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Pennel K, Dutton L, Melissourgou-Syka L, Roxburgh C, Birch J, Edwards J. Novel radiation and targeted therapy combinations for improving rectal cancer outcomes. Expert Rev Mol Med 2024; 26:e14. [PMID: 38623751 PMCID: PMC11140547 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2024.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant radiotherapy (RT) is commonly used as standard treatment for rectal cancer. However, response rates are variable and survival outcomes remain poor, highlighting the need to develop new therapeutic strategies. Research is focused on identifying novel methods for sensitising rectal tumours to RT to enhance responses and improve patient outcomes. This can be achieved through harnessing tumour promoting effects of radiation or preventing development of radio-resistance in cancer cells. Many of the approaches being investigated involve targeting the recently published new dimensions of cancer hallmarks. This review article will discuss key radiation and targeted therapy combination strategies being investigated in the rectal cancer setting, with a focus on exploitation of mechanisms which target the hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Pennel
- School of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Louise Dutton
- School of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Lydia Melissourgou-Syka
- School of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- CRUK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, G611BD, UK
| | - Campbell Roxburgh
- School of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Academic Unit of Surgery, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G4 0SF, UK
| | - Joanna Birch
- School of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- School of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
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2
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Zhang Y, Hao M, Yang X, Zhang S, Han J, Wang Z, Chen HN. Reactive oxygen species in colorectal cancer adjuvant therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166922. [PMID: 37898425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), a prevalent global malignancy, often necessitates adjuvant therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy to mitigate tumor burden in advanced stages. The efficacy of these therapies is significantly influenced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Previous research underscores the pivotal role of ROS in gut pathology, targeted therapy, and drug resistance. ROS-mediated CRC adjuvant therapies encompass a myriad of mechanisms, including cell death and proliferation, survival and cell cycle, DNA damage, metabolic reprogramming, and angiogenesis. Preliminary clinical trials have begun to unveil the potential of ROS-manipulating therapy in enhancing CRC adjuvant therapies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of studies exploring the role of ROS in CRC adjuvant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Colorectal Cancer Center and Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengqiu Hao
- Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuyang Yang
- Colorectal Cancer Center and Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junhong Han
- Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- Colorectal Cancer Center and Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Hai-Ning Chen
- Colorectal Cancer Center and Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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3
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Behera SK, Lambring CB, Hashmi A, Gottipolu S, Basha R. In Silico Analysis Determining the Binding Interactions of NAD(P)H: Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 and Resveratrol via Docking and Molecular Dynamic Simulations. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY 2023; 82:280-288. [PMID: 38264080 PMCID: PMC10805530 DOI: 10.26650/eurjbiol.2023.1352396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Objective NAD(P)H: Quinone oxidoreductase1 (NQO1) plays a crucial role in cellular defense against oxidative stress. Overexpression of NQO1 is linked to various cancer pathways. Despite its potential, the actual mechanisms to inhibit NQO1 and increase the efficacy of standard therapeutic options are not yet established. Resveratrol is an anti-cancer polyphenol found in dietary products and red wine. The objective of this investigation is to employ in silico methods to explore how resveratrol interacts with NQO1. Materials and Methods Docking analysis of resveratrol against NQO1 was performed using Glide. The most efficiently docked complex was characterized and analyzed by measuring intermolecular (IM) hydrogen (H)-bonds and binding energy values, additional hydrophobic, and electrostatic interactions. IM interaction between complexed protein and compound was demonstrated using LigPlot+ and the Schrödinger ligand interaction module. Molecular dynamics tools were employed to examine the physical movement of molecules to evaluate how macromolecular structures relate to their functions. Results The results of this investigation depicted a strong affinity of resveratrol against NQO1 followed by MD simulations (NQO1-resveratrol complex-binding energy: -2.847kcal/mol). Resveratrol's robust binding affinity through docking and molecular dynamic simulations highlights a significant change around 90 ns. The H-bonds number was inversely linked with the resveratrol-NQO1 complex stability. The NQO1-Resveratrol complex displayed dynamic motion, as revealed by porcupine projections, indicating alterations in its movement and flexibility. Conclusion The present in silico analysis suggests a possible alteration in resveratrol's orientation in the protein binding pocket. The findings encourage further investigation, including validation using in vitro and in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Riyaz Basha
- University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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4
