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Mitsui R, Yamori M, Nakamori H, Hashitani H. Stress-induced impairment of parasympathetic NO-mediated inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction in submucosal arteriole of rat rectum. Pflugers Arch 2024:10.1007/s00424-024-02990-5. [PMID: 39023562 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02990-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
In the gastrointestinal tract, nitrergic inhibition of the arteriolar contractility has not been demonstrated. Here, we explored whether neurally-released nitric oxide (NO) inhibits sympathetic vasoconstrictions in the rat rectal arterioles. Changes in sympathetic vasoconstrictions and their nitrergic modulation in rats exposed to water avoidance stress (WAS, 10 days, 1 h per day) were also examined. In rectal submucosal preparations, changes in arteriolar diameter were monitored using video microscopy. In control or sham-treated rats, electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced sympathetic vasoconstrictions were increased by the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor L-NPA (1 μM) and diminished by the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor tadalafil (10 nM). In phenylephrine-constricted, guanethidine-treated arterioles, EFS-induced vasodilatations were inhibited by the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist BIBN-4096 (1 μM) but not L-NPA. Perivascular nNOS-immunoreactive nitrergic fibres co-expressing the parasympathetic marker vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) were intermingled with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive sympathetic fibres expressing soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), a receptor for NO. In WAS rats in which augmented sympathetic vasoconstrictions were developed, L-NPA failed to further increase the vasoconstrictions, while tadalafil-induced inhibition of the vasoconstrictions was attenuated. Phenylephrine- or α,β-methylene ATP-induced vasoconstrictions and acetylcholine-induced vasodilatations were unaltered by WAS. Thus, in arterioles of the rat rectal submucosa, NO released from parasympathetic nerves appears to inhibit sympathetic vasoconstrictions presumably by reducing sympathetic transmitter release. In WAS rats, sympathetic vasoconstrictions are augmented at least partly due to the diminished pre-junctional nitrergic inhibition of transmitter release without changing α-adrenoceptor or P2X-purinoctor mediated vasoconstriction and endothelium-dependent vasodilatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retsu Mitsui
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1, Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Yamori
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1, Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamori
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1, Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hikaru Hashitani
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1, Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
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Wang L, Taché Y. The parasympathetic and sensory innervation of the proximal and distal colon in male mice. Front Neuroanat 2024; 18:1422403. [PMID: 39045348 PMCID: PMC11263295 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2024.1422403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The distributions of extrinsic neurons innervating the colon show differences in experimental animals from humans, including the vagal and spinal parasympathetic innervation to the distal colon. The neuroanatomical tracing to the mouse proximal colon has not been studied in details. This study aimed to trace the locations of extrinsic neurons projecting to the mouse proximal colon compared to the distal colon using dual retrograde tracing. Methods The parasympathetic and sensory neurons projecting to colon were assessed using Cholera Toxin subunit B conjugated to Alexa-Fluor 488 or 555 injected in the proximal and distal colon of the same mice. Results Retrograde tracing from the proximal and distal colon labeled neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) and the nodose ganglia, while the tracing from the distal colon did not label the parasympathetic neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord at L6-S1. Neurons in the pelvic ganglia which were cholinergic projected to the distal colon. There were more neurons in the DMV and nodose ganglia projecting to the proximal than distal colon. The right nodose ganglion had a higher number of neurons than the left ganglion innervating the proximal colon. In the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), the highest number of neurons traced from the distal colon were at L6, and those from the proximal colon at T12. DRG neurons projected closely to the cholinergic neurons in the intermediolateral column of L6 spinal cord. Small percentages of neurons with dual projections to both the proximal and distal colon existed in the DMV, nodose ganglia and DRG. We also observed long projecting neurons traced from the caudal distal colon to the transverse and proximal colon, some of which were calbindin immunoreactive, while there were no retrogradely labeled neurons traced from the proximal to distal colon. Discussion These data demonstrated that the vagal motor and motor and sensory neurons innervate both the proximal and distal colon in mice, and the autonomic neurons in the intermediate zone of the lumbosacral spinal cord do not project directly to the mouse colon, which differs from that in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Wang Q, Caraballo SG, Rychkov G, McGovern AE, Mazzone SB, Brierley SM, Harrington AM. Comparative localization of colorectal sensory afferent central projections in the mouse spinal cord dorsal horn and caudal medulla dorsal vagal complex. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25546. [PMID: 37837642 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The distal colon and rectum (colorectum) are innervated by spinal and vagal afferent pathways. The central circuits into which vagal and spinal afferents relay colorectal nociceptive information remain to be comparatively assessed. To address this, regional colorectal retrograde tracing and colorectal distension (CRD)-evoked neuronal activation were used to compare the circuits within the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and dorsal horn (thoracolumbar [TL] and lumbosacral [LS] spinal levels) into which vagal and spinal colorectal afferents project. Vagal afferent projections were observed in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), area postrema (AP), and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), labeled from the rostral colorectum. In the NTS, projections were opposed to catecholamine and pontine parabrachial nuclei (PbN)-projecting neurons. Spinal afferent projections were labeled from rostral through to caudal aspects of the colorectum. In the dorsal horn, the number of neurons activated by CRD was linked to pressure intensity, unlike in the DVC. In the NTS, 13% ± 0.6% of CRD-activated neurons projected to the PbN. In the dorsal horn, at the TL spinal level, afferent input was associated with PbN-projecting neurons in lamina I (LI), with 63% ± 3.15% of CRD-activated neurons in LI projecting to the PbN. On the other hand, at the LS spinal level, only 18% ± 0.6% of CRD-activated neurons in LI projected to the PbN. The collective data identify differences in the central neuroanatomy that support the disparate roles of vagal and spinal afferent signaling in the facilitation and modulation of colorectal nociceptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- QingQing Wang
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sonia Garcia Caraballo
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Grigori Rychkov
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alice E McGovern
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart B Mazzone
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart M Brierley
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrea M Harrington
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Hibberd TJ, Ramsay S, Spencer-Merris P, Dinning PG, Zagorodnyuk VP, Spencer NJ. Circadian rhythms in colonic function. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1239278. [PMID: 37711458 PMCID: PMC10498548 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1239278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A rhythmic expression of clock genes occurs within the cells of multiple organs and tissues throughout the body, termed "peripheral clocks." Peripheral clocks are subject to entrainment by a multitude of factors, many of which are directly or indirectly controlled by the light-entrainable clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Peripheral clocks occur in the gastrointestinal tract, notably the epithelia whose functions include regulation of absorption, permeability, and secretion of hormones; and in the myenteric plexus, which is the intrinsic neural network principally responsible for the coordination of muscular activity in the gut. This review focuses on the physiological circadian variation of major colonic functions and their entraining mechanisms, including colonic motility, absorption, hormone secretion, permeability, and pain signalling. Pathophysiological states such as irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis and their interactions with circadian rhythmicity are also described. Finally, the classic circadian hormone melatonin is discussed, which is expressed in the gut in greater quantities than the pineal gland, and whose exogenous use has been of therapeutic interest in treating colonic pathophysiological states, including those exacerbated by chronic circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stewart Ramsay
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Phil G. Dinning
