1
|
Fukuda A, Okuma Y. From Rarity to Reality: Osimertinib's Promising Horizon in Treating Uncommon EGFR Mutations in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:3128-3136. [PMID: 38767589 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-4035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), addressing optimal treatment for uncommon EGFR mutations like G719X in exon 18, S768I in exon 20, and L861Q in exon 21 remains a pivotal yet challenging frontier. Contrary to the well-established efficacy of EGFR-TKIs in common EGFR mutations, these uncommon alterations pose unmet medical needs due to a lack of comprehensive evidence. While afatinib, a second-generation EGFR-TKI, has received FDA approval for patients with these uncommon EGFR mutations, the approval was based on a post-hoc analysis of randomized clinical trials. Recent developments include multiple clinical trials investigating the efficacy of both second- and third-generation EGFR-TKIs in patients with uncommon EGFR mutations. A noteworthy example is a prospective phase II trial of osimertinib including the landmark UNICORN study, which has shown promising results in treating uncommon EGFR mutations. Despite various reports on the efficacy of afatinib and osimertinib in treating uncommon EGFR mutations, the appropriate use of these TKIs remains unclear. This review aims to consolidate the findings from the latest clinical trials focused on uncommon EGFR mutations, outlining variations in the therapeutic efficacy of these TKIs based on the specific genetic mutation. By synthesizing these findings, we aim to guide oncologists toward more informed decisions in employing TKIs for NSCLC with uncommon EGFR mutations other than exon 20 insertion. Additionally, we explore potential treatment strategies tailored to these patient populations to address the challenges posed by these mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akito Fukuda
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okuma
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Boukansa S, Mouhrach I, El Agy F, El Bardai S, Bouguenouch L, Serraj M, Amara B, Ouadnouni Y, Smahi M, Alami B, Mellas N, Benbrahim Z, El Fatemi H. Clinicopathological and prognostic implications of EGFR mutations subtypes in Moroccan non-small cell lung cancer patients: A first report. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298721. [PMID: 38837980 PMCID: PMC11152259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a significant global health concern, with EGFR mutations playing a pivotal role in guiding treatment decisions. This prospective study investigated the prevalence and clinical implications of EGFR mutations in Moroccan NSCLC patients. METHODS A cohort of 302 NSCLC patients was analyzed for EGFR mutations using multiple techniques. Demographic, clinical, and pathological characteristics were assessed, and overall survival (OS) outcomes were compared among different EGFR mutation subtypes. RESULTS EGFR mutations were present in 23.5% of patients, with common mutations (81.69%) dominating. Common mutations showed strong associations with female gender and non-smoking status, while rare mutations were associated with a positive smoking history. Patients with EGFR mutations receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) had significantly improved OS compared to wild-type EGFR patients. Notably, patients with common EGFR mutations had the highest OS, while those with rare mutations had a shorter survival period, albeit not statistically significant. CONCLUSION This study highlights the relevance of EGFR mutation status in NSCLC patients, particularly in therapeutic decision-making. The association between smoking history and rare mutations suggests the need for tailored approaches. The survival advantage for patients with common EGFR mutations underscores the significance of personalized treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Boukansa
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
- Laboratory of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Hassan II, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Ismail Mouhrach
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics, University Hospital Hassan II, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Fatima El Agy
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
- Laboratory of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Hassan II, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Sanae El Bardai
- Laboratory of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Hassan II, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Laila Bouguenouch
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics, University Hospital Hassan II, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mounia Serraj
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Hassan II, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Bouchra Amara
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Hassan II, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Yassine Ouadnouni
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Hassan II, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Smahi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Hassan II, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Badreeddine Alami
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Hassan II, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Nawfel Mellas
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Hassan II, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Zineb Benbrahim
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Hassan II, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Hinde El Fatemi
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
- Laboratory of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Hassan II, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li W, Bai R, Guo H, Cui J. Epidermal growth factor receptor compound and concomitant mutations: advances in precision treatment strategies. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:2776-2786. [PMID: 37369640 PMCID: PMC10686611 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) mutations are common oncogenic driver mutations in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The application of EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is beneficial for patients with advanced and early-stage NSCLC. With the development of next-generation sequencing technology, numerous patients have been found to have more than one genetic mutation in addition to a single EGFR mutation; however, the efficacy of conventional EGFR-TKIs and the optimal treatments for such patients remain largely unknown. Thus, we review the incidence, prognosis, and current treatment regimens of EGFR compound mutations and EGFR concomitant mutations to provide treatment recommendations and guidance for patients with these mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Li