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Feng Q, Chen J, Huang J, Li X, Liu X, Xiao C, Zheng X, Chen X, Li J, Gu Z, Luo K, Xiao K, Li W. A redox-responsive nanosystem to suppress chemoresistant lung cancer through targeting STAT3. J Control Release 2023; 363:349-360. [PMID: 37748583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been demonstrated to be involved in tumor initiation and relapse, and the presence of CSCs in the tumor tissue often leads to therapeutic failure. BBI608 has been identified to eliminate CSCs by inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). In this study, we confirm that BBI608 can efficiently suppress the proliferation and migration of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, and specifically kill the stemness-high population in chemoresistant NSCLC cells. To improve its bioavailability and tumor accumulation, BBI608 is successfully encapsulated into redox-responsive PEGylated branched N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA)-deoxy cholic acid (DA) polymeric nanoparticles (BBI608-SS-NPs). The BBI608-SS-NPs can release the drug in response to high concentrations of intracellular glutathione, and exhibit cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells and CSCs comparable to the free drug BBI608. Furthermore, the BBI608-SS-NPs preferentially accumulate in tumor sites, resulting in a superior anti-tumor efficacy in both cisplatin-resistant cell line-derived xenograft (CDX) and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of NSCLC. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that BBI608-SS-NPs not only directly inhibit the downstream genes of the STAT3 pathway, but also indirectly inhibit the Wnt pathway. Overall, this stimuli-responsive polymeric nanoformulation of BBI608 shows great potential in the treatment of chemoresistant NSCLC by targeting CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyi Feng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Precision Medicine Center, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, and Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Precision Medicine Center, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, and Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinxing Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Precision Medicine Center, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, and Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Precision Medicine Center, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, and Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Precision Medicine Center, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, and Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chunxiu Xiao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Precision Medicine Center, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, and Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiuli Zheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Precision Medicine Center, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, and Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Frontier Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuanming Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Precision Medicine Center, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, and Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jue Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Precision Medicine Center, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, and Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Precision Medicine Center, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, and Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Frontier Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kui Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Precision Medicine Center, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, and Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Frontier Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Kai Xiao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Precision Medicine Center, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, and Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Frontier Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Precision Medicine Center, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Department of Respiratory Medicine, and Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Frontier Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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5
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Shao Z, Wang H, Ren H, Sun Y, Chen X. The Anticancer Effect of Napabucasin (BBI608), a Natural Naphthoquinone. Molecules 2023; 28:5678. [PMID: 37570646 PMCID: PMC10420168 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Napabucasin (also known as BBI608) is a natural naphthoquinone originally identified as a cancer cell stemness inhibitor. Accumulated in vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrated that napabucasin showed significant anticancer effects in various types of cancers. Napabucasin inhibits cancer cell proliferation, induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and suppresses metastasis and relapse. Such anticancer activities of napabucasin mainly rely on the inhibition of cancer stemness by targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and its related gene inhibition. However, several novel molecular targets for napabucasin, such as NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1), have been reported. Napabucasin represents a promising anticancer lead for multiple cancers. In this mini review, the anticancer potential and the molecular mechanism of napabucasin will be briefly highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical, University of Macau, Macao, China; (Z.S.); (H.W.); (H.R.)
| | - Heng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical, University of Macau, Macao, China; (Z.S.); (H.W.); (H.R.)
| | - Haiyan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical, University of Macau, Macao, China; (Z.S.); (H.W.); (H.R.)
