Diagnostic value of a comprehensive, urothelial carcinoma-specific next-generation sequencing panel in urine cytology and bladder tumor specimens

Urinary Tract Cytopathology: Current and Future Impact on Patient Care

Urine cytology is a non-invasive, cost-efficient, and sensitive test to detect high-grade urothelial carcinoma. The Paris System (TPS) for Reporting Urinary Cytology is an evidence-based system that uses the risk of malignancy to guide patient management. Since its inception, TPS has standardized urine cytology reports, facilitating communication among pathologists and between pathologists and clinicians. It is imperative to correlate the urine cytology findings with the concurrent tissue sample to avoid false-negative and false-positive results when possible. Several ancillary tests and artificial intelligence algorithms are being developed to increase the accuracy of urine cytology interpretation.

Urinary mRNA-based biomarkers for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a mini-review

Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most common type of cancer of the urinary system. Approximately 75% of the cases are non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), which has a high recurrence and progression rate. Current diagnosis and surveillance methods present challenges, including risks to the patients. For this reason, urinary biomarkers have been proposed as alternatives to the methods. The goal of this mini-review is to describe urinary mRNA-based biomarkers available in current literature for NMIBC tumors, using the PubMed database. The search included the following keywords: "biomarkers" AND "bladder cancer" AND "urine" and "RNA" and "non-muscle". The search yielded 11 original researchers utilizing mRNA-based urinary biomarkers. Although there is a wide variety of biomarkers described, the cohorts of the studies were not exclusively NMIBC, which is the subtype of BC that would mostly benefit from the introduction of a good follow-up biomarker, highlighting the need for randomized interventional trials for NMIBC.

Optimizing the Use of Next-Generation Sequencing Assays in Patients With Urothelial Carcinoma: Recommendations by the 2023 San Raffaele Retreat Panel

BACKGROUND

The application of precision medicine in clinical practice implies a thorough evaluation of actionable genomic alterations to streamline therapeutic decision making. Comprehensive genomic profiling of tumor via next-generation sequencing (NGS) represents a great opportunity but also several challenges. During the 2023 San Raffaele Retreat, we aimed to provide expert recommendations for the optimal use of NGS in urothelial carcinoma (UC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A modified Delphi method was utilized, involving a panel of 12 experts in UC from European and United States centers, including oncologists, urologists, pathologists, and translational scientists. An initial survey, conducted before the meeting, delivered 15 statements to the panel. A consensus was defined when ≥70% agreement was reached for each statement. Statements not meeting the consensus threshold were discussed during the meeting.

RESULTS

Nine of the 15 statements covering patient selection, cancer characteristics, and type of NGS assay, achieved a consensus during the survey. The remaining six statements addressing the optimal timing of NGS use, the ideal source of tumor biospecimen for NGS testing, and the subsequent need to evaluate the germline nature of certain genomic findings were discussed during the meeting, leading to unanimous agreement at the end of the conference.

CONCLUSION

This consensus-building effort addressed multiple unanswered questions regarding the use of NGS in UC. The opinion of experts was in favor of broader use of NGS. In a setting where recommendations/guidelines may be limited, these insights may aid clinicians to provide informed counselling and raise the bar of precision and personalized therapy.

LESS: Label-efficient multi-scale learning for cytological whole slide image screening

In computational pathology, multiple instance learning (MIL) is widely used to circumvent the computational impasse in giga-pixel whole slide image (WSI) analysis. It usually consists of two stages: patch-level feature extraction and slide-level aggregation. Recently, pretrained models or self-supervised learning have been used to extract patch features, but they suffer from low effectiveness or inefficiency due to overlooking the task-specific supervision provided by slide labels. Here we propose a weakly-supervised Label-Efficient WSI Screening method, dubbed LESS, for cytological WSI analysis with only slide-level labels, which can be effectively applied to small datasets. First, we suggest using variational positive-unlabeled (VPU) learning to uncover hidden labels of both benign and malignant patches. We provide appropriate supervision by using slide-level labels to improve the learning of patch-level features. Next, we take into account the sparse and random arrangement of cells in cytological WSIs. To address this, we propose a strategy to crop patches at multiple scales and utilize a cross-attention vision transformer (CrossViT) to combine information from different scales for WSI classification. The combination of our two steps achieves task-alignment, improving effectiveness and efficiency. We validate the proposed label-efficient method on a urine cytology WSI dataset encompassing 130 samples (13,000 patches) and a breast cytology dataset FNAC 2019 with 212 samples (21,200 patches). The experiment shows that the proposed LESS reaches 84.79%, 85.43%, 91.79% and 78.30% on the urine cytology WSI dataset, and 96.88%, 96.86%, 98.95%, 97.06% on the breast cytology high-resolution-image dataset in terms of accuracy, AUC, sensitivity and specificity. It outperforms state-of-the-art MIL methods on pathology WSIs and realizes automatic cytological WSI cancer screening.