- Department of Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ko HW, Shie SS, Wang CW, Chiu CT, Wang CL, Yang TY, Chou SC, Liu CY, Kuo CHS, Lin YC, Li LF, Yang CT, Wang CC. Association of smoking status with non-small cell lung cancer patients harboring uncommon epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011092. [PMID: 36341427 PMCID: PMC9632177 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uncommon epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations include single and complex mutations. However, the association of the smoking status of patients with uncommon and complex EGFR mutations remains unclear. METHODS This retrospective study evaluates the spectrum of uncommon EGFR mutations and investigates the influence of smoking status on the frequency of various uncommon EGFR mutations using a multi-institutional medical database. RESULTS Between 2010 and 2019, 5,608 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were analyzed. EGFR mutations were detected in 3,155 (56.3%) patients. Among the 399 (12.6%) patients with uncommon mutations, 198 had single uncommon and 201 complex mutations, including 87 exon 20 insertions, 79 de novo T790M, 70 complex common, and 52 complex uncommon mutations. For comparison, we also included 402 patients with common EGFR mutations. The percentage of ever-smokers was significantly higher in patients with uncommon EGFR mutations than in patients with common EGFR mutations (25.8% vs. 17.4%, p = 0.005). Furthermore, the percentage of ever-smokers was higher in those with a complex mutation than in those with a single uncommon mutation (30.3% vs. 21.2%, p = 0.040). Among patients carrying uncommon EGFR mutations, ever-smokers had significantly more complex uncommon EGFR mutations than never-smokers (22.3% vs. 9.8%, p = 0.002). Among patients carrying G719X, L861Q, and S768I, ever-smokers tended to have complex EGFR mutations more frequently than never-smokers (64.7% vs. 28.7%, 50.0% vs. 18.7%, 88.9% vs. 81.2%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates not only a comprehensive spectrum of uncommon EGFR mutations, but also a positive relationship between smoking status and uncommon EGFR mutation frequency, especially complex uncommon EGFR mutations. The results suggest that smoking contributes to the development of complex EGFR mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- How-Wen Ko
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Department of Thoracic Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shian-Sen Shie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tsun Chiu
- Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Liang Wang
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Department of Thoracic Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ying Yang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Chu Chou
- Department of Family Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ying Liu
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Department of Thoracic Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsi Scott Kuo
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Department of Thoracic Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Puzi, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fu Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Department of Thoracic Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chou Wang
- Divisions of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang B, Shi C, Gao Z, Zhong H, Xiong L, Gu A, Wang W, Chu T, Zhang W, Wang H, Zhang X, Zhong R, Han B. Rationale and design of a phase II trial of dacomitinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients with uncommon epidermal growth factor receptor mutations: a prospective and single arm study (DANCE study). BMC Cancer 2022; 22:294. [PMID: 35305596 PMCID: PMC8933987 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dacomitinib is a second-generation, irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI). ARCHER-1050 showed that this agent can improve progression-free survival and overall survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients with sensitive EGFR mutation compared to gefitinib. However, it is unclear whether dacomitinib is effective in patients with sensitizing uncommon EGFR mutations in exon 18–21. The aim of this study is to investigate the safety and efficacy of dacomitinib in these patients. Methods This is a single arm, prospective, open label and phase II trial. Sample size will be calculated by a minimax two-stage design method based on the following parameters: α = 0.075, 1-β = 0.9, P0 = 0.20, P1 = 0.45 and a dropout rate of 10%. A total of 30 eligible patients will be included. Patients will receive continuous oral therapy with dacomitinib (45 mg/day) until disease progression, withdrawal of consent, or unacceptable toxicity, whichever occurs first. The primary endpoint is objective response rate (ORR) per RECIST version 1.1, as assessed by investigators’ review. The second endpoint is disease control rate (DCR), PFS, OS, and safety. Discussion We conduct a single arm, phase II study to investigate the safety and efficacy of dacomitinib in advanced NSCLC patients with sensitizing uncommon EGFR mutations. The results of the DANCE study will provide new data regarding efficacy and safety of these patients. Trial registration NCT04504071
Collapse
|
6
|
Attili I, Passaro A, Pisapia P, Malapelle U, de Marinis F. Uncommon EGFR Compound Mutations in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): A Systematic Review of Available Evidence. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:255-266. [PMID: 35049698 PMCID: PMC8774526 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Compound epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations represent a heterogeneous subgroup of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with uncommon EGFR mutations. We conducted a systematic review to investigate the available data on this patients' subgroup. Overall, we found a high heterogeneity in the incidence of compound mutations (4-26% of total EGFR mutant cases), which is dependent on the different testing methods adopted and the specific mutations considered. In addition, the relative incidence of distinct compound subclasses identified is reported with extreme variability in different studies. Preclinical and clinical data, excluding de novoEGFR exon 20 p.T790M compound mutations, show good responses with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (combined common mutations: response rate (RR) ≥ 75% with either first- or second-generation TKIs; combined common plus uncommon: RR 40-80% and 100% with first-generation TKIs and afatinib, respectively; combined uncommon: RR 20-70%, ~80% and ~75% with first-generation TKIs, afatinib and osimertinib, respectively). Overall, data are consistent in supporting the use of EGFR TKIs in treating compound EGFR mutations, taking into account different sensitivity profile of accompanying EGFR mutations for selecting the most adequate EGFR TKI for individual patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Attili
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (I.A.); (F.d.M.)