| | - Yinxiang Sun
- Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical, University of Macau, Macao, China; (Z.S.); (H.W.); (H.R.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macao, China
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
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Nagao H, Ninomiya M, Sugiyama H, Itabashi A, Uno K, Tanaka K, Koketsu M. Comparative analysis of p-terphenylquinone and seriniquinone derivatives as reactive oxygen species-modulating agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 76:128992. [PMID: 36126897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Quinones are widespread in plants, animals, insects, and microorganisms. Several anticancer agents contain quinone structures as critical parts to show remarkable potential and distinctive modes of actions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the structure-activity relationships of microbial quinones and their derivatives as anticancer agents. A series of p-terphenylquinone and seriniquinone derivatives were therefore prepared. Treatment of the synthesized quinones possessed antiproliferative activity on human leukemia HL-60 cells in a dose-dependent fashion. In addition, seriniquinone derivatives elevated cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, thereby triggering the ensuing apoptotic events. Our findings emphasize the excellent potential of seriniquinone derivatives as redox cycling-induced ROS-modulating anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Nagao
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ninomiya
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Division of Instrumental Analysis, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hodaka Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Atsuya Itabashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kaho Uno
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kaori Tanaka
- Division of Anaerobe Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medicinal Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; Division of Cooperative Research Facility, Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Mamoru Koketsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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7
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Cao M, Wang Y, Lu G, Qi H, Li P, Dai X, Lu J. Classical Angiogenic Signaling Pathways and Novel Anti-Angiogenic Strategies for Colorectal Cancer. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4447-4471. [PMID: 36286020 PMCID: PMC9601273 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although productive progress has been made in colorectal cancer (CRC) researchs, CRC is the second most frequent type of malignancy and the major cause of cancer-related death among gastrointestinal cancers. As angiogenesis constitutes an important point in the control of CRC progression and metastasis, understanding the key signaling pathways that regulate CRC angiogenesis is critical in elucidating ways to inhibit CRC. Herein, we comprehensively summarized the angiogenesis-related pathways of CRC, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), Wingless and int-1 (Wnt), and Notch signaling pathways. We divided the factors influencing the specific pathway into promoters and inhibitors. Among these, some drugs or natural compounds that have antiangiogenic effects were emphasized. Furthermore, the interactions of these pathways in angiogenesis were discussed. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of the key signaling pathways that are involved in the angiogenesis of CRC and contributes to the new anti-angiogenic strategies for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Cao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yunmeng Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guige Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Haoran Qi
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peiyu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoshuo Dai
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Correspondence:
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8
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Cancer Stem Cells in Tumor Microenvironment of Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach, Colon, and Rectum. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163948. [PMID: 36010940 PMCID: PMC9405851 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gastrointestinal cancers have a high mortality rate worldwide, and the progression of the disease is related to cancer stem cells. Until now, its relationship with the microenvironment has been poorly understood. We describe the molecules and different pathways activated during this interaction and the new targeting therapies for cancer cells and microenvironment modulation. This approach could impact the way gastrointestinal cancers are managed. Abstract Gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas are one of the world’s deadliest cancers. Cancer stem cells and the tissue microenvironment are highly regulated by cell and molecular mechanisms. Cancer stem cells are essential for maintenance and progression and are associated with resistance to conventional treatments. This article reviews the current knowledge of the role of the microenvironment during the primary establishment of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas in the stomach, colon, and rectum and its relationship with cancer stem cells. We also describe novel developments in cancer therapeutics, such as targeted therapy, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different treatments for improving gastrointestinal cancer prognosis.
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9
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Targeting STAT3 Signaling Facilitates Responsiveness of Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Chemoradiotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051301. [PMID: 35267609 PMCID: PMC8908974 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The debate is ongoing regarding the potential role of preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and whether it should be reserved for borderline resectable or unresectable tumors. However, treatment response is heterogeneous, implicating the need to unveil and overcome the underlying mechanisms of resistance. Activation of the transcription factor STAT3 was recently linked to CRT resistance in other gastrointestinal cancers such as rectal and esophageal cancers, but its role in PDAC needs to be clarified. Protein expression and phosphorylation of STAT3 was determined in PDAC cell lines and connected to transcriptional activity measured by dual-luciferase reporter gene assays. Inhibition of STAT3 signaling was achieved by RNAi or the small-molecule inhibitor napabucasin. We observed a positive correlation between STAT3 signaling activity and CRT resistance. Importantly, genetical and pharmacological perturbation of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway resulted in CRT sensitization specifically in those cell lines, in which STAT3 activity was augmented by IL-6. In conclusion, our data underscore the general importance of IL-6/STAT3 signaling for CRT resistance and suggest that pathway inhibition may represents a putative treatment strategy in order to increase the fraction of patients with PDAC who are candidates for surgical approaches.