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Colorectal Surgical Unit, Division of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Nick J. Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Yuan PQ, Li T, Million M, Larauche M, Atmani K, Bellier JP, Taché Y. New insight on the enteric cholinergic innervation of the pig colon by central and peripheral nervous systems: reduction by repeated loperamide administration. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1204233. [PMID: 37650102 PMCID: PMC10463754 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1204233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The central and peripheral nervous systems provide cholinergic innervation in the colon. The ability to assess their neuroanatomical distinctions is still a challenge. The pig is regarded as a relevant translational model due to the close similarity of its enteric nervous system (ENS) with that of human. Opioid-induced constipation is one of the most common side effects of opioid therapy. Methods We developed an approach to differentiate the central and peripheral cholinergic innervation of the pig colon using double immunolabeling with a novel mouse anti-human peripheral type of choline acetyltransferase (hpChAT) antibody combined with a rabbit anti-common type of ChAT (cChAT) antibody, a reliable marker of cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system. We examined their spatial configurations in 3D images of the ENS generated from CLARITY-cleared colonic segments. The density was quantitated computationally using Imaris 9.7. We assessed changes in the distal colon induced by daily oral treatment for 4 weeks with the μ opioid receptor agonist, loperamide (0.4 or 3 mg/kg). Results The double labeling showed strong cChAT immunoreactive (ir) fibers in the cervical vagus nerve and neuronal somata and fibers in the ventral horn of the sacral (S2) cord while hpChAT immunoreactivity was visualized only in the ENS but not in the vagus or sacral neural structures indicating the selectivity of these two antibodies. In the colonic myenteric plexus, dense hpChAT-ir neurons and fibers and varicose cChAT-ir fibers surrounding hpChAT-ir neurons were simultaneously visualized in 3D. The density of cChAT-ir varicose fibers in the outer submucosal plexus of both males and females were higher in the transverse and distal colon than in the proximal colon and in the myenteric plexus compared to the outer submucosal plexus and there was no cChAT innervation in the inner submucosal plexus. The density of hpChAT in the ENS showed no segmental or plexus differences in both sexes. Loperamide at the highest dose significantly decreased the density hpChAT-ir fibers + somata in the myenteric plexus of the distal colon. Discussion These data showed the distinct density of central cholinergic innervation between myenteric and submucosal plexuses among colonic segments and the localization of cChAT-ir fibers around peripheral hpChAT neurons in 3D. The reduction of cholinergic myenteric innervation by chronic opiate treatment points to target altered prokinetic cholinergic pathway to counteract opiate constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Qing Yuan
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- VA GLAHS, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tao Li
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mulugeta Million
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Muriel Larauche
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Karim Atmani
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jean-Pierre Bellier
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- VA GLAHS, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Smolilo DJ, Hibberd TJ, Costa M, Dinning PG, Keightley LJ, De Fontgalland D, Wattchow D, Spencer NJ. Stimulation of extrinsic sympathetic nerves differentially affects neurogenic motor activity in guinea pig distal colon. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15567. [PMID: 36636780 PMCID: PMC9837477 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The speed of pellet propulsion through the isolated guinea pig distal colon in vitro significantly exceeds in vivo measurements, suggesting a role for inhibitory mechanisms from sources outside the gut. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation on three different neurogenic motor behaviors of the distal colon: transient neural events (TNEs), colonic motor complexes (CMCs), and pellet propulsion. To do this, segments of guinea pig distal colon with intact connections to the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) were set up in organ baths allowing for simultaneous extracellular suction electrode recordings from smooth muscle, video recordings for diameter mapping, and intraluminal manometry. Electrical stimulation (1-20 Hz) of colonic nerves surrounding the inferior mesenteric artery caused a statistically significant, frequency-dependent inhibition of TNEs, as well as single pellet propulsion, from frequencies of 5 Hz and greater. Significant inhibition of CMCs required stimulation frequencies of 10 Hz and greater. Phentolamine (3.6 μM) abolished effects of colonic nerve stimulation, consistent with a sympathetic noradrenergic mechanism. Sympathetic inhibition was constrained to regions with intact extrinsic nerve pathways, allowing normal motor behaviors to continue without modulation in adjacent extrinsically denervated regions of the same colonic segments. The results demonstrate differential sensitivities to sympathetic input among distinct neurogenic motor behaviors of the colon. Together with findings indicating CMCs activate colo-colonic sympathetic reflexes through the IMG, these results raise the possibility that CMCs may paradoxically facilitate suppression of pellet movement in vivo, through peripheral sympathetic reflex circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Smolilo
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Timothy J. Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Marcello Costa
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Phil G. Dinning
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Department of SurgeryFlinders Medical CentreBedford ParkSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Department of GastroenterologyFlinders Medical CentreBedford ParkSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Lauren J. Keightley
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Dayan De Fontgalland
- Department of SurgeryFlinders Medical CentreBedford ParkSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Department of GastroenterologyFlinders Medical CentreBedford ParkSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - David A. Wattchow
- Department of SurgeryFlinders Medical CentreBedford ParkSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Department of GastroenterologyFlinders Medical CentreBedford ParkSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Nick J. Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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Hibberd TJ, Yew WP, Dodds KN, Xie Z, Travis L, Brookes SJ, Costa M, Hu H, Spencer NJ. Quantification of CGRP-immunoreactive myenteric neurons in mouse colon. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:3209-3225. [PMID: 36043843 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative data of biological systems provide valuable baseline information for understanding pathology, experimental perturbations, and computational modeling. In mouse colon, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is expressed by myenteric neurons with multiaxonal (Dogiel type II) morphology, characteristic of intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs). Analogous neurons in other species and gut regions represent 5-35% of myenteric neurons. We aimed to quantify proportions of CGRP-immunopositive (CGRP+) myenteric neurons. Colchicine-treated wholemount preparations of proximal, mid, and distal colon were labeled for HuC/D, CGRP, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and peripherin (Per). The pan-neuronal markers (Hu+/Per+) co-labeled 94% of neurons. Hu+/Per- neurons comprised ∼6%, but Hu-/Per+ cells were rare. Thus, quantification was based on Hu+ myenteric neurons (8576 total; 1225 ± 239 per animal, n = 7). CGRP+ cell bodies were significantly larger than the average of all Hu+ neurons (329 ± 13 vs. 261 ± 12 μm2 , p < .0001). CGRP+ neurons comprised 19% ± 3% of myenteric neurons without significant regional variation. NOS+ neurons comprised 42% ± 2% of myenteric neurons overall, representing a lower proportion in proximal colon, compared to mid and distal colon (38% ± 2%, 44% ± 2%, and 44% ± 3%, respectively). Peripherin immunolabeling revealed cell body and axonal morphology in some myenteric neurons. Whether all CGRP+ neurons were multiaxonal could not be addressed using peripherin immunolabeling. However, of 118 putatively multiaxonal neurons first identified based on peripherin immunoreactivity, all were CGRP+ (n = 4). In conclusion, CGRP+ myenteric neurons in mouse colon were comprehensively quantified, occurring within a range expected of a putative IPAN marker. All Per+ multiaxonal neurons, characteristic of Dogiel type II/IPAN morphology, were CGRP+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wai Ping Yew
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kelsi N Dodds
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Zili Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch & Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lee Travis
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Simon J Brookes
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marcello Costa
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch & Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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A Novel Mode of Sympathetic Reflex Activation Mediated by the Enteric Nervous System. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0187-20.2020. [PMID: 32675175 PMCID: PMC7418536 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0187-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric viscerofugal neurons provide a pathway by which the enteric nervous system (ENS), otherwise confined to the gut wall, can activate sympathetic neurons in prevertebral ganglia. Firing transmitted through these pathways is currently considered fundamentally mechanosensory. The mouse colon generates a cyclical pattern of neurogenic contractile activity, called the colonic motor complex (CMC). Motor complexes involve a highly coordinated firing pattern in myenteric neurons with a frequency of ∼2 Hz. However, it remains unknown how viscerofugal neurons are activated and communicate with the sympathetic nervous system during this naturally-occurring motor pattern. Here, viscerofugal neurons were recorded extracellularly from rectal nerve trunks in isolated tube and flat-sheet preparations of mouse colon held at fixed circumferential length. In freshly dissected preparations, motor complexes were associated with bursts of viscerofugal firing at 2 Hz that aligned with 2-Hz smooth muscle voltage oscillations. This behavior persisted during muscle paralysis with nicardipine. Identical recordings were made after a 4- to 5-d organotypic culture during which extrinsic nerves degenerated, confirming that recordings were from viscerofugal neurons. Single unit analysis revealed the burst firing pattern emerging from assemblies of viscerofugal neurons differed from individual neurons, which typically made partial contributions, highlighting the importance and extent of ENS-mediated synchronization. Finally, sympathetic neuron firing was recorded from the central nerve trunks emerging from the inferior mesenteric ganglion. Increased sympathetic neuron firing accompanied all motor complexes with a 2-Hz burst pattern similar to viscerofugal neurons. These data provide evidence for a novel mechanism of sympathetic reflex activation derived from synchronized firing output generated by the ENS.