| | - Antonio Passaro
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (I.A.); (F.d.M.)
| | - Pasquale Pisapia
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.P.); (U.M.)
| | - Umberto Malapelle
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.P.); (U.M.)
| | - Filippo de Marinis
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (I.A.); (F.d.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Worldwide Prevalence of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 26:7-18. [PMID: 34813053 PMCID: PMC8766385 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-021-00563-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Identification of variable epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is important for the selection of appropriate targeted therapies. This meta-analysis was conducted to provide a worldwide overview of EGFR mutation and submutation (specifically exon 19 deletions, exon 21 L858R substitutions, and others) prevalence, and identify important covariates that influence EGFR mutation status in patients with advanced NSCLC to address this clinical data gap. Methods Embase® and MEDLINE® in Ovid were searched for studies published between 2004 and 2019 with cohorts of ≥ 50 adults with EGFR mutations, focusing on stage III/IV NSCLC (≤ 20% of patients with stage I/II NSCLC). Linear mixed-effects models were fitted to EGFR mutation endpoints using logistic transformation (logit), assuming a binomial distribution. The model included terms for an intercept reflecting European studies and further additive terms for other continents. EGFR submutations examined were exon 19 deletions, exon 21 L858R substitutions, and others. Results Of 3969 abstracts screened, 57 studies were included in the overall EGFR mutation analysis and 74 were included in the submutation analysis relative to the overall EGFR mutation population (Europe, n = 12; Asia, n = 51; North America, n = 5; Central America, n = 1; South America, n = 1; Oceania, n = 1; Global, n = 3). The final overall EGFR mutations model estimated Asian and European prevalence of 49.1% and 12.8%, respectively, and included an additive covariate for the proportion of male patients in a study. There were no significant covariates in the submutation analyses. Most submutations were actionable: exon 19 deletions (49.2% [Asia]; 48.4% [Europe]); exon 21 L858R substitutions (41.1% [Asia]; 29.9% [Europe]). Conclusions Although EGFR mutation prevalence was higher in Asian than Western countries, data support worldwide testing for EGFR overall and submutations to inform appropriate targeted treatment decisions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40291-021-00563-1.
