frequently upregulated and is an independent prognostic factor in surgically treated bladder cancer. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential role of hypoxia-based and targeted therapies in hypoxic bladder tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Boström
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network), Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - J Thoms
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network) , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Sykes
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network) , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - O Ahmed
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network) , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A Evans
- Department of Pathology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network) , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - B W G van Rhijn
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network) , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - T Mirtti
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland
| | - O Stakhovskyi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network) , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Laato
- Department of Urology, Turku University Hospital , Turku, Finland
| | - D Margel
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network) , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Pintilie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network) , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C Kuk
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network) , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Milosevic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network) , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A R Zlotta
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network) , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R G Bristow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network) , Toronto, ON, Canada
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41
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Afonso J, Santos LL, Morais A, Amaro T, Longatto-Filho A, Baltazar F. Metabolic coupling in urothelial bladder cancer compartments and its correlation to tumor aggressiveness. Cell Cycle 2015; 15:368-80. [PMID: 26636903 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1121329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are vital for intracellular pH homeostasis by extruding lactate from highly glycolytic cells. These molecules are key players of the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells, and evidence indicates a potential contribution in urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) aggressiveness and chemoresistance. However, the specific role of MCTs in the metabolic compartmentalization within bladder tumors, namely their preponderance on the tumor stroma, remains to be elucidated. Thus, we evaluated the immunoexpression of MCTs in the different compartments of UBC tissue samples (n = 111), assessing the correlations among them and with the clinical and prognostic parameters. A significant decrease in positivity for MCT1 and MCT4 occurred from normoxic toward hypoxic regions. Significant associations were found between the expression of MCT4 in hypoxic tumor cells and in the tumor stroma. MCT1 staining in normoxic tumor areas, and MCT4 staining in hypoxic regions, in the tumor stroma and in the blood vessels were significantly associated with UBC aggressiveness. MCT4 concomitant positivity in hypoxic tumor cells and in the tumor stroma, as well as positivity in each of these regions concomitant with MCT1 positivity in normoxic tumor cells, was significantly associated with an unfavourable clinicopathological profile, and predicted lower overall survival rates among patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy. Our results point to the existence of a multi-compartment metabolic model in UBC, providing evidence of a metabolic coupling between catabolic stromal and cancer cells' compartments, and the anabolic cancer cells. It is urgent to further explore the involvement of this metabolic coupling in UBC progression and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Afonso
- a Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.,b ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães , Portugal
| | - Lúcio L Santos
- c Department of Surgical Oncology , Portuguese Institute of Oncology (IPO) , Porto , Portugal.,d Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa (UFP) , Porto , Portugal
| | - António Morais
- e Department of Urology , Portuguese Institute of Oncology (IPO) , Porto , Portugal
| | - Teresina Amaro
- f Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology (IPO) , Porto , Portugal
| | - Adhemar Longatto-Filho
- a Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.,b ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães , Portugal.,g Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM 14), Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo State University , São Paulo , Brazil.,h Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- a Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.,b ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães , Portugal
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Perut F, Carta F, Bonuccelli G, Grisendi G, Di Pompo G, Avnet S, Sbrana FV, Hosogi S, Dominici M, Kusuzaki K, Supuran CT, Baldini N. Carbonic anhydrase IX inhibition is an effective strategy for osteosarcoma treatment. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1593-605. [PMID: 26357839 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1086339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypoxia-inducible factor 1, a regulator of CA IX activity, is often overexpressed in human osteosarcoma (OS) but not in normal tissues, and its expression levels correlate with prognosis. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of newly synthesized CA IX sulfonamide inhibitors in OS. METHODS CA IX expression was evaluated in OS cell lines and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC). After treatment with CA IX inhibitors, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, extracellular and cytosolic pH changes were evaluated both in vitro and in mouse OS xenografts. RESULTS CA IX expression levels were significantly higher in OS than in BMSC. Accordingly, CA IX inhibitor 3 induced remarkable cytotoxicity on OS cells without affecting BMSC proliferation. This activity was increased under hypoxia, and was mediated by cell cycle arrest and by the modulation of cytosolic and extracellular pH. In vivo, CA IX inhibitor 3 reduced tumor growth by inducing significant necrosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a strong rationale for the clinical use of the newly synthesized CA IX inhibitor 3 in human OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Perut
- a 1 Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine , via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy +39 05 16 36 66 78 ; +39 05 16 36 68 97 ;
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- b 2 University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NEUROFARBA Department , Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Gloria Bonuccelli
- a 1 Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine , via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy +39 05 16 36 66 78 ; +39 05 16 36 68 97 ;
| | - Giulia Grisendi
- c 3 University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults , Modena, Italy
| | - Gemma Di Pompo
- a 1 Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine , via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy +39 05 16 36 66 78 ; +39 05 16 36 68 97 ;
| | - Sofia Avnet
- a 1 Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine , via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy +39 05 16 36 66 78 ; +39 05 16 36 68 97 ;
| | - Francesca Vittoria Sbrana
- a 1 Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine , via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy +39 05 16 36 66 78 ; +39 05 16 36 68 97 ;
| | - Shigekuni Hosogi
- a 1 Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine , via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy +39 05 16 36 66 78 ; +39 05 16 36 68 97 ;
| | - Massimo Dominici
- c 3 University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults , Modena, Italy
| | - Katsuyuki Kusuzaki
- d 4 Kyoto Kujo Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Kyoto, Japan
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- b 2 University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NEUROFARBA Department , Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Nicola Baldini
- a 1 Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine , via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy +39 05 16 36 66 78 ; +39 05 16 36 68 97 ; .,e 5 University of Bologna, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , Bologna, Italy
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Aoun F, Kourie HR, Artigas C, Roumeguère T. Next revolution in molecular theranostics: personalized medicine for urologic cancers. Future Oncol 2015; 11:2205-19. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive lists of molecular biomarkers are currently evaluated as potential targets for directed cancer therapies. We reviewed three potential candidate biomarkers to play a role in the near future as molecular theranostics for urologic malignancies. Carbonic anhydrase type IX is a surrogate marker of hypoxia highly expressed in cancer cells. Their expression and clinical significance in kidney and urothelial bladder cancer are discussed as well as the main therapeutic approaches that are currently under evaluation. For prostate cancer, available evidence on the use of prostate-specific membrane antigen and neuropeptide receptors radiolabeled analog and the undergoing clinical studies are also analyzed and discussed at different stages of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Aoun
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Franklin Roosevelt Avenue, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Jules Bordet Institute, 121 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hampig Raphael Kourie
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Franklin Roosevelt Avenue, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Jules Bordet Institute, 121 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carlos Artigas
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Franklin Roosevelt Avenue, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Jules Bordet Institute, 121 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Roumeguère
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Franklin Roosevelt Avenue, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to study the effects of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) towards the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. The expressions of CA IX in 58 cases of pancreatic cancer and paired paracancerous normal tissues, obtained from 2005 to 2012 in the first Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, were detected, as well as its expressions in different pancreatic cancer cell lines, aiming to detect the impacts of CA IX silencing towards the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. The CA IX expressions in 58 pancreatic cancer cases were higher than those in the paired paracancerous normal tissues (P < 0.01), and positively correlated with the tumor size and the UICC staging UICC (P < 0.05), the multivariate analysis showed that the high expression of CA IX was the independent risk factor towards the prognosis of pancreatic cancer (P < 0.05). The CA IX was highly expressed in AxPC-1 and Miapaca-2, and the interference effects were significant. CA IX silencing could significantly inhibit the invasion and metastasis of AxPC-1 and Miapaca. We support a pro-tumor role of CA IX in the development and progression of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Ming Dong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Weiwei Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Longping Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
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45
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Carbonic anhydrase IX overexpression regulates the migration and progression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9517-24. [PMID: 26130414 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is reportedly overexpressed in several types of carcinomas and is generally considered a marker of malignancy. The current study investigated the association between membrane expression of CAIX and the clinicopathological characteristics in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. The study used immunohistochemistry to examine CAIX expression in 271 OSCC specimens by tissue microarray (TMA) and assessed the effect of CAIX overexpression and knockdown on migration of oral cancer cells in vitro. We found that CAIX expression was associated with more advanced clinical stages (p = 0.030) and positive lymph node metastasis (p = 0.026). Importantly, CAIX expression was correlated with a poorer patient prognosis in a univariate survival analysis (p = 0.025). Moreover, CAIX suppression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly reduced cellular migration in OECM-1 oral cancer cell. In conclusion, our study showed that the expression of CAIX in OSCC samples can predict the progression of OSCC and survival of OSCC patients in Taiwan.
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46
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de Martino M, Lucca I, Mbeutcha A, Wiener HG, Haitel A, Susani M, Shariat SF, Klatte T. Carbonic anhydrase IX as a diagnostic urinary marker for urothelial bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2015; 68:552-4. [PMID: 26138037 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Urinary biomarkers are needed to improve the management and reduce the cost of urothelial bladder cancer (UBC); however, none have been recommended yet for clinical practice. This study evaluated carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) as a diagnostic urinary biomarker for UBC. CAIX was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in urine samples of 196 patients with UBC and 123 controls with hematuria. Paired samples from urine and tumor tissue were evaluated in 16 cases. Data were validated in 155 independent samples. The sensitivity and specificity of CAIX for UBC detection were 86.2% and 95.1%, respectively (area under the curve [AUC]: 90.5%). There was a significant association of CAIX expression between the paired urine and tumor specimens (p=0.002). CAIX showed a significantly higher predictive accuracy than urinary cytology (90.5% vs 71.7%), specifically in low-grade tumors (90.0% vs 61.8%). CAIX expression decreased with increasing tumor stage and grade. Analyses in an independent validation cohort confirmed the high accuracy of CAIX for diagnosing UBC (AUC: 88.3%). PATIENT SUMMARY We evaluated carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) as a urinary marker for bladder cancer (BCa) using a large series of patients from a single hospital. We found that urinary CAIX has a high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela de Martino
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilaria Lucca
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aurelie Mbeutcha
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helene G Wiener
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Haitel
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Susani
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tobias Klatte
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
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47
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Frantzi M, Latosinska A, Flühe L, Hupe MC, Critselis E, Kramer MW, Merseburger AS, Mischak H, Vlahou A. Developing proteomic biomarkers for bladder cancer: towards clinical application. Nat Rev Urol 2015; 12:317-30. [PMID: 26032553 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2015.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical use of proteomic biomarkers has the potential to substantially improve the outcomes of patients with bladder cancer. An unmet clinical need evidently exists for noninvasive biomarkers, which might enable improvements in both the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with bladder cancer, as well as improved monitoring of patients for the presence of recurrence. Urine is considered the optimal noninvasive source of proteomic biomarkers in patients with bladder cancer. Currently, a number of single-protein biomarkers have been detected in urine and tissue using a variety of proteomic techniques, each having specific conceptual considerations and technical implications. Promising preclinical data are available for several of these proteins; however, the combination of single urinary proteins into multimarker panels might better encompass the molecular heterogeneity of bladder cancer within this patient population, and prove more effective in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Frantzi
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Agnieszka Latosinska
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Leif Flühe
- Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Rotenburger Strasse 20, 30659 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marie C Hupe
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Elena Critselis
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Mario W Kramer
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel S Merseburger
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Harald Mischak
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece
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48
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Lucca I, de Martino M, Klatte T, Shariat SF. Novel biomarkers to predict response and prognosis in localized bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2015; 42:225-33, ix. [PMID: 25882564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments in diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Although the number of new biomarkers increases continuously, none are included in practice guidelines. Most NMIBC biomarkers show a higher sensitivity than urinary cytology, but lower specificity. Some protein and chromosome markers have been approved for screening and follow-up of patients in combination with cystoscopy. The long interval required for validation, testing, and approval of the assays and the lack of standardization could explain present issues in biomarker research. To enhance the development of new biomarkers, a more structured approach is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Lucca
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon 46, Lausanne CH-1010, Switzerland
| | - Michela de Martino
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Tobias Klatte
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 1801 Inwood Road, Dallas, TX 75235, USA; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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49
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Ilardi G, Zambrano N, Merolla F, Siano M, Varricchio S, Vecchione M, De Rosa G, Mascolo M, Staibano S. Histopathological determinants of tumor resistance: a special look to the immunohistochemical expression of carbonic anhydrase IX in human cancers. Curr Med Chem 2014; 21:1569-82. [PMID: 23992304 PMCID: PMC3979091 DOI: 10.2174/09298673113209990227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic and acquired drug resistance of tumor cells still causes the failure of treatment regimens in advanced
human cancers. It may be driven by intrinsic tumor cells features, or may also arise from micro environmental influences.
Hypoxia is a microenvironment feature associated with the aggressiveness and metastasizing ability of human solid cancers.
Hypoxic cancer cells overexpress Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CA IX). CA IX ensures a favorable tumor intracellular
pH, while contributing to stromal acidosis, which facilitates tumor invasion and metastasis. The overexpression of CA IX
is considered an epiphenomenon of the presence of hypoxic, aggressive tumor cells. Recently, a relationship between CA
IX overexpression and the cancer stem cells (CSCs) population has been hypothesized. CSCs are strictly regulated by tumor
hypoxia and drive a major non-mutational mechanism of cancer drug-resistance. We reviewed the current data concerning
the role of CA IX overexpression in human malignancies, extending such information to the expression of the
stem cells markers CD44 and nestin in solid cancers, to explore their relationship with the biological behavior of tumors.
CA IX is heavily expressed in advanced tumors. A positive trend of correlation between CA IX overexpression, tumor
stage/grade and poor outcome emerged. Moreover, stromal CA IX expression was associated with adverse events occurrence,
maybe signaling the direct action of CA IX in directing the mesenchymal changes that favor tumor invasion; in addition,
membranous/cytoplasmic co-overexpression of CA IX and stem cells markers were found in several aggressive
tumors. This suggests that CA IX targeting could indirectly deplete CSCs and counteract resistance of solid cancers in the
clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - S Staibano
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", address: via S. Pansini, n.5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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50
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The potential of liposomes with carbonic anhydrase IX to deliver anticancer ingredients to cancer cells in vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 16:230-55. [PMID: 25547490 PMCID: PMC4307245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery nanocarriers, especially targeted drug delivery by liposomes are emerging as a class of therapeutics for cancer. Early research results suggest that liposomal therapeutics enhanced efficacy, while simultaneously reducing side effects, owing to properties such as more targeted localization in tumors and active cellular uptake. Here, we highlight the features of immunoliposomes that distinguish them from previous anticancer therapies, and describe how these features provide the potential for therapeutic effects that are not achievable with other modalities. While a large number of studies has been published, the emphasis here is placed on the carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) and the conjugated liposomes that are likely to open a new chapter on drug delivery system by using immunoliposomes to deliver anticancer ingredients to cancer cells in vivo.
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