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Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has spread rapidly across the globe, resulting in more than 3 million deaths worldwide. The symptoms of Covid-19 are usually mild and non-specific, however in some cases patients may develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and systemic inflammation. Individuals with inflammatory or immunocompromising illnesses, such as cancer, are more susceptible to develop ARDS and have higher rates of mortality. This is mediated through an initial hyperstimulated immune response which results in elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a subsequent cytokine storm. This potentiates positive feedback loops which are unable to be balanced by anti-inflammatory mediators. Therefore, elevated levels of IL-1β, as a result of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, as well as IL-6 and TNF-α amongst many others, contribute to the progression of various cancer types. Furthermore, Covid-19 progression is associated with the depletion of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, B cell and natural killer cell numbers. Collectively, a Covid-19-dependent pro-inflammatory profile and immune suppression promotes the optimal microenvironment for tumourigenesis, initiation and immune evasion of malignant cells, tumour progression and metastasis as well as cancer recurrence. There are, however, therapeutic windows of opportunity that may combat both Covid-19 and cancer to improve patient outcomes.
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11
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Yang Y, Tian W, Su L, Li P, Gong X, Shi L, Zhang Q, Zhao B, Zhao H. Tumor-Infiltrating Cytotoxic T Cells and Tumor-Associated Macrophages Correlate With the Outcomes of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:743540. [PMID: 34733785 PMCID: PMC8560008 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) play a key role in immunoregulatory networks and are related to tumor development. Emerging evidence shows that these cells are associated with sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, the predictive role of TIICs in the outcomes of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) is unclear. METHODS Imaging mass cytometry (IMC) was performed to comprehensively assess the immune status before nCRT in 6 patients with LARC (3 achieved pathological complete response (pCR), 3 did not) with matched clinicopathological parameters. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CD8, CD163 and Foxp3 on biopsy samples from 70 patients prior to nCRT and logistic regression analysis were combined to further evaluate its predictive value for treatment responses in an independent validation group. RESULTS A trend of increased CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and decreased CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the pCR group was revealed by IMC. In the validation group, CTLs and TAMs were strong predictors of the clinical response to nCRT. High levels of CTLs were positively associated with the pCR ratio (OR=1.042; 95% CI: 1.015~1.070, p=0.002), whereas TAMs were correlated with a poor response (OR=0.969; 95% CI: 0.941~0.998, p=0.036). A high density of TAMs was also associated with an advanced cN stage. CONCLUSION CTLs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) may improve the response to nCRT, whereas TAMs have the opposite effect. These results suggest that these cells might be potential markers for the clinical outcomes of nCRT and aid in the clinical decision-making of LARC for improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Yang
- The Cancer Center of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wenjing Tian
- The Cancer Center of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Liqian Su
- Precision Medicine Center of Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Peiqiu Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Hospital Affifiliated of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaohua Gong
- The Cancer Center of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Lu Shi
- The Cancer Center of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Qingling Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- The Cancer Center of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
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12
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Galeaz C, Totis C, Bisio A. Radiation Resistance: A Matter of Transcription Factors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:662840. [PMID: 34141616 PMCID: PMC8204019 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.662840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, radiation therapy is one of the standard therapies for cancer treatment. Since the first applications, the field of radiotherapy has constantly improved, both in imaging technologies and from a dose-painting point of view. Despite this, the mechanisms of resistance are still a great problem to overcome. Therefore, a more detailed understanding of these molecular mechanisms will allow researchers to develop new therapeutic strategies to eradicate cancer effectively. This review focuses on different transcription factors activated in response to radiotherapy and, unfortunately, involved in cancer cells’ survival. In particular, ionizing radiations trigger the activation of the immune modulators STAT3 and NF-κB, which contribute to the development of radiation resistance through the up-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes, the promotion of proliferation, the alteration of the cell cycle, and the induction of genes responsible for the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Moreover, the ROS-dependent damaging effects of radiation therapy are hampered by the induction of antioxidant enzymes by NF-κB, NRF2, and HIF-1. This protective process results in a reduced effectiveness of the treatment, whose mechanism of action relies mainly on the generation of free oxygen radicals. Furthermore, the previously mentioned transcription factors are also involved in the maintenance of stemness in Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), a subset of tumor cells that are intrinsically resistant to anti-cancer therapies. Therefore, combining standard treatments with new therapeutic strategies targeted against these transcription factors may be a promising opportunity to avoid resistance and thus tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Galeaz
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Cristina Totis
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bisio