Collapse
|
8
|
Tan J, Hu C, Deng P, Wan R, Cao L, Li M, Yang H, Gu Q, An J, Jiang J. The Predictive Values of Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Harboring Uncommon EGFR Mutations-The Mutation Patterns, Use of Different Generations of EGFR-TKIs, and Concurrent Genetic Alterations. Front Oncol 2021; 11:646577. [PMID: 34513661 PMCID: PMC8426345 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.646577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 19del and L858R mutation are known as “common mutations” in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and predict sensitivities to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), whereas 20ins and T790M mutations confer drug-resistance to EGFR-TKIs. The role of the remaining uncommon EGFR mutations remains elusive. Methods We retrospectively screened a group of NSCLC patients with uncommon EGFR mutations other than 20ins and T790M. The mutation patterns, use of different generations of EGFR-TKIs, and concurrent genetic alterations were analyzed. Meanwhile, a cohort of patients with single 19del or L858R were included for comparison. Results A total of 180/1,300 (13.8%) patients were identified. There were 102 patients with advanced or recurrent NSCLC that received first-line therapy of gefitinib/erlotinib/icotinib and afatinib and were eligible for analysis. The therapeutic outcomes among patients with common mutations (EGFRcm, n = 97), uncommon mutation plus common mutations (EGFRum+EGFRcm, n = 52), complex uncommon mutations (complex EGFRum, n = 22), and single uncommon mutations (single EGFRum, n = 28) were significantly different (ORRs: 76.3%, 61.5%, 54.5%, and 50.0%, respectively, p = 0.023; and mPFS: 13.3, 14.7, 8.1, and 6.0 months, respectively, p = 0.004). Afatinib showed superior efficacy over gefitinib/erlotinib/icotinib in EGFRcm (ORR: 81.0% vs. 75.0%, p = 0.773; mPFS: 19.1 vs. 12.0m, p = 0.036), EGFRum+EGFRcm (ORR: 100% vs. 54.5%, p = 0.017; mPFS: NE vs. 13.6m, p = 0.032), and single EGFRum (ORR: 78.6% vs. 21.4%, p = 0.007; mPFS: 10.1 vs. 3.0m, p = 0.025) groups. Comprehensive genomic profiling by Next Generation Sequencing encompassing multiple cancer-related genes was performed on 51/102 patients; the mPFS of patients without co-mutation (n = 16) and with co-mutations of tumor-suppressor genes (n = 31) and driver oncogenes (n = 4) were 31.1, 9.2, and 12.4 months, respectively (p = 0.046). TP53 mutation was the most common co-alteration and showed significantly shorter mPFS than TP53 wild-type patients (7.0 vs. 31.1m, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that concurrent 19del/L858R and tumor-suppressor gene alterations independently predicted better and worse prognosis in patients with uncommon mutations, respectively. Conclusions Uncommon EGFR mutations constitute a highly heterogeneous subgroup of NSCLC that confer different sensitivities to EGFR-TKIs with regard to the mutation patterns. Afatinib may be a better choice for most uncommon EGFR mutations. Concurrent 19del/L858R and tumor-suppressor gene alterations, especially TP53, can be established as prognostic biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Tan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chengping Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pengbo Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rongjun Wan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liming Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huaping Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qihua Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian An
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring Concurrent EGFR Genomic Alterations: A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal of the Double Dilemma. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmp2020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathways which promote lung cancer cell features have been broadly explored, leading to significant improvement in prognostic and diagnostic strategies. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have dramatically altered the treatment approach for patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Latest investigations by using next-generation sequencing (NGS) have shown that other oncogenic driver mutations, believed mutually exclusive for decades, could coexist in EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients. However, the exact clinical and pathological role of concomitant genomic aberrations needs to be investigated. In this systematic review, we aimed to summarize the recent data on the oncogenic role of concurrent genomic alterations, by specifically evaluating the characteristics, the pathological significance, and their potential impact on the treatment approach.
Collapse
|
10
|
Guo Y, Song J, Wang Y, Huang L, Sun L, Zhao J, Zhang S, Jing W, Ma J, Han C. Concurrent Genetic Alterations and Other Biomarkers Predict Treatment Efficacy of EGFR-TKIs in EGFR-Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Review. Front Oncol 2020; 10:610923. [PMID: 33363040 PMCID: PMC7758444 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.610923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) greatly improve the survival and quality of life of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with EGFR mutations. However, many patients exhibit de novo or primary/early resistance. In addition, patients who initially respond to EGFR-TKIs exhibit marked diversity in clinical outcomes. With the development of comprehensive genomic profiling, various mutations and concurrent (i.e., coexisting) genetic alterations have been discovered. Many studies have revealed that concurrent genetic alterations play an important role in the response and resistance of EGFR-mutant NSCLC to EGFR-TKIs. To optimize clinical outcomes, a better understanding of specific concurrent gene alterations and their impact on EGFR-TKI treatment efficacy is necessary. Further exploration of other biomarkers that can predict EGFR-TKI efficacy will help clinicians identify patients who may not respond to TKIs and allow them to choose appropriate treatment strategies. Here, we review the literature on specific gene alterations that coexist with EGFR mutations, including common alterations (intra-EGFR [on target] co-mutation, TP53, PIK3CA, and PTEN) and driver gene alterations (ALK, KRAS, ROS1, and MET). We also summarize data for other biomarkers (e.g., PD-L1 expression and BIM polymorphisms) associated with EGFR-TKI efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Guo