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Smolilo DJ, Hibberd TJ, Costa M, Wattchow DA, De Fontgalland D, Spencer NJ. Intrinsic sensory neurons provide direct input to motor neurons and interneurons in mouse distal colon via varicose baskets. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2033-2043. [PMID: 32003462 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Connections from intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs), to ascending motor and interneurons have been described in guinea pig colon. These mono- and polysynaptic circuits may underlie polarized motor reflexes evoked by local gut stimulation. There is a need to translate findings in guinea pig to mouse, a species increasingly used in enteric neuroscience. Here, mouse distal colon was immunolabeled for CGRP, a marker of putative IPANs. This revealed a combination of large, intensely immunofluorescent axons in myenteric plexus and circular muscle, and thinner varicose axons with less immunofluorescence. The latter formed dense, basket-like varicosity clusters (CGRP+ baskets) that enveloped myenteric nerve cell bodies. Immunolabeling after 4-5 days in organ culture caused loss of large CGRP+ axons, but not varicose CGRP+ fibers and CGRP+ baskets. Baskets were characterized further by triple labeling with CGRP, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and calretinin (CALR) antibodies. Approximately half (48%) of nerve cell bodies inside CGRP+ baskets lacked both NOS and CALR, while two overlapping populations containing NOS and/or CALR comprised the remainder. Quantitative analysis revealed CGRP+ varicosities were most abundant in baskets, followed by CALR+ varicosities, with a high degree of colocalization between the two markers. Few NOS+ varicosities occurred in baskets. Significantly higher proportions of CALR+ and CGRP+ varicosities colocalized in baskets than in circular muscle. In conclusion, CGRP+ baskets in mouse colon are formed by intrinsic enteric neurons with a neurochemical profile consistent with IPANs and have direct connections to both excitatory and inhibitory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Smolilo
- Visceral Neurophysiology Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy J Hibberd
- Visceral Neurophysiology Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marcello Costa
- Visceral Neurophysiology Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - David A Wattchow
- Visceral Neurophysiology Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dayan De Fontgalland
- Visceral Neurophysiology Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- Visceral Neurophysiology Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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Humenick A, Chen BN, Lauder CIW, Wattchow DA, Zagorodnyuk VP, Dinning PG, Spencer NJ, Costa M, Brookes SJH. Characterization of projections of longitudinal muscle motor neurons in human colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13685. [PMID: 31355986 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enteric nervous system contains inhibitory and excitatory motor neurons which modulate smooth muscle contractility. Cell bodies of longitudinal muscle motor neurons have not been identified in human intestine. METHODS We used retrograde tracing ex vivo with DiI, with multiple labeling immunohistochemistry, to characterize motor neurons innervating tenial and inter-tenial longitudinal muscle of human colon. KEY RESULTS The most abundant immunohistochemical markers in the tertiary plexus were vesicular acetylcholine transporter, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Of retrogradely traced motor neurons innervating inter-tenial longitudinal muscle, 95% were located within 6mm oral or anal to the DiI application site. Excitatory motor neuron cell bodies, immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), were clustered aborally, whereas NOS-immunoreactive cell bodies were distributed either side of the DiI application site. Motor neurons had small cell bodies, averaging 438 + 18µm2 in cross-sectional area, similar for ChAT- and NOS-immunoreactive subtypes. Motor neurons innervating the tenia had slightly longer axial projections, with 95% located within 9mm. ChAT-immunoreactive excitatory motor neurons to tenia were clustered aborally, whereas NOS-immunoreactive inhibitory motor neurons had both ascending and descending projections. VIP immunoreactivity was rarely present without NOS immunoreactivity in motor neurons. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Tenial and inter-tenial motor neurons innervating the longitudinal muscle have short projections. Inhibitory motor neurons have less polarized projections than cholinergic excitatory motor neurons. Longitudinal and circular muscle layers are innervated by distinct local populations of excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons. A population of human enteric neurons that contribute significantly to colonic motility has been characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Humenick
- Human Physiology, Medical Bioscience, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Bao Nan Chen
- Human Physiology, Medical Bioscience, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Chris I W Lauder
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David A Wattchow
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Vladimir P Zagorodnyuk
- Human Physiology, Medical Bioscience, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Phil G Dinning
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- Human Physiology, Medical Bioscience, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Marcello Costa
- Human Physiology, Medical Bioscience, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Simon J H Brookes
- Human Physiology, Medical Bioscience, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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11
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Multicentre observational study of gastrointestinal recovery after elective colorectal surgery. Colorectal Dis 2018; 20:536-544. [PMID: 29091330 DOI: 10.1111/codi.13949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Postoperative ileus (POI) is characterised by delayed gastrointestinal recovery and is common after colorectal surgery. Numerous strategies to optimise POI have been proposed but its management remains an unmet clinical need. This study aimed to characterise the duration and management of gastrointestinal recovery in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. METHOD A snapshot, prospective, observational study was undertaken between November 2016 and January 2017 at 10 regional hospitals in the United Kingdom. Adult patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery with resection of bowel or reversal of stoma were included. Outcomes included time until return of gastrointestinal function, timing of nasogastric tube (NGT) insertion, uptake of targeted interventions and clinical outcomes. Data were validated for accuracy by independent investigators. RESULTS 204 patients met the eligibility criteria. The median time for gastrointestinal recovery was 3 days (IQR 2-4); right-sided resections were associated with longer gastrointestinal recovery than left sided (4 days (2.75-5.25) vs 3 days (2-4); P = 0.002). The rate of NGT insertion was 22.5% at a median time of 4 (4-4.75) days. NGT insertion after vomiting was associated with a higher incidence of bronchopneumonia compared to early placement (13.3% vs 29.0%). Targeted interventions, such as chewing gum (4.4%), selective mu-receptor antagonists (1.0%) and pro-kinetic agents (13.7%) were infrequently used. CONCLUSION The average time to gastrointestinal recovery after elective colorectal surgery was three days. Late NGT insertion was associated with an increased incidence of bronchopneumonia. The clinical uptake of targeted interventions to improve gastrointestinal recovery was poor.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Section of Translational Anaesthesia and Surgery, Leeds Institute of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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12
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Stojanovska V, McQuade RM, Miller S, Nurgali K. Effects of Oxaliplatin Treatment on the Myenteric Plexus Innervation and Glia in the Murine Distal Colon. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:723-736. [PMID: 29741434 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418774755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin (platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent) is a first-line treatment of colorectal malignancies; its use associates with peripheral neuropathies and gastrointestinal side effects. These gastrointestinal dysfunctions might be due to toxic effects of oxaliplatin on the intestinal innervation and glia. Male Balb/c mice received intraperitoneal injections of sterile water or oxaliplatin (3 mg/kg/d) triweekly for 2 weeks. Colon tissues were collected for immunohistochemical assessment at day 14. The density of sensory, adrenergic, and cholinergic nerve fibers labeled with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), respectively, was assessed within the myenteric plexus of the distal colon. The number and proportion of excitatory neurons immunoreactive (IR) against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were counted, and the density of glial subpopulations was determined by using antibodies specific for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and s100β protein. Oxaliplatin treatment induced significant reduction of sensory and adrenergic innervations, as well as the total number and proportion of ChAT-IR neurons, and GFAP-IR glia, but increased s100β expression within the myenteric plexus of the distal colon. Treatment with oxaliplatin significantly alters nerve fibers and glial cells in the colonic myenteric plexus, which could contribute to long-term gastrointestinal side effects following chemotherapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Stojanovska
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel M McQuade
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Miller
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Smolilo DJ, Costa M, Hibberd TJ, Wattchow DA, Spencer NJ. Morphological evidence for novel enteric neuronal circuitry in guinea pig distal colon. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1662-1672. [PMID: 29574743 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is unique compared to all other internal organs; it is the only organ with its own nervous system and its own population of intrinsic sensory neurons, known as intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs). How these IPANs form neuronal circuits with other functional classes of neurons in the enteric nervous system (ENS) is incompletely understood. We used a combination of light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy to examine the topographical distribution of specific classes of neurons in the myenteric plexus of guinea-pig colon, including putative IPANs, with other classes of enteric neurons. These findings were based on immunoreactivity to the neuronal markers, calbindin, calretinin and nitric oxide synthase. We then correlated the varicose outputs formed by putative IPANs with subclasses of excitatory interneurons and motor neurons. We revealed that calbindin-immunoreactive varicosities form specialized structures resembling 'baskets' within the majority of myenteric ganglia, which were arranged in clusters around calretinin-immunoreactive neurons. These calbindin baskets directly arose from projections of putative IPANs and represent morphological evidence of preferential input from sensory neurons directly to a select group of calretinin neurons. Our findings uncovered that these neurons are likely to be ascending excitatory interneurons and excitatory motor neurons. Our study reveals for the first time in the colon, a novel enteric neural circuit, whereby calbindin-immunoreactive putative sensory neurons form specialized varicose structures that likely direct synaptic outputs to excitatory interneurons and motor neurons. This circuit likely forms the basis of polarized neuronal pathways underlying motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smolilo
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - M Costa
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - T J Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - D A Wattchow
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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14
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Hibberd TJ, Travis L, Wiklendt L, Costa M, Brookes SJH, Hu H, Keating DJ, Spencer NJ. Synaptic activation of putative sensory neurons by hexamethonium-sensitive nerve pathways in mouse colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G53-G64. [PMID: 28935683 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00234.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract contains its own independent population of sensory neurons within the gut wall. These sensory neurons have been referred to as intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) and can be identified by immunoreactivity to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in mice. A common feature of IPANs is a paucity of fast synaptic inputs observed during sharp microelectrode recordings. Whether this is observed using different recording techniques is of particular interest for understanding the physiology of these neurons and neural circuit modeling. Here, we imaged spontaneous and evoked activation of myenteric neurons in isolated whole preparations of mouse colon and correlated recordings with CGRP and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity, post hoc. Calcium indicator fluo 4 was used for this purpose. Calcium responses were recorded in nerve cell bodies located 5-10 mm oral to transmural electrical nerve stimuli. A total of 618 recorded neurons were classified for CGRP or NOS immunoreactivity. Aboral electrical stimulation evoked short-latency calcium transients in the majority of myenteric neurons, including ~90% of CGRP-immunoreactive Dogiel type II neurons. Activation of Dogiel type II neurons had a time course consistent with fast synaptic transmission and was always abolished by hexamethonium (300 μM) and by low-calcium Krebs solution. The nicotinic receptor agonist 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide (during synaptic blockade) directly activated Dogiel type II neurons. The present study suggests that murine colonic Dogiel type II neurons receive prominent fast excitatory synaptic inputs from hexamethonium-sensitive neural pathways. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Myenteric neurons in isolated mouse colon were recorded using calcium imaging and then neurochemically defined. Short-latency calcium transients were detected in >90% of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive neurons to electrical stimulation of hexamethonium-sensitive pathways. Putative sensory Dogiel type II calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive myenteric neurons may receive widespread fast synaptic inputs in mouse colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Hibberd
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide South Australia
| | - Lee Travis
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide South Australia
| | - Lukasz Wiklendt
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide South Australia
| | - Marcello Costa
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide South Australia
| | - Simon J H Brookes
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide South Australia
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University , Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Damien J Keating
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide South Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University , Adelaide South Australia
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15
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Espinosa-Medina I, Saha O, Boismoreau F, Brunet JF. The "sacral parasympathetic": ontogeny and anatomy of a myth. Clin Auton Res 2017; 28:13-21. [PMID: 29103139 PMCID: PMC5805809 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-017-0478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We recently defined genetic traits that distinguish sympathetic from parasympathetic neurons, both preganglionic and ganglionic (Espinosa-Medina et al., Science 354:893–897, 2016). By this set of criteria, we found that the sacral autonomic outflow is sympathetic, not parasympathetic as has been thought for more than a century. Proposing such a belated shift in perspective begs the question why the new criterion (cell types defined by their genetic make-up and dependencies) should be favored over the anatomical, physiological and pharmacological considerations of long ago that inspired the “parasympathetic” classification. After a brief reminder of the former, we expound the weaknesses of the latter and argue that the novel genetic definition helps integrating neglected anatomical and physiological observations and clearing the path for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Espinosa-Medina
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Orthis Saha
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Franck Boismoreau
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France.