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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13
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Huang X, Jin A, Wang X, Gao X, Xu H, Chung M, Dai Q, Yang Y, Jiang L. Napabucasin Induces Mouse Bone Loss by Impairing Bone Formation via STAT3. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:648866. [PMID: 33816498 PMCID: PMC8014090 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.648866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel small molecule Napabucasin (also known as BBI608) was shown to inhibit gene transcription driven by Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), which is considered a promising anticancer target. Many preclinical studies have been conducted in cancer patients examining the selective targeting of cancer stem cells by Napabucasin, but few studies have examined side effects of Napabucasin in the skeleton system. In the present study, we found treating bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) with Napabucasin in vitro impaired their osteogenic differentiation. In terms of mechanisms, Napabucasin disrupted differentiation of BMSCs by inhibiting the transcription of osteogenic gene osteocalcin (Ocn) through STAT3. Moreover, through micro-CT analysis we found 4 weeks of Napabucasin injections induced mouse bone loss. Histological analysis revealed that Napabucasin-induced bone loss in mice was the result of impaired osteogenesis. In conclusion, this study provided evidence for the effect of Napabucasin on mouse bone homeostasis and revealed its underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangru Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Anting Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xijun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyuan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Miri Chung
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinggang Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, The 2nd Dental Center, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiling Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyong Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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14
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Santoni M, Miccini F, Cimadamore A, Piva F, Massari F, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, Battelli N. An update on investigational therapies that target STAT3 for the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:245-251. [PMID: 33599169 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1891222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is involved in cancer initiation and resistance to chemo-radiation therapies and targeted agents. The role of STAT3 in inflammation and immunity together with its involvement in a variety of diseases including genitourinary, gastrointestinal, lung, ovarian and brain tumors makes STAT3 an ideal candidate for therapeutic strategies. AREAS COVERED The authors provided an overview on STAT3 inhibitors and examined the most recent results obtained by these agents in cancer patients. The authors discussed the results published since 2015 and the ongoing clinical trials on anti-STAT3 agents in cancer patients. The authors also provide our opinion on the future perspectives of this therapeutic approach in this context. The manuscript includes information from trial databases and scientific literature. EXPERT OPINION Future challenges include the development of non-peptide small-molecule inhibitors of STAT3 designed to directly inhibit STAT3 activity. In addition, inhibitors of STAT3/STAT3 nuclear translocation or DNA binding activity are also emerging as novel promising therapeutic approaches A better comprehension of the role of STAT3 in modulating immune response together with advances in understanding the mechanisms of STAT3-induced chemo and/or radio-resistance will also help the design of combined strategies in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Santoni
- U.O.C Medical Oncology, Macerata Hospital, Macerata, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Massari
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cordoba University, Cordoba, Spain.,Anatomic Pathology, Champalimaud Clinical Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
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15
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NOTCH Activation via gp130/STAT3 Signaling Confers Resistance to Chemoradiotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030455. [PMID: 33530306 PMCID: PMC7865718 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Resistance to chemoradiotherapy represents a fundamental problem in modern oncology because it exposes patients to the potential negative side-effects of both radiation and chemotherapy without any clinical benefit. This study uncovers that the inflammatory signaling hub STAT3 conspires with the cell fate regulator NOTCH in rendering tumor cells refractory to chemoradiotherapy. The dichotomic signal alliance is based on a so-far unknown STAT3 target gene, RBPJ, providing the transcriptionally active partner of NOTCH intracellular domain. Unexpectedly, the latter is permanently produced by tonic proteolysis. Tumor mouse models and cancer patient cohorts demonstrate the usefulness of the STAT3/NOTCH axis as biomarker for patient stratification, and importantly, that STAT3 inhibition is a promising treatment option for re-sensitization of CRT-refractory tumors. Abstract Resistance of tumor cells to chemoradiotherapy represents a fundamental problem in clinical oncology. The underlying mechanisms are actively debated. Here we show that blocking inflammatory cytokine receptor signaling via STAT3 re-sensitized treatment-refractory cancer cells and abolished tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model when applied together with chemoradiotherapy. STAT3 executed treatment resistance by triggering the expression of RBPJ, the key transcriptional regulator of the NOTCH pathway. The mandatory RBPJ interaction partner, NOTCH intracellular domain, was provided by tumor cell-intrinsic expression of NOTCH ligands that caused tonic NOTCH proteolysis. In fact, NOTCH inhibition phenocopied the effect of blocking STAT3 signaling. Moreover, genetic profiling of rectal cancer patients revealed the importance of the STAT3/NOTCH axis as NOTCH expression correlated with clinical outcome. Our data uncovered an unprecedented signal alliance between inflammation and cellular development that orchestrated resistance to chemoradiotherapy. Clinically, our findings allow for biomarker-driven patient stratification and offer novel treatment options.
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16
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Phull MS, Jadav SS, Gundla R, Mainkar PS. A perspective on medicinal chemistry approaches towards adenomatous polyposis coli and Wnt signal based colorectal cancer inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 212:113149. [PMID: 33445154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the major causes of carcinogenic mortality in numbers only after lung and breast cancers. The mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene leads to formation of colorectal polyps in the colonic region and which develop as a malignant tumour upon coalition with patient related risk factors. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) of APC with Asef (A Rac specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor) overwhelms the patient's conditions by rapidly spreading in the entire colorectal region. Most mutations in APC gene occur in mutated cluster region (MCR), where it specifically binds with the cytosolic β-catenin to regulate the Wnt signalling pathway required for CRC cell adhesion, invasion, progression, differentiation and stemness in initial cell cycle phages. The current broad spectrum perspective is attempted to elaborate the sources of identification, development of selective APC inhibitors by targeting emopamil-binding protein (EBP) & dehydrocholesterol reductase-7 & 24 (DHCR-7 & 24); APC-Asef, β-catenin/APC, Wnt/β-catenin, β-catenin/TCF4 PPI inhibitors with other vital Wnt signal cellular proteins and APC/Pol-β interface of colorectal cancer. In this context, this perspective would serve as a platform for design of new medicinal agents by targeting cellular essential components which could accelerate anti-colorectal potential candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjinder Singh Phull
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to Be University), Hyderabad, 502329, Telangana, India
| | - Surender Singh Jadav
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Rambabu Gundla
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to Be University), Hyderabad, 502329, Telangana, India
| | - Prathama S Mainkar
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Utter Pradesh, India.
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An aberrant STAT pathway is central to COVID-19. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:3209-3225. [PMID: 33037393 PMCID: PMC7545020 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and characterized by diverse clinical symptoms. Type I interferon (IFN-I) production is impaired and severe cases lead to ARDS and widespread coagulopathy. We propose that COVID-19 pathophysiology is initiated by SARS-CoV-2 gene products, the NSP1 and ORF6 proteins, leading to a catastrophic cascade of failures. These viral components induce signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) dysfunction and compensatory hyperactivation of STAT3. In SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, a positive feedback loop established between STAT3 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) may lead to an escalating cycle of activation in common with the interdependent signaling networks affected in COVID-19. Specifically, PAI-1 upregulation leads to coagulopathy characterized by intravascular thrombi. Overproduced PAI-1 binds to TLR4 on macrophages, inducing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The recruitment and subsequent activation of innate immune cells within an infected lung drives the destruction of lung architecture, which leads to the infection of regional endothelial cells and produces a hypoxic environment that further stimulates PAI-1 production. Acute lung injury also activates EGFR and leads to the phosphorylation of STAT3. COVID-19 patients' autopsies frequently exhibit diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and increased hyaluronan (HA) production which also leads to higher levels of PAI-1. COVID-19 risk factors are consistent with this scenario, as PAI-1 levels are increased in hypertension, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and old age. We discuss the possibility of using various approved drugs, or drugs currently in clinical development, to treat COVID-19. This perspective suggests to enhance STAT1 activity and/or inhibit STAT3 functions for COVID-19 treatment. This might derail the escalating STAT3/PAI-1 cycle central to COVID-19.
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