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanru Wang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Letian Huang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianzhu Zhao
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Jing
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jietao Ma
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chengbo Han
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Singh V, Nambirajan A, Malik PS, Thulkar S, Pandey RM, Luthra K, Arava S, Ray R, Mohan A, Jain D. Spectrum of uncommon and compound epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in non-small-cell lung carcinomas with treatment response and outcome analysis: A study from India. Lung Cancer 2020; 149:53-60. [PMID: 32971387 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) are key driver alterations in lung adenocarcinomas (ADCAs). Exon 19 deletions (exon19del) and exon 21 L858R (L858R) mutations account for 70-90 % of all such alterations and predict sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, the predictive value of uncommon and compound EGFR mutations for TKIs has not been clearly established. OBJECTIVE To assess the spectrum of EGFR mutations in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), and to compare the treatment responses and outcomes among single common, single uncommon, and compound mutations. METHOD The study was of combined retrospective (January 2010-December 2015) and prospective (January 2016-February 2020) design spanning 10 years. Tumor samples from TKI-naive NSCLC patients were tested for EGFR mutations by a qPCR-based method. Objective response rates (ORRs) and survival outcomes were analyzed. RESULT In total, 1227 tumor samples were tested. EGFR mutations were detected in 391 samples (31.8 %), and included 79.5 % (311/391) single common (exon19del/L858R), 6.6 % (26/391) single uncommon (non-exon19del/L858R), and 13.8 % (54/391) compound mutations. Exon 20 T790M mutations were most prevalent among uncommon/compound mutations (40/391, 10.2 %). Overall, patients with single uncommon/compound mutations responded poorly to both EGFRTKI (47 % ORR) and chemotherapy (43 % ORR), with significantly shorter time to progression (median 7 months) compared to those with exon19del/L858R mutations (median 14.7 months). Patients with baseline T790M mutations (single/compound) were least responsive to EGFR TKIs (11 % ORR) and chemotherapy (27 % ORR) and showed the shortest progression-free survival compared to other uncommon and compound mutations. CONCLUSION Approximately one fifth of EGFR-mutant patients harbor uncommon and compound mutations. Unlike those with exon19del/L858R, these patients-particularly those with baseline T790M mutations-show significantly inferior response rates to treatment (EGFR TKI or chemotherapy) and early disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Singh
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aruna Nambirajan
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhat Singh Malik
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr B.R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Thulkar
- Department of Radiology, Dr B.R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravindra Mohan Pandey
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudheer Arava
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruma Ray
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anant Mohan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Sleep Disorders, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepali Jain
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhai SS, Yu H, Gu TT, Li YX, Lei Y, Zhang HY, Zhen TH, Gao YG. Lung adenocarcinoma harboring rare epidermal growth factor receptor L858R and V834L mutations treated with icotinib: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:3841-3846. [PMID: 32953862 PMCID: PMC7479576 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i17.3841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine-kinase inhibitors are widely used for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer with EGFR mutations. However, patients with rare, even compound EGFR mutations have different responses to EGFR-tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, which bring uncertainty to clinical treatment.
CASE SUMMARY A 45-year-old female patient presented with a 3-mo history of cough and white sputum without chest pain. Chest computed tomography revealed lung space-occupying lesions and multiple lymphadenectasis. Bronchoscopy and pathology suggested lung adenocarcinoma. Compound variation of EGFR gene (exon 21 L858R/V834L) was detected in both tissue and circulating tumor deoxyribonucleic acid samples. As a result of next-generation sequencing and her family’s wishes, the patient was given oral treatment with icotinib hydrochloride (125 mg/d, tid) from March 21, 2019 and has achieved stable disease for the last 1 year.
CONCLUSION Non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR L858R/V834L was treated successfully with icotinib, and it may be a new medication treatment option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Sen Zhai
- Oncology Section, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Cancer Research Institute, YuceBio, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tian-Tian Gu
- Cancer Research Institute, YuceBio, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan-Xia Li
- Cancer Research Institute, YuceBio, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Lei
- Oncology Section, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhang
- Oncology Section, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tong-Huan Zhen
- Oncology Section, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yun-Ge Gao
- Oncology Section, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu SG, Yu CJ, Yang JCH, Shih JY. The effectiveness of afatinib in patients with lung adenocarcinoma harboring complex epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920946156. [PMID: 32843903 PMCID: PMC7418472 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920946156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs) are effective against classical EGFR mutations in lung cancer. However, their effectiveness and the prognosis of lung cancer patients with complex EGFR mutations are not well delineated. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the treatment effectiveness of different EGFR TKIs in patients with complex EGFR mutations. Patients and methods: From 2005 to 2020, we collected lung adenocarcinoma tissue samples for EGFR mutation analysis using direct Sanger sequencing. Patients with EGFR mutations treated with EGFR TKIs as first-line treatment were enrolled. Clinical characteristics, EGFR mutation status, treatment response, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. Results: Among 2675 patients with EGFR mutations, 239 (8.9%) had complex EGFR mutations, of whom 125 received EGFR TKI treatment as first-line treatment. Multivariate analysis revealed that afatinib was a more favorable factor for PFS than gefitinib [hazard ratio (HR), 2.01; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11–3.62] and erlotinib (HR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.31–5.22), especially in patients with uncommon mutation patterns. Afatinib treatment as first-line treatment was also associated with longer OS compared with erlotinib (HR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.20–5.12). Classical mutation pattern was associated with longer PFS (p = 0.001) and OS (p = 0.020). Secondary T790M was detected in 22 of 52 (42.3%) patients who had re-biopsied tissue samples after acquiring resistance to EGFR TKIs. There was no significant difference in secondary T790M formation after acquired resistance to the three EGFR TKIs (p = 0.261). Furthermore, three (5.8%) patients had small-cell lung cancer transformation. Conclusion: Afatinib is an effective first-line treatment for patients with lung adenocarcinoma harboring complex EGFR mutations, especially those with uncommon mutation patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Gin Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | - Chong-Jen Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | - James Chih-Hsin Yang
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | - Jin-Yuan Shih
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Harrison PT, Vyse S, Huang PH. Rare epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 61:167-179. [PMID: 31562956 PMCID: PMC7083237 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are the second most common oncogenic driver event in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Classical activating mutations (exon 19 deletions and the L858R point mutation) comprise the vast majority of EGFR mutations and are well defined as strong predictors for good clinical response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFRi). However, low frequency mutations including point mutations, deletions, insertions and duplications occur within exons 18-25 of the EGFR gene in NSCLC and are associated with poorer responses to EGFRi. Despite an increased uptake of more sensitive detection methods to identify rare EGFR mutations in patients, our understanding of the biology of these rare EGFR mutations is poor compared to classical mutations. In particular, clinical data focused on these mutations is lacking due to their rarity and challenges in trial recruitment, resulting in an absence of effective treatment strategies for many low frequency EGFR mutations. In this review, we describe the structural and mechanistic features of rare EGFR mutations in NSCLC and discuss the preclinical and clinical evidence for EGFRi response for individual rare EGFR mutations. We also discuss EGFRi sensitivity for complex EGFR mutations, and conclude by offering a perspective on the outstanding questions and future steps required to make advances in the treatment of NSCLC patients that harbour rare EGFR mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Harrison
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Simon Vyse
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Paul H Huang
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Du W, Wo Y, Lu T, Wang Y, Jiao W. [A Review of EGFR-TKIs Therapy of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
with Uncommon EGFR Mutations]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2019; 22:590-599. [PMID: 31526464 PMCID: PMC6754574 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2019.09.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
肺癌是目前最常见的癌症,也是导致癌症死亡的首要原因。非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)占85%以上,且高达50%的亚洲NSCLC患者携带表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)基因突变。研究证明,伴有EGFR突变的NSCLC患者接受表皮生长因子受体-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, EGFR-TKIs)治疗能获得更好的生存结果。然而,因为EGFR罕见突变相对治疗效果较差,会对研究结果带来负面影响,所以大部分研究EGFR-TKIs疗效的临床试验都不包含罕见突变患者,另外EGFR罕见突变本身就少见,就导致临床试验中这部分患者数量较少。由于EGFR罕见突变样本量少且具有高度异质性,EGFR-TKIs对EGFR罕见突变患者的疗效仍然不清楚。本文就EGFR罕见突变与EGFR-TKIs的疗效关系进行综述,为携带EGFR罕见突变的NSCLC患者合理选择治疗方式提供指导和建议。
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Du
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yang Wo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tong Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuanyong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenjie Jiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ikari T, Sakakibara-Konishi J, Yamamoto G, Kitai H, Mizugaki H, Asahina H, Kikuchi E, Shinagawa N. Response to First-Line Osimertinib Treatment in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer With Coexisting G719A and Primary T790M Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations. Clin Lung Cancer 2019; 20:e531-e533. [PMID: 31164318 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoo Ikari
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Gaku Yamamoto
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kitai
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Mizugaki
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hajime Asahina
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Eiki Kikuchi
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naofumi Shinagawa
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|