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16
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Espinosa-Medina I, Saha O, Boismoreau F, Chettouh Z, Rossi F, Richardson WD, Brunet JF. The sacral autonomic outflow is sympathetic. Science 2017; 354:893-897. [PMID: 27856909 DOI: 10.1126/science.aah5454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A kinship between cranial and pelvic visceral nerves of vertebrates has been accepted for a century. Accordingly, sacral preganglionic neurons are considered parasympathetic, as are their targets in the pelvic ganglia that prominently control rectal, bladder, and genital functions. Here, we uncover 15 phenotypic and ontogenetic features that distinguish pre- and postganglionic neurons of the cranial parasympathetic outflow from those of the thoracolumbar sympathetic outflow in mice. By every single one, the sacral outflow is indistinguishable from the thoracolumbar outflow. Thus, the parasympathetic nervous system receives input from cranial nerves exclusively and the sympathetic nervous system from spinal nerves, thoracic to sacral inclusively. This simplified, bipartite architecture offers a new framework to understand pelvic neurophysiology as well as development and evolution of the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Espinosa-Medina
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, 75005 France
| | - O Saha
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, 75005 France
| | - F Boismoreau
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Z Chettouh
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, 75005 France
| | - F Rossi
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, 75005 France
| | - W D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - J-F Brunet
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, 75005 France.
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17
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Chen BN, Olsson C, Sharrad DF, Brookes SJH. Sensory innervation of the guinea pig colon and rectum compared using retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:1306-16. [PMID: 27038370 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurons in lumbar and sacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) comprise extrinsic sensory pathways to the distal colon and rectum, but their relative contributions are unclear. In this study, sensory innervation of the rectum and distal colon in the guinea pig was directly compared using retrograde labeling combined with immunohistochemistry. METHODS The lipophilic tracer, DiI, was injected in either the rectum or distal colon of anesthetized guinea pigs, then DRG (T6 to S5) and nodose ganglia were harvested and labeled using antisera for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1). KEY RESULTS More primary afferent cell bodies were labeled from the rectum than from the distal colon. Vagal sensory neurons, with cell bodies in the nodose ganglia comprised fewer than 0.5% of labeled sensory neurons. Spinal afferents to the distal colon were nearly all located in thoracolumbar DRG, in a skewed unimodal distribution (peak at L2); fewer than 1% were located in sacral ganglia. In contrast, spinal afferents retrogradely labeled from the rectum had a bimodal distribution, with one peak at L3 and another at S2. Fewer than half of all retrogradely labeled spinal afferent neurons were immunoreactive for CGRP or TRPV1 and these included the larger traced neurons, especially in thoracolumbar ganglia. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES In the guinea pig, both the distal colon and the rectum receive a sensory innervation from thoracolumbar ganglia. Sacral afferents innervate the rectum but not the distal colon. Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity was detectable in fewer than half of afferent neurons in both pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Chen
- Discipline of Human Physiology, FMST, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - C Olsson
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - D F Sharrad
- Discipline of Human Physiology, FMST, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - S J H Brookes
- Discipline of Human Physiology, FMST, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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18
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Olivier BJ, Cailotto C, van der Vliet J, Knippenberg M, Greuter MJ, Hilbers FW, Konijn T, Te Velde AA, Nolte MA, Boeckxstaens GE, de Jonge WJ, Mebius RE. Vagal innervation is required for the formation of tertiary lymphoid tissue in colitis. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2467-2480. [PMID: 27457277 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid tissue (TLT) is lymphoid tissue that forms in adult life as a result of chronic inflammation in a tissue or organ. TLT has been shown to form in a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases, though it is not clear if and how TLT develops in the inflamed colon during inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we show that TLT develops as newly formed lymphoid tissue in the colon following dextran sulphate sodium induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice, where it can be distinguished from the preexisting colonic patches and solitary intestinal lymphoid tissue. TLT in the inflamed colon develops following the expression of lymphoid tissue-inducing chemokines and adhesion molecules, such as CXCL13 and VCAM-1, respectively, which are produced by stromal organizer cells. Surprisingly, this process of TLT formation was independent of the lymphotoxin signaling pathway, but rather under neuronal control, as we demonstrate that selective surgical ablation of vagus nerve innervation inhibits CXCL13 expression and abrogates TLT formation without affecting colitis. Sympathetic neuron denervation does not affect TLT formation. Hence, we reveal that inflammation in the colon induces the formation of TLT, which is controlled by innervation through the vagus nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Olivier
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, ,University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy Cailotto
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van der Vliet
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlene Knippenberg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mascha J Greuter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francisca W Hilbers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Konijn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anje A Te Velde
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Nolte
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, ,University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guy E Boeckxstaens
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Reina E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Rahman AA, Robinson AM, Brookes SJH, Eri R, Nurgali K. Rectal prolapse in Winnie mice with spontaneous chronic colitis: changes in intrinsic and extrinsic innervation of the rectum. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:285-299. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Karmali S, Jenkins N, Sciusco A, John J, Haddad F, Ackland G. Randomized controlled trial of vagal modulation by sham feeding in elective non-gastrointestinal (orthopaedic) surgery. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115:727-35. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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21
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Browning KN, Travagli RA. Central nervous system control of gastrointestinal motility and secretion and modulation of gastrointestinal functions. Compr Physiol 2015; 4:1339-68. [PMID: 25428846 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the gastrointestinal (GI) tract possesses intrinsic neural plexuses that allow a significant degree of autonomy over GI functions, the central nervous system (CNS) provides extrinsic neural inputs that regulate, modulate, and control these functions. While the intestines are capable of functioning in the absence of extrinsic inputs, the stomach and esophagus are much more dependent upon extrinsic neural inputs, particularly from parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways. The sympathetic nervous system exerts a predominantly inhibitory effect upon GI muscle and provides a tonic inhibitory influence over mucosal secretion while, at the same time, regulates GI blood flow via neurally mediated vasoconstriction. The parasympathetic nervous system, in contrast, exerts both excitatory and inhibitory control over gastric and intestinal tone and motility. Although GI functions are controlled by the autonomic nervous system and occur, by and large, independently of conscious perception, it is clear that the higher CNS centers influence homeostatic control as well as cognitive and behavioral functions. This review will describe the basic neural circuitry of extrinsic inputs to the GI tract as well as the major CNS nuclei that innervate and modulate the activity of these pathways. The role of CNS-centered reflexes in the regulation of GI functions will be discussed as will modulation of these reflexes under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Finally, future directions within the field will be discussed in terms of important questions that remain to be resolved and advances in technology that may help provide these answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsteen N Browning
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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22
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The impact of neural invasion severity in gastrointestinal malignancies: a clinicopathological study. Ann Surg 2015; 260:900-7; discussion 907-8. [PMID: 25379860 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000000968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Because neural invasion (NI) is still inconsistently reported and not well characterized within gastrointestinal malignancies (GIMs), our aim was to determine the exact prevalence and severity of NI and to elucidate the true impact of NI on patient's prognosis. BACKGROUND The union internationale contre le cancer (UICC) recently added NI as a novel parameter in the current TNM classification. However, there are only a few existing studies with specific focus on NI, so that the distinct role of NI in GIMs is still uncertain. MATERIALS AND METHODS NI was characterized in approximately 16,000 hematoxylin and eosin tissue sections from 2050 patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG)-I-III, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus, gastric cancer (GC), colon cancer (CC), rectal cancer (RC), cholangiocellular cancer (CCC), hepatocellular cancer (HCC), and pancreatic cancer (PC). NI prevalence and severity was determined and related to patient's prognosis and survival. RESULTS NI prevalence largely varied between HCC/6%, CC/28%, RC/34%, AEG-I/36% and AEG-II/36%, SCC/37%, GC/38%, CCC/58%, and AEG-III/65% to PC/100%. NI severity score was uppermost in PC (24.9±1.9) and lowest in AEG-I (0.8±0.3). Multivariable analyses including age, sex, TNM stage, and grading revealed that the prevalence of NI was significantly associated with diminished survival in AEG-II/III, GC, and RC. However, increasing NI severity impaired survival in AEG-II/III and PC only. CONCLUSIONS NI prevalence and NI severity strongly vary within GIMs. Determination of NI severity in GIMs is a more precise tool than solely recording the presence of NI and revealed dismal prognostic impact on patients with AEG-II/III and PC. Evidently, NI is not a concomitant side feature in GIMs and, therefore, deserves special attention for improved patient stratification and individualized therapy after surgery.
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van den Heijkant TC, Costes LMM, van der Lee DGC, Aerts B, Osinga-de Jong M, Rutten HRM, Hulsewé KWE, de Jonge WJ, Buurman WA, Luyer MDP. Randomized clinical trial of the effect of gum chewing on postoperative ileus and inflammation in colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 2014; 102:202-11. [PMID: 25524125 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative ileus (POI) is a common complication following colorectal surgery that delays recovery and increases length of hospital stay. Gum chewing may reduce POI and therefore enhance recovery after surgery. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of gum chewing on POI, length of hospital stay and inflammatory parameters. METHODS Patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery in one of two centres were randomized to either chewing gum or a dermal patch (control). Chewing gum was started before surgery and stopped when oral intake was resumed. Primary endpoints were POI and length of stay. Secondary endpoints were systemic and local inflammation, and surgical complications. Gastric emptying was measured by ultrasonography. Soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFRSF1A) and interleukin (IL) 8 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Between May 2009 and September 2012, 120 patients were randomized to chewing gum (58) or dermal patch (control group; 62). Mean(s.d.) length of hospital stay was shorter in the chewing gum group than in controls, but this difference was not significant: 9·5(4·9) versus 14·0(14·5) days respectively. Some 14 (27 per cent) of 52 analysed patients allocated to chewing gum developed POI compared with 29 (48 per cent) of 60 patients in the control group (P = 0·020). More patients in the chewing gum group first defaecated within 4 days of surgery (85 versus 57 per cent; P = 0·006) and passed first flatus within 48 h (65 versus 50 per cent; P = 0·044). The decrease in antral area measured by ultrasonography following a standard meal was significantly greater among patients who chewed gum: median 25 (range -36 to 54) per cent compared with 10 (range -152 to 54) per cent in controls (P = 0·004). Levels of IL-8 (133 versus 288 pg/ml; P = 0·045) and TNFRSF1A (0·74 versus 0·92 ng/ml; P = 0·043) were lower among patients in the chewing gum group. Fewer patients in this group developed a grade IIIb complication (2 of 58 versus 10 of 62; P = 0·031). CONCLUSION Gum chewing is a safe and simple treatment to reduce POI, and is associated with a reduction in systemic inflammatory markers and complications. REGISTRATION NUMBER NTR2867 (http://www.trialregister.nl).
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Chen BN, Sharrad DF, Hibberd TJ, Zagorodnyuk VP, Costa M, Brookes SJ. Neurochemical characterization of extrinsic nerves in myenteric ganglia of the guinea pig distal colon. J Comp Neurol 2014; 523:742-56. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Nan Chen
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience; Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia Australia
| | - Dale F. Sharrad
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience; Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia Australia
| | - Timothy J. Hibberd
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience; Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia Australia
| | - Vladimir P. Zagorodnyuk
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience; Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia Australia
| | - Marcello Costa
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience; Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia Australia
| | - Simon J.H. Brookes
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience; Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia Australia
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The enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal innervation: integrated local and central control. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 817:39-71. [PMID: 24997029 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The digestive system is innervated through its connections with the central nervous system (CNS) and by the enteric nervous system (ENS) within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The ENS works in concert with CNS reflex and command centers and with neural pathways that pass through sympathetic ganglia to control digestive function. There is bidirectional information flow between the ENS and CNS and between the ENS and sympathetic prevertebral ganglia.The ENS in human contains 200-600 million neurons, distributed in many thousands of small ganglia, the great majority of which are found in two plexuses, the myenteric and submucosal plexuses. The myenteric plexus forms a continuous network that extends from the upper esophagus to the internal anal sphincter. Submucosal ganglia and connecting fiber bundles form plexuses in the small and large intestines, but not in the stomach and esophagus. The connections between the ENS and CNS are carried by the vagus and pelvic nerves and sympathetic pathways. Neurons also project from the ENS to prevertebral ganglia, the gallbladder, pancreas and trachea.The relative roles of the ENS and CNS differ considerably along the digestive tract. Movements of the striated muscle esophagus are determined by neural pattern generators in the CNS. Likewise the CNS has a major role in monitoring the state of the stomach and, in turn, controlling its contractile activity and acid secretion, through vago-vagal reflexes. In contrast, the ENS in the small intestine and colon contains full reflex circuits, including sensory neurons, interneurons and several classes of motor neuron, through which muscle activity, transmucosal fluid fluxes, local blood flow and other functions are controlled. The CNS has control of defecation, via the defecation centers in the lumbosacral spinal cord. The importance of the ENS is emphasized by the life-threatening effects of some ENS neuropathies. By contrast, removal of vagal or sympathetic connections with the gastrointestinal tract has minor effects on GI function. Voluntary control of defecation is exerted through pelvic connections, but cutting these connections is not life-threatening and other functions are little affected.
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Brumovsky PR, La JH, Gebhart GF. Distribution across tissue layers of extrinsic nerves innervating the mouse colorectum - an in vitro anterograde tracing study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:1494-507. [PMID: 25185752 PMCID: PMC4200533 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterograde in vitro tracing of the pelvic nerve (PN) and visualization in the horizontal plane in whole mount preparations has been fundamental in the analysis of distribution of peripheral nerves innervating the colorectum. Here, we performed a similar analysis, but in cryostat sections of the mouse colorectum, allowing for a more direct visualization of nerve distribution in all tissue layers. METHODS Colorectum with attached PNs was dissected from adult male BalbC mice. Presence of active afferents was certified by single fiber recording of fine PN fibers. This was followed by 'bulk' (all fibers) anterograde tracing using biotinamide (BTA). Histo- and immunohistochemical techniques were used for visualization of BTA-positive nerves, and evaluation of co-localization with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), respectively. Tissue was analyzed using confocal microscopy on transverse or longitudinal colorectum sections. KEY RESULTS Abundant BTA-positive nerves spanning all layers of the mouse colorectum and contacting myenteric plexus neurons, distributing within the muscle layer, penetrating deeper into the organ and contacting blood vessels, submucosal plexus neurons or even penetrating the mucosa, were regularly detected. Several traced axons co-localized CGRP, supporting their afferent nature. Finally, anterograde tracing of the PN also exposed abundant BTA-positive nerves in the major pelvic ganglion. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES We present the patterns of innervation of extrinsic axons across layers in the mouse colorectum, including the labile mucosal layer. The proposed approach could also be useful in the analysis of associations between morphology and physiology of peripheral nerves targeting the different layers of the colorectum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo R. Brumovsky
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Pilar 1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina,CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina,Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Jun-Ho La
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - G. F. Gebhart
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Hibberd T, Spencer N, Zagorodnyuk V, Chen B, Brookes S. Targeted electrophysiological analysis of viscerofugal neurons in the myenteric plexus of guinea-pig colon. Neuroscience 2014; 275:272-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gribovskaja-Rupp I, Babygirija R, Takahashi T, Ludwig K. Autonomic nerve regulation of colonic peristalsis in Guinea pigs. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 20:185-96. [PMID: 24847719 PMCID: PMC4015210 DOI: 10.5056/jnm.2014.20.2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Colonic peristalsis is mainly regulated via intrinsic neurons in guinea pigs. However, autonomic regulation of colonic motility is poorly understood. We explored a guinea pig model for the study of extrinsic nerve effects on the distal colon. Methods Guinea pigs were sacrificed, their distal colons isolated, preserving pelvic nerves (PN) and inferior mesenteric ganglia (IMG), and placed in a tissue bath. Fecal pellet propagation was conducted during PN and IMG stimulation at 10 Hz, 0.5 ms and 5 V. Distal colon was connected to a closed circuit system, and colonic motor responses were measured during PN and IMG stimulation. Results PN stimulation increased pellet velocity to 24.6 ± 0.7 mm/sec (n = 20), while IMG stimulation decreased it to 2.0 ± 0.2 mm/sec (n = 12), compared to controls (13.0 ± 0.7 mm/sec, P < 0.01). In closed circuit experiments, PN stimulation increased the intraluminal pressure, which was abolished by atropine (10−6 M) and hexamethonium (10−4 M). PN stimulation reduced the incidence of non-coordinated contractions induced by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 10−4 M). IMG stimulation attenuated intraluminal pressure increase, which was partially reversed by alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist (yohimbine; 10−6 M). Conclusions PN and IMG input determine speed of pellet progression and peristaltic reflex of the guinea pig distal colon. The stimulatory effects of PN involve nicotinic, muscarinic and nitrergic pathways. The inhibitory effects of IMG stimulation involve alpha-2 adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Gribovskaja-Rupp
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin and Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Reji Babygirija
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin and Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Toku Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin and Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kirk Ludwig
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin and Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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de Fontgalland D, Brookes SJ, Gibbins I, Sia TC, Wattchow DA. The neurochemical changes in the innervation of human colonic mesenteric and submucosal blood vessels in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:731-44. [PMID: 24597665 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurogenic inflammation involves vasodilation, oedema and sensory nerve hypersensitivity. Extrinsic sensory nerves to the intestinal wall mediate these effects and functional subsets of these extrinsic nerves can be characterized by immunohistochemical profiles. In this study such profiles were examined in samples from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in particular ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS Healthy margins from cancer patients were compared to specimens from IBD patients. All nerve fibres were labelled by PGP 9.5. Double and triple labelling with TH, NPY, SP, SOM, NOS, VIP, VAChT, CGRP, TRPv1 were performed. Perivascular nerve fibres in the mesentery, and submucosa, were examined. The percentage of all labelled nerve fibres was calculated with a transect method. KEY RESULTS Total number of varicosities on mesenteric vessels increased in IBD but decreased around submucosal vessels. The percentage of nerve fibres around submucosal arteries labelled by SP increased from 11% in controls to 20% (UC) and 24% (CD) and mesenteric artery nerve fibres were unchanged. Nerve fibres labelled by SOM were markedly reduced surrounding submucosal arteries, from 22% to 1% (UC) and 2% (CD), but not perivascular mesenteric nerve fibres. 87 to 93% of SP immunoreactive nerve fibres were also reactive for TRvP1. TRPv1 labelling without SP was 12%in controls and increased to 40% in CD submucosal specimens. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES There is an increase in SP and TRPv1, and a reduction in SOM immunoreactive nerve fibres in IBD. Changes in the perivascular functional nerve subclasses may underlie the hyperaemia, and ulceration, characteristic of IBD. Furthermore, pain may relate to underlying neural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D de Fontgalland
- Department of Surgery/Department of Human Physiology, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Sharrad DF, Gai WP, Brookes SJH. Selective coexpression of synaptic proteins, α-synuclein, cysteine string protein-α, synaptophysin, synaptotagmin-1, and synaptobrevin-2 in vesicular acetylcholine transporter-immunoreactive axons in the guinea pig ileum. J Comp Neurol 2014; 521:2523-37. [PMID: 23296877 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by Lewy bodies and neurites composed mainly of the presynaptic protein α-synuclein. Frequently, Lewy bodies and neurites are identified in the gut of Parkinson's disease patients and may underlie associated gastrointestinal dysfunctions. We recently reported selective expression of α-synuclein in the axons of cholinergic neurons in the guinea pig and human distal gut; however, it is not clear whether α-synuclein expression varies along the gut, nor how closely expression is associated with other synaptic proteins. We used multiple-labeling immunohistochemistry to quantify which neurons in the guinea pig ileum expressed α-synuclein, cysteine string protein-α (CSPα), synaptophysin, synaptotagmin-1, or synaptobrevin-2 in their axons. Among the 10 neurochemically defined axonal populations, a significantly greater proportion of vesicular acetylcholine transporter-immunoreactive (VAChT-IR) varicosities (80% ± 1.7%, n = 4, P < 0.001) contained α-synuclein immunoreactivity, and a significantly greater proportion of α-synuclein-IR axons also contained VAChT immunoreactivity (78% ± 1.3%, n = 4) compared with any of the other nine populations (P < 0.001). Among synaptophysin-, synaptotagmin-1-, synaptobrevin-2-, and CSPα-IR varicosities, 98% ± 0.7%, 96% ± 0.7%, 88% ± 1.6%, and 85% ± 2.9% (n = 4) contained α-synuclein immunoreactivity, respectively. Among α-synuclein-IR varicosities, 96% ± 0.9%, 99% ± 0.6%, 83% ± 1.9%, and 87% ± 2.3% (n = 4) contained synaptophysin-, synaptotagmin-1-, synaptobrevin-2-, and CSPα immunoreactivity, respectively. We report a close association between the expression of α-synuclein and the expression of other synaptic proteins in cholinergic axons in the guinea pig ileum. Selective expression of α-synuclein may relate to the neurotransmitter system utilized and predispose cholinergic enteric neurons to degeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale F Sharrad
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
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Dinning PG. Author's reply: the effect of sacral nerve stimulation on distal colonic motility in patients with faecal incontinence (Br J Surg 2013; 100: 959-968). Br J Surg 2013; 100:1396-7. [PMID: 23939853 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Costes LMM, Boeckxstaens GE, de Jonge WJ, Cailotto C. Neural networks in intestinal immunoregulation. Organogenesis 2013; 9:216-23. [PMID: 23867810 PMCID: PMC3896593 DOI: 10.4161/org.25646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Key physiological functions of the intestine are governed by nerves and neurotransmitters. This complex control relies on two neuronal systems: an extrinsic innervation supplied by the two branches of the autonomic nervous system and an intrinsic innervation provided by the enteric nervous system. As a result of constant exposure to commensal and pathogenic microflora, the intestine developed a tightly regulated immune system. In this review, we cover the current knowledge on the interactions between the gut innervation and the intestinal immune system. The relations between extrinsic and intrinsic neuronal inputs are highlighted with regards to the intestinal immune response. Moreover, we discuss the latest findings on mechanisms underlying inflammatory neural reflexes and examine their relevance in the context of the intestinal inflammation. Finally, we discuss some of the recent data on the identification of the gut microbiota as an emerging player influencing the brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa M M Costes
- Department of Neurogastroenterology; Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research; Academic Medical Center (AMC); Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Visceral sensory neurons activate reflex pathways that control gut function and also give rise to important sensations, such as fullness, bloating, nausea, discomfort, urgency and pain. Sensory neurons are organised into three distinct anatomical pathways to the central nervous system (vagal, thoracolumbar and lumbosacral). Although remarkable progress has been made in characterizing the roles of many ion channels, receptors and second messengers in visceral sensory neurons, the basic aim of understanding how many classes there are, and how they differ, has proven difficult to achieve. We suggest that just five structurally distinct types of sensory endings are present in the gut wall that account for essentially all of the primary afferent neurons in the three pathways. Each of these five major structural types of endings seems to show distinctive combinations of physiological responses. These types are: 'intraganglionic laminar' endings in myenteric ganglia; 'mucosal' endings located in the subepithelial layer; 'muscular-mucosal' afferents, with mechanosensitive endings close to the muscularis mucosae; 'intramuscular' endings, with endings within the smooth muscle layers; and 'vascular' afferents, with sensitive endings primarily on blood vessels. 'Silent' afferents might be a subset of inexcitable 'vascular' afferents, which can be switched on by inflammatory mediators. Extrinsic sensory neurons comprise an attractive focus for targeted therapeutic intervention in a range of gastrointestinal disorders.
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Axotomy-induced changes in the chemical coding pattern of colon projecting calbindin-positive neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglia of the pig. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 51:99-108. [PMID: 23546647 PMCID: PMC3739864 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study examines the response of colon-projecting neurons localized in the inferior mesenteric ganglia (IMG) to axotomy in the pig animal model. In all animals (n = 8), a median laparotomy was performed under anesthesia and the retrograde tracer Fast Blue was injected into the descending colon wall. In experimental animals (n = 4), the descending colon was exposed and the bilateral caudal colonic nerves were identified and severed. All animals were euthanized and the inferior mesenteric ganglia were harvested and processed for double-labeling immunofluorescence for calbindin-D28k (CB) in combination with either tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), Leu-enkephalin (LENK), substance P, vesicular acetylcholine transporter, or galanin. Immunohistochemistry revealed significant changes in the chemical coding pattern of injured inferior mesenteric ganglion neurons. In control animals, Fast Blue-positive neurons were immunoreactive to TH, NPY, SOM, VIP, NOS, LENK, and CB. In the experimental group, the numbers of TH-, NPY-, and SOM-expressing neurons were reduced, whereas the number of neurons immunoreactive to LENK was increased. Our data indicate that the colon-projecting neurons of the porcine IMG react to the axotomy in a similar, but not an identical manner in a comparison to other species, especially rodents. Further studies are needed to elucidate the detailed factors/mechanisms involved in the response to nerve injury.
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Sharrad DF, de Vries E, Brookes SJ. Selective expression of α-synuclein-immunoreactivity in vesicular acetylcholine transporter-immunoreactive axons in the guinea pig rectum and human colon. J Comp Neurol 2012; 521:657-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Liebl F, Demir IE, Rosenberg R, Boldis A, Yildiz E, Kujundzic K, Kehl T, Dischl D, Schuster T, Maak M, Becker K, Langer R, Laschinger M, Friess H, Ceyhan GO. The severity of neural invasion is associated with shortened survival in colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 19:50-61. [PMID: 23147996 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neural invasion (NI) is a histopathologic feature of colon cancer that receives little consideration. Therefore, we conducted a morphologic and functional characterization of NI in colon cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN NI was investigated in 673 patients with colon cancer. Localization and severity of NI was determined and related to patient's prognosis and survival. The neuro-affinity of colon cancer cells (HT29, HCT-116, SW620, and DLD-1) was compared with pancreatic cancer (T3M4 and SU86.86) and rectal cancer cells (CMT-93) in the in vitro three-dimensional (3D)-neural-migration assay and analyzed via live-cell imaging. Immunoreactivity of the neuroplasticity marker GAP-43, and the neurotrophic-chemoattractant factors Artemin and nerve growth factor (NGF), was quantified in colon cancer and pancreatic cancer nerves. Dorsal root ganglia of newborn rats were exposed to supernatants of colon cancer, rectal cancer, and pancreatic cancer cells and neurite density was determined. RESULTS NI was detected in 210 of 673 patients (31.2%). Although increasing NI severity scores were associated with a significantly poorer survival, presence of NI was not an independent prognostic factor in colon cancer. In the 3D migration assay, colon cancer and rectal cancer cells showed much less neurite-targeted migration when compared with pancreatic cancer cells. Supernatants of pancreatic cancer and rectal cancer cells induced a much higher neurite density than those of colon cancer cells. Accordingly, NGF, Artemin, and GAP-43 were much more pronounced in nerves in pancreatic cancer than in colon cancer. CONCLUSION NI is not an independent prognostic factor in colon cancer. The lack of a considerable biologic affinity between colon cancer cells and neurons, the low expression profile of colonic nerves for chemoattractant molecules, and the absence of a major neuroplasticity in colon cancer may explain the low prevalence and impact of NI in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Liebl
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Brumovsky PR, La JH, McCarthy CJ, Hökfelt T, Gebhart GF. Dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating pelvic organs in the mouse express tyrosine hydroxylase. Neuroscience 2012; 223:77-91. [PMID: 22858598 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in rat and mouse documented that a subpopulation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating non-visceral tissues express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Here we studied whether or not mouse DRG neurons retrogradely traced with Fast Blue (FB) from colorectum or urinary bladder also express immunohistochemically detectable TH. The lumbar sympathetic chain (LSC) and major pelvic ganglion (MPG) were included in the analysis. Previously characterized antibodies against TH, norepinephrine transporter type 1 (NET-1) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were used. On average, ∼14% of colorectal and ∼17% of urinary bladder DRG neurons expressed TH and spanned virtually all neuronal sizes, although more often in the medium-sized to small ranges. Also, they were more abundant in lumbosacral than thoracolumbar DRGs, and often coexpressed CGRP. We also detected several TH-immunoreactive (IR) colorectal and urinary bladder neurons in the LSC and the MPG, more frequently in the former. No NET-1-IR neurons were detected in DRGs, whereas the majority of FB-labeled, TH-IR neurons in the LSC and MPG coexpressed this marker (as did most other TH-IR neurons not labeled from the target organs). TH-IR nerve fibers were detected in all layers of the colorectum and the urinary bladder, with some also reaching the basal mucosal cells. Most TH-IR fibers in these organs lacked CGRP. Taken together, we show: (1) that a previously undescribed population of colorectal and urinary bladder DRG neurons expresses TH, often CGRP but not NET-1, suggesting the absence of a noradrenergic phenotype; and (2) that TH-IR axons/terminals in the colon or urinary bladder, naturally expected to derive from autonomic sources, could also originate from sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Brumovsky
- Center for Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Keszthelyi D, Troost FJ, Masclee AA. Irritable bowel syndrome: methods, mechanisms, and pathophysiology. Methods to assess visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G141-54. [PMID: 22595988 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00060.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, characterized by recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort in combination with disturbed bowel habits in the absence of identifiable organic cause. Visceral hypersensitivity has emerged as a key hypothesis in explaining the painful symptoms in IBS and has been proposed as a "biological hallmark" for the condition. Current techniques of assessing visceral perception include the computerized barostat using rectal distensions, registering responses induced by sensory stimuli including the flexor reflex and cerebral evoked potentials, as well as brain imaging modalities such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. These methods have provided further insight into alterations in pain processing in IBS, although the most optimal method and condition remain to be established. In an attempt to give an overview of these methods, a literature search in the electronic databases PubMed and MEDLINE was executed using the search terms "assessment of visceral pain/visceral nociception/visceral hypersensitivity" and "irritable bowel syndrome." Both original articles and review articles were considered for data extraction. This review aims to discuss currently used modalities in assessing visceral perception, along with advantages and limitations, and aims also to define future directions for methodological aspects in visceral pain research. Although novel paradigms such as brain imaging and neurophysiological recordings have been introduced in the study of visceral pain, confirmative studies are warranted to establish their robustness and clinical relevance. Therefore, subjective verbal reporting following rectal distension currently remains the best-validated technique in assessing visceral perception in IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Keszthelyi
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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39
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The severity of neural invasion is a crucial prognostic factor in rectal cancer independent of neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy. Ann Surg 2010; 252:797-804. [PMID: 21037435 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e3181fcab8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a comprehensive characterization of neural invasion (NI) in rectal adenocarcinoma (RC), to establish a novel NI-severity scoring system, and to assess the prognostic value of NI with emphasis on its localization and severity. BACKGROUND The literature merely contains small-scale studies with limited histopathological characterization of NI in RC. METHODS Neural invasion was thoroughly characterized in 296 patients with locally advanced uT3-RC (139 with primary resection and 157 with neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy [nRCTx]). To identify the precise localization of NI, we investigated the main tumor, peritumoral area, adjacent normal tissue, and all lymph nodes. To classify the clinical impact of NI, an NI severity score was established and related to patient prognosis. RESULTS Neural invasion was detected in 32% of patients with primary resection and in 19% (P = 0.010) receiving nRCTx. The major location of NI was found in the peritumoral area. The prevalence of NI in the main tumor within the primary resection group was 6%, whereas it was absent in the nRCTx group (P = 0.002). Increasing NI severity, but not NI localization, was associated with a significantly poorer survival and increased local recurrence rate in both groups. Multivariate analysis (including TNM-stage, grading, and Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)) revealed NI prevalence and severity as independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS Neural invasion in RC has a heterogeneous appearance in regard to its localization and its severity. nRCTx seems to have a suppressive effect on NI. Neural invasion severity might be applied as a novel tool to estimate accurately patient's prognosis and thus should be considered in pathology reports.
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Patel BA, Dai X, Burda JE, Zhao H, Swain GM, Galligan JJ, Bian X. Inhibitory neuromuscular transmission to ileal longitudinal muscle predominates in neonatal guinea pigs. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:909-18, e236-7. [PMID: 20482699 PMCID: PMC2911488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitory neurotransmission to the longitudinal muscle is more prominent in the neonatal than in the adult guinea pig ileum. METHODS Inhibitory neuromuscular transmission was investigated using in vitro ileal longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP) preparations made from neonatal (< or =48 h postnatal) and adult ( approximately 4 weeks postnatal) guinea pigs. KEY RESULTS Amperometric measurements of nicotine-induced nitric oxide (NO) release (measured as an oxidation current) from myenteric ganglia revealed larger currents in neonatal (379 +/- 24 pA) vs adult (119 +/- 39 pA, P < 0.05) tissues. Nicotine-induced oxidation currents were blocked by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, nitro-l-arginine (NLA, 100 micromol L(-1)). Nicotine-induced, NLA-sensitive oxidation currents could be detected in the tertiary plexus of neonatal but not adult tissues. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated stronger NOS immunoreactivity in neonatal compared with adult myenteric ganglia. Western blot studies revealed higher levels of NOS in neonatal compared with adult LMMP. Cell counts revealed that the total number of myenteric neurons in the small intestine was greater in adults than in neonatal guinea pigs, however, the ratio of NOS : Calbindin neurons was significantly higher in neonatal compared with adult tissues. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Nitric oxide signaling to the longitudinal muscle is stronger in neonatal compared with adult guinea pig ileum. Nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons are diluted postnatally by cholinergic and other, as yet unidentified neuronal subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavik A. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK,School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Xiaoling Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Joshua E. Burda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Greg M. Swain
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - James J. Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Xiaochun Bian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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Enteric glia are targets of the sympathetic innervation of the myenteric plexus in the guinea pig distal colon. J Neurosci 2010; 30:6801-9. [PMID: 20463242 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0603-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes respond to synaptic activity in the CNS. Astrocytic responses are synapse specific and precisely regulate synaptic activity. Glia in the peripheral nervous system also respond to neuronal activity, but it is unknown whether glial responses are synapse specific. We addressed this issue by examining the activation of enteric glia by distinct neuronal subpopulations in the enteric nervous system. Enteric glia are unique peripheral glia that surround enteric neurons and respond to neuronally released ATP with increases in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). Autonomic control of colonic function is mediated by intrinsic (enteric) and extrinsic (sympathetic, parasympathetic, primary afferent) neural pathways. Here we test the hypothesis that a defined population of neurons activates enteric glia using a variety of techniques to ablate or stimulate components of the autonomic innervation of the colon. Our findings demonstrate that, in the male guinea pig colon, activation of intrinsic neurons does not stimulate glial [Ca2+]i responses and fast enteric neurotransmission is not necessary to initiate glial responses. However, ablating extrinsic innervation significantly reduces glial responses to neuronal activation. Activation of primary afferent fibers does not activate glial [Ca2+]i responses. Selectively ablating sympathetic fibers reduces glial activation to a similar extent as total extrinsic denervation. Neuronal activation of glia follows the same frequency dependence as sympathetic neurotransmitter release, but the only sympathetic neurotransmitter that activates glial [Ca2+]i responses is ATP, suggesting that sympathetic fibers release ATP to activate enteric glia. Therefore, enteric glia discern activity in adjacent synaptic pathways and selectively respond to sympathetic activation.
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Feng B, Brumovsky PR, Gebhart GF. Differential roles of stretch-sensitive pelvic nerve afferents innervating mouse distal colon and rectum. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G402-9. [PMID: 20075141 PMCID: PMC2838514 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00487.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Information about colorectal distension (i.e., colorectal dilation by increased intraluminal pressure) is primarily encoded by stretch-sensitive colorectal afferents in the pelvic nerve (PN). Despite anatomic differences between rectum and distal colon, little is known about the functional roles of colonic vs. rectal afferents in the PN pathway or the quantitative nature of mechanosensory encoding. We utilized an in vitro mouse colorectum-PN preparation to investigate pressure-encoding characteristics of colorectal afferents. The colorectum with PN attached was dissected, opened longitudinally, and pinned flat in a Sylgard-lined chamber. Action potentials of afferent fibers evoked by circumferential stretch (servo-controlled force actuator) were recorded from the PN. Stretch-sensitive fibers were categorized into the following four groups: colonic muscular, colonic muscular/mucosal, rectal muscular, and rectal muscular/mucosal. Seventy-nine stretch-sensitive PN afferents evenly distributed into the above four groups were studied. Rectal muscular afferents had significantly greater stretch-responses than the other three groups. Virtually all rectal afferents (98%) had low thresholds for response and encoded stimulus intensity into the noxious range without obvious saturation. Most colonic afferents (72%) also had low thresholds (<14 mmHg), but a significant proportion (28%) had high thresholds (>18 mmHg) for response. These high-threshold colonic afferents were sensitized to stretch by inflammatory soup; response threshold was significantly reduced (from 23 to 12 mmHg), and response magnitude significantly increased. These results suggest that the encoding of mechanosensory information differs between colonic and rectal stretch-sensitive PN afferents. Rectal afferents have a wide response range to stretch, whereas high-threshold colonic afferents likely contribute to visceral nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Feng
- Center for Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Tan LL, Bornstein JC, Anderson CR. The neurochemistry and innervation patterns of extrinsic sensory and sympathetic nerves in the myenteric plexus of the C57Bl6 mouse jejunum. Neuroscience 2009; 166:564-79. [PMID: 20034545 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In vitro anterograde tracing of axons in mesenteric nerve trunks using biotinamide in combination with immunohistochemical labelling was used to characterize the extrinsic nerve projections in the myenteric plexus of the mouse jejunum. Anterogradely-labelled spinal sensory fibres innervating the enteric nervous system were identified by their immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), while sympathetic noradrenergic fibres were detected with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), using confocal microscopy. The presence of these markers has been previously described in the spinal sensory and sympathetic fibres. Labelled extrinsic nerve fibres in the myenteric plexus were identified apposing enteric neurons that were immunoreactive for either calretinin (CalR), calbindin (CalB) or nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Of the total anterogradely labelled axons in the myenteric plexus, 20% were CGRP-immunoreactive. Labelled CGRP-immunoreactive varicosities were closely apposed to CalR-immunoreactive myenteric cells, many of which were Dogiel type I (40%; interneurons) or type II (20%; intrinsic sensory) neurons. Labelled CGRP-immunoreactive varicosities were also observed in close appositions to CalB-immunoreactive myenteric cell bodies, of which a small subset had type II morphology (18%; intrinsic sensory neurons). A further 43% of all biotinamide-filled fibres were immunoreactive for TH and these fibres were apposed to CalR-immunoreactive cell bodies (small-sized; excitatory motor neurons) and NOS-immunoreactive cell bodies (either type I or small neurons; inhibitory motor neurons and interneurons) in the myenteric plexus. The results provide a neurochemical and neuroanatomical basis for connections between dorsal root afferent neurons and myenteric neurons and suggest an anatomical substrate for the well-known modulation of enteric circuits from sympathetic nerves. No anterogradely-labelled fibres were stained for NOS-immunoreactivity, despite more than 60% of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons retrogradely labelled from the jejunum showing NOS-immunoreactivity. This was due to a substantial, time-dependent, and apparently selective, loss of NOS from extrinsic axons under in vitro conditions. Lastly, a small population of non-immunoreactive biotinamide-filled fibres (<1%) gave rise to dense terminal structures around individual myenteric cell bodies lacking CalR, CalB or NOS. These specialized endings may represent vagal fibres or a subset of spinal sensory neurons that do not contain CGRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Tan
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Brookes SJ, Dinning PG, Gladman MA. Neuroanatomy and physiology of colorectal function and defaecation: from basic science to human clinical studies. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009; 21 Suppl 2:9-19. [PMID: 19824934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal physiology is complex and involves programmed, coordinated interaction between muscular and neuronal elements. Whilst a detailed understanding remains elusive, novel information has emerged from recent basic science and human clinical studies concerning normal sensorimotor mechanisms and the organization and function of the key elements involved in the control of motility. This chapter summarizes these observations to provide a contemporary review of the neuroanatomy and physiology of colorectal function and defaecation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Brookes
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Ma J, Bellon M, Wishart JM, Young R, Blackshaw LA, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Rayner CK. Effect of the artificial sweetener, sucralose, on gastric emptying and incretin hormone release in healthy subjects. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G735-9. [PMID: 19221011 PMCID: PMC2670679 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90708.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), play an important role in glucose homeostasis in both health and diabetes. In mice, sucralose, an artificial sweetener, stimulates GLP-1 release via sweet taste receptors on enteroendocrine cells. We studied blood glucose, plasma levels of insulin, GLP-1, and GIP, and gastric emptying (by a breath test) in 7 healthy humans after intragastric infusions of 1) 50 g sucrose in water to a total volume of 500 ml (approximately 290 mosmol/l), 2) 80 mg sucralose in 500 ml normal saline (approximately 300 mosmol/l, 0.4 mM sucralose), 3) 800 mg sucralose in 500 ml normal saline (approximately 300 mosmol/l, 4 mM sucralose), and 4) 500 ml normal saline (approximately 300 mosmol/l), all labeled with 150 mg 13C-acetate. Blood glucose increased only in response to sucrose (P<0.05). GLP-1, GIP, and insulin also increased after sucrose (P=0.0001) but not after either load of sucralose or saline. Gastric emptying of sucrose was slower than that of saline (t50: 87.4+/-4.1 min vs. 74.7+/-3.2 min, P<0.005), whereas there were no differences in t50 between sucralose 0.4 mM (73.7+/-3.1 min) or 4 mM (76.7+/-3.1 min) and saline. We conclude that sucralose, delivered by intragastric infusion, does not stimulate insulin, GLP-1, or GIP release or slow gastric emptying in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- University of Adelaide, Discipline of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terr., Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
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Spencer NJ, Kerrin A, Singer CA, Hennig GW, Gerthoffer WT, McDonnell O. Identification of capsaicin-sