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Niu J, Chu Y, Huang YF, Chong YS, Jiang ZH, Mao ZW, Peng LH, Gao JQ. Transdermal Gene Delivery by Functional Peptide-Conjugated Cationic Gold Nanoparticle Reverses the Progression and Metastasis of Cutaneous Melanoma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:9388-9401. [PMID: 28252938 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Permeability barrier imposed by stratum corneum makes an extreme challenge for the topical delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA), which is widely used in gene therapy. Existing techniques to overcome the skin barrier for bio-macromolecules delivery rely on sophisticated mechanical devices. It is still a big challenge to treat the skin cancer, for example, melanoma, that initiates in the dermal layer by topical gene therapy. To facilitate the skin penetration of pDNA deeply into the melanoma tissues, we here present a cell-penetrating peptide and cationic poly(ethyleneimine) conjugated gold nanoparticle (AuPT) that can compact the pDNAs into cationic nanocomplexes and penetrate through the intact stratum corneum without any additional enhancement used. Moreover, the AuPT is highly efficient in stimulating the intracellular uptake and nuclear targeting of the pDNAs in cells, which guarantees the effective transfection. This study provides evidence that penetrating peptide conjugated cationic gold nanoparticle offers a promising vehicle for both the skin penetration and transfection of pDNAs, possessing great potential in topical gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Niu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yang Chu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Fen Huang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yee-Song Chong
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology , Macau, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Wei Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Li-Hua Peng
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology , Macau, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Qing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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Buisseret L, Garaud S, de Wind A, Van den Eynden G, Boisson A, Solinas C, Gu-Trantien C, Naveaux C, Lodewyckx JN, Duvillier H, Craciun L, Veys I, Larsimont D, Piccart-Gebhart M, Stagg J, Sotiriou C, Willard-Gallo K. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte composition, organization and PD-1/ PD-L1 expression are linked in breast cancer. Oncoimmunology 2016; 6:e1257452. [PMID: 28197375 PMCID: PMC5283629 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1257452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical relevance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in breast cancer (BC) has been clearly established by their demonstrated correlation with long-term positive outcomes. Nevertheless, the relationship between protective immunity, observed in some patients, and critical features of the infiltrate remains unresolved. This study examined TIL density, composition and organization together with PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in freshly collected and paraffin-embedded tissues from 125 patients with invasive primary BC. Tumor and normal breast tissues were analyzed using both flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. TIL density distribution is a continuum with 25% of tumors identified as TIL-negative at a TIL density equivalent to normal breast tissues. TIL-positive tumors (75%) were equally divided into TIL-intermediate and TIL-high. Tumors had higher mean frequencies of CD4+ T cells and CD19+ B cells and a lower mean frequency of CD8+ T cells compare with normal tissues, increasing the CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), principally located in the peri-tumoral stroma, were detected in 60% of tumors and correlated with higher TIL infiltration. PD-1 and PD-L1 expression were also associated with higher TIL densities and TLS. TIL density, TLS and PD-L1 expression were correlated with more aggressive tumor characteristics, including higher proliferation and hormone receptor negativity. Our findings reveal an important relationship between PD-1/PD-L1 expression, increased CD4+ T and B-cell infiltration, TIL density and TLS, suggesting that evaluating not only the extent but also the nature and location of the immune infiltrate should be considered when evaluating antitumor immunity and the potential for benefit from immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Buisseret
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J-C Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Soizic Garaud
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Gert Van den Eynden
- Department of Pathology, GZA Ziekenhuizen, Sint-Augustinus campus , Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anais Boisson
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cinzia Solinas
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chunyan Gu-Trantien
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Céline Naveaux
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Nicolas Lodewyckx
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hugues Duvillier
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Flow Cytometry Facility, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ligia Craciun
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Veys
- Department of Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Denis Larsimont
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet , Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - John Stagg
- Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du CHUM , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J-C Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karen Willard-Gallo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels, Belgium
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