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Beebe-Dimmer JL, Yee C, Paskett E, Schwartz AG, Lane D, Palmer NRA, Bock CH, Nassir R, Simon MS. Family history of prostate and colorectal cancer and risk of colorectal cancer in the Women's health initiative. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:848. [PMID: 29237415 PMCID: PMC5729427 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence suggests that risk of colorectal and prostate cancer is increased among those with a family history of the same disease, particularly among first-degree relatives. However, the aggregation of colorectal and prostate cancer within families has not been well investigated. Methods Analyses were conducted among participants of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) observational cohort, free of cancer at the baseline examination. Subjects were followed for colorectal cancer through August 31st, 2009. A Cox-proportional hazards regression modeling approach was used to estimate risk of colorectal cancer associated with a family history of prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and both cancers among first-degree relatives of all participants and stratified by race (African American vs. White). Results Of 75,999 eligible participants, there were 1122 colorectal cancer cases diagnosed over the study period. A family history of prostate cancer alone was not associated with an increase in colorectal cancer risk after adjustment for confounders (aHR =0.94; 95% CI =0.76, 1.15). Separate analysis examining the joint impact, a family history of both colorectal and prostate cancer was associated with an almost 50% increase in colorectal cancer risk (aHR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.04, 2.10), but similar to those with a family history of colorectal cancer only (95% CI = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.11, 1.54). Conclusions Our findings suggest risk of colorectal cancer is increased similarly among women with colorectal cancer only and among those with both colorectal and prostate cancer diagnosed among first-degree family members. Future studies are needed to determine the relative contribution of genes and shared environment to the risk of both cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Beebe-Dimmer
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA. .,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.
| | - Cecilia Yee
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Electra Paskett
- Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ann G Schwartz
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Dorothy Lane
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Nynikka R A Palmer
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94110, USA
| | - Cathryn H Bock
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Rami Nassir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Michael S Simon
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
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Paul CL, Carey ML, Russell G, D'Este C, Sanson-Fisher RW, Zwar N. Prevalence of FOB testing in eastern-Australian general practice patients: what has a national bowel cancer screening program delivered? Health Promot J Austr 2015; 26:39-44. [DOI: 10.1071/he14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Waheed S, Azad N, Waheed S, Yeh HC. Racial disparities and colorectal cancer survival in older adults with and without diabetes mellitus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:1963-8. [PMID: 24909501 PMCID: PMC4612638 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM To investigate whether pre-existing diabetes modifies racial disparities in colorectal cancer (CRC) survival. METHODS We analyzed prospective data from 16 977 patients (age ≥ 67 years) with CRC from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database. SEER registries included data on demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment. Medicare claims were used to define pre-existing diabetes and comorbid conditions. Mortality was confirmed in both sources. RESULTS At baseline, 1332 (8%) were African Americans and 26% had diabetes (39% in blacks; 25% in whites). From 2000 to 2005, more than half of the participants died (n = 8782, 52%). This included 820 (62%) deaths (23.8 per 100 person-years) among blacks, and 7962 (51%) deaths (16.6 per 100 person-years) among whites. Among older adults with diabetes, blacks had significantly higher risk of all-cause and CRC mortality after adjustments for demographic characteristics (hazard ratio [HR], 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21 [1.08-1.37] and 1.21 [1.03-1.42]), respectively, but these associations attenuated to null after additional adjustments for cancer stage and grade. Among adults without diabetes, the risk of all-cause mortality (HR [95% CI]: 1.14 [1.04-1.25]) and CRC mortality (HR [95% CI]: 1.21 [1.08-1.36]) remained higher in blacks than whites in fully adjusted models that included demographic variables, cancer stage, grade, treatments, and comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS Among older adults with CRC, diabetes is an effect modifier on the relationship between race and mortality. Racial disparities in survival were explained by demographics, cancer stage, and grade in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Waheed
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD,Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nilofer Azad
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Hsin-Chieh Yeh
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD,Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Rogers CR, Goodson P. Male Role Norms, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Colorectal Cancer Screening among Young Adult African American Men. Front Public Health 2014; 2:252. [PMID: 25506049 PMCID: PMC4245902 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Racial disparities in health among African American men (AAM) in the United States are extensive. In contrast to their White counterparts, AAM have more illnesses and die younger. AAM have colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality rates 25% and 50% higher, respectively, than White men. Due to CRC's younger age at presentation and high incidence among AAM, CRC screening (CRCS) is warranted at the age of 45 rather than 50, but little is known about younger AAM's views of CRCS. Employing survey design, the purpose of the study was to describe the male role norms (MRN), knowledge, attitudes, perceived subjective norms, and perceived barriers associated with screening for CRC among a non-random sample of 157 young adult AAM (ages 19-45). Sixty-seven percent of the study sample received a passing knowledge score (85% or better), yet no significant differences were found among the three educational levels (i.e., low, medium, high). More negative attitudes toward CRCS correlated with the participants' strong perceptions of barriers, but no extremely negative or positive MRN and perceived subjective norms were found. The factors significantly associated with attitudes were family history of cancer (unsure), work status, and perceived barriers. Findings from this study provide a solid basis for developing structured health education interventions that address the salient factors shaping young adult AAM's view of CRC and early detection screening behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R. Rogers
- Program in Health Disparities Research, Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Patricia Goodson
- Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Cernei N, Zitka O, Skalickova S, Gumulec J, Sztalmachova M, Rodrigo MAM, Sochor J, Masarik M, Adam V, Hubalek J, Trnkova L, Kruseova J, Eckschlager T, Kizek R. Effect of sarcosine on antioxidant parameters and metallothionein content in the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:2459-66. [PMID: 23588590 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcosine is currently one of the most discussed markers of prostate cancer. It is involved in amino acid metabolism and methylation processes that occur during the progression of prostate cancer. In this study, we monitored the effect of the addition of sarcosine (0; 10; 250; 500; 1,000 and 1,500 µM) in a time-dependent manner (0-72 h) on the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line. For the assessment of cell viability, the commonly used MTT test was employed. Furthermore, ion-exchange liquid chromatography was used for the determination of sarcosine content in the PC-3 cells. We also determined metallothionein (MT) levels by chip capillary electrophoresis and Brdicka reaction in the cells treated with sarcosine. Sarcosine levels in the cells increased in a concentration-dependent manner levels increased from only 270 nM with the lowest applied concentration of sarcosine (10 µM) to 106 µM with the highest applied concentration of sarcosine (1,500 µM). There was a marginal change observed in the MT concentration. Finally, the antioxidant activity of the PC-3 cells was determined using five different spectrophotometric methods [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), free radicals, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS)]. A significant negative correlation was observed between DPPH and FRAP (r=-0.68 at p<0.001) and between DMPD and ABST (r=-0.64 at p<0.001). Additionally, as regards the correlation between MT and DPPH, a significant positive trend (r=0.62 at p<0.001) was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cernei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Barocas DA, Grubb R, Black A, Penson DF, Fowke JH, Andriole G, Crawford ED. Association between race and follow-up diagnostic care after a positive prostate cancer screening test in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. Cancer 2013; 119:2223-9. [PMID: 23559420 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Follow-through of a positive screening test is necessary to reap the potential benefits of cancer screening. Racial variation in follow-through diagnostic care may underlie a proportion of the known disparity in prostate cancer mortality. The authors used data from the screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial to determine whether race is associated with the use of follow-up diagnostic testing after a positive initial screening evaluation. METHODS Men who had a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level >4 ng/mL at any time during the study were included. The proportion of men who underwent follow-up evaluation with a repeat PSA, a prostate biopsy, or either test within 9 months was determined, and the authors tested for differences in follow-through according to race using mixed-effects multivariate models with a random effect for accrual site to account for clustering. Models were stratified according to age (<65 years and ≥65 years). RESULTS Among 6294 men who had a PSA elevation during the study period, 70% underwent a repeat PSA or prostate biopsy within 9 months. Non-Hispanic black men aged <65 years had 45% lower odds of undergoing a repeat PSA test or prostate biopsy compared with non-Hispanic white men (odds ratio, 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.37-0.82), whereas there was no racial difference in follow-through among older men. CONCLUSIONS The current results suggest that limitations in access to care among non-Hispanic black men under the age of Medicare eligibility may underlie the paradoxically low use of follow-through diagnostic care among non-Hispanic black men in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Barocas
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA. dan.barocasVC vanderbilt.edu
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Hall EC, Segev DL, Engels EA. Racial/ethnic differences in cancer risk after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:714-20. [PMID: 23331953 PMCID: PMC4241757 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transplant recipients have elevated cancer risk, but it is unknown if cancer risk differs across race and ethnicity as in the general population. US kidney recipients (N = 87,895) in the Transplant Cancer Match Study between 1992 and 2008 were evaluated for racial/ethnic differences in risk for six common cancers after transplantation. Compared to white recipients, black recipients had lower incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 0.60, p<0.001) and higher incidence of kidney (aIRR 2.09, p<0.001) and prostate cancer (aIRR 2.14, p<0.001); Hispanic recipients had lower incidence of NHL (aIRR 0.64, p = 0.001), lung (aIRR 0.41, p < 0.001), breast (aIRR 0.53, p = 0.003) and prostate cancer (aIRR 0.72, p = 0.05). Colorectal cancer incidence was similar across groups. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) measured the effect of transplantation on cancer risk and were similar for most cancers (p≥0.1). However, black and Hispanic recipients had larger increases in kidney cancer risk with transplantation (SIRs: 8.96 in blacks, 5.95 in Hispanics vs. 4.44 in whites), and only blacks had elevated prostate cancer risk following transplantation (SIR: 1.21). Racial/ethnic differences in cancer risk after transplantation mirror general population patterns, except for kidney and prostate cancers where differences reflect the effects of end-stage renal disease or transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Hall
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Colorectal endoscopy, advanced adenomas, and sessile serrated polyps: implications for proximal colon cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107:1213-9. [PMID: 22688851 PMCID: PMC3418887 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2012.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Colonoscopy is associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer but may be more effective in reducing the risk of distal than proximal malignancies. To gain insight into the differences between proximal and distal colon endoscopic performance, we conducted a case-control study of advanced adenomas, the primary targets of colorectal endoscopy screening, and sessile serrated polyps (SSPs), newly recognized precursor lesions for a colorectal cancer subset that occurs most often in the proximal colon. METHODS The Group Health-based study population included 213 advanced adenoma cases, 172 SSP cases, and 1,704 controls aged 50-79 years, who received an index colonoscopy from 1998-2007. All participants completed a structured questionnaire covering endoscopy history. Participants with polyps underwent a standard pathology review to confirm the diagnosis and reclassify a subset as advanced adenomas or SSPs. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between endoscopy and advanced adenomas and SSPs separately; site-specific analyses were completed. RESULTS Previous endoscopy was inversely associated with advanced adenomas in both the rectum/distal colon (OR=0.38; 95% CI: 0.26-0.56) and proximal colon (OR=0.31; 95% CI: 0.19-0.52), but there was no statistically significant association between previous endoscopy and SSPs (OR=0.80; 95%CI: 0.56-1.13). CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that the effect of endoscopy differs between advanced adenomas and SSPs. This may have implications for proximal colon cancer prevention and be due to the failure of endoscopy to detect/remove SSPs, or the hypothesized rapid development of SSPs.
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Colorectal endoscopy, advanced adenomas, and sessile serrated polyps: implications for proximal colon cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2012. [PMID: 22688851 DOI: 10.1038/aig.2012167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Colonoscopy is associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer but may be more effective in reducing the risk of distal than proximal malignancies. To gain insight into the differences between proximal and distal colon endoscopic performance, we conducted a case-control study of advanced adenomas, the primary targets of colorectal endoscopy screening, and sessile serrated polyps (SSPs), newly recognized precursor lesions for a colorectal cancer subset that occurs most often in the proximal colon. METHODS The Group Health-based study population included 213 advanced adenoma cases, 172 SSP cases, and 1,704 controls aged 50-79 years, who received an index colonoscopy from 1998-2007. All participants completed a structured questionnaire covering endoscopy history. Participants with polyps underwent a standard pathology review to confirm the diagnosis and reclassify a subset as advanced adenomas or SSPs. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between endoscopy and advanced adenomas and SSPs separately; site-specific analyses were completed. RESULTS Previous endoscopy was inversely associated with advanced adenomas in both the rectum/distal colon (OR=0.38; 95% CI: 0.26-0.56) and proximal colon (OR=0.31; 95% CI: 0.19-0.52), but there was no statistically significant association between previous endoscopy and SSPs (OR=0.80; 95%CI: 0.56-1.13). CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that the effect of endoscopy differs between advanced adenomas and SSPs. This may have implications for proximal colon cancer prevention and be due to the failure of endoscopy to detect/remove SSPs, or the hypothesized rapid development of SSPs.
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