Feasibility and tissue concordance of genomic sequencing of urinary cytology in upper tract urothelial carcinoma

BACKGROUND

There is limited ability to accurately diagnose and clinically stage patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). The most easily available and widely used urinary biomarker is urine cytology, which evaluates cellular material yet lacks sensitivity. We sought to assess the feasibility of performing next-generation sequencing (NGS) on urine cytology specimens from patients with UTUC and evaluate the genomic concordance with tissue from primary tumor.

METHODS

In this retrospective study, we identified 48 patients with a diagnosis of UTUC treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) between 2019 and 2022 who had banked or fresh urine samples. A convenience cohort of matching, previously sequenced tumor tissue was used when available. Urine specimens were processed and the residual material, including precipitated cell-free DNA, was sequenced using our tumor-naïve, targeted exome sequencing platform that evaluates 505 cancer-related genes (MSK-IMPACT). The primary outcome was at least 1 detectable mutation in urinary cytology specimens. The secondary outcome was concordance to matched tissue (using ANOVA or Chi-Square, as indicated).

RESULTS

Genomic sequencing was successful for 45 (94%) of the 48 urinary cytology patient samples. The most common mutations identified were TERT (62.2%), KMT2D (46.7%), and FGFR3 (35.6%). All patients with negative urine cytology and low-grade tissue had successful cytology sequencing. Thirty-six of the 45 patients had matching tumor tissue available; concordance to matched tissue was 55% overall (131 of the total 238 oncogenic or likely oncogenic somatic mutations identified). However, in 94.4% (n = 34/36) of patients, the cytology had at least 1 shared mutation with tissue. Eleven (30.6%) patients had 100% concordance between cytology and tissue.

CONCLUSIONS

Sequencing urinary specimens from selective UTUC cytology is feasible in nearly all patients with UTUC. Prospective studies are underway to investigate a clinical role for this promising technology.

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathway and Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma

Receptor tyrosine kinase pathway is frequently searched for cancer causing mutations in tumors. Emerging targeted therapies are gleam of hope for them. Infiltrating urothelial carcinoma can have many morphological aspects according to their differentiation/variants. To evaluate KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations and HER2, EGFR, and p16 expression, we divided urothelial carcinomas into two groups: differentiated/variants (n = 12) and conventional (n = 12). We compared results with clinical, demographic, histopathologic features and survival rates. No statistically significant results could be obtained in the comparison of histopathologic properties/survival rates with mutation analysis and EGFR, HER2, and p16 status. Differentiated/variants urothelial carcinoma showed higher EGFR expression (P < 0.001). Glandular differentiation was the most frequent type, followed by squamous and sarcomatoid differentiation. We observed the most common mutation at KRAS with a propensity for urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation. More than one mutation/high protein expression was seen in some tumors. Targeted therapies for KRAS mutation can be effective at urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation. Heterologous expression of relevant proteins and genes can be a cause for targeted treatment obstacle. The determination of the molecular characters of tumors is a guide in creating targeted treatment algorithms and in choosing the patient.

The Role of Androgens and Androgen Receptor in Human Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer (urothelial carcinoma) is one of the most frequently diagnosed neoplasms, with an estimated half a million new cases and 200,000 deaths per year worldwide. This pathology mainly affects men. Men have a higher risk (4:1) of developing bladder cancer than women. Cigarette smoking and exposure to chemicals such as aromatic amines, and aniline dyes have been established as risk factors for bladder cancer and may contribute to the sex disparity. Male internal genitalia, including the urothelium and prostate, are derived from urothelial sinus endoderm; both tissues express the androgen receptor (AR). Several investigations have shown evidence that the AR plays an important role in the initiation and development of different types of cancer including bladder cancer. In this article, we summarize the available data that help to explain the role of the AR in the development and progression of bladder cancer, as well as the therapies used for its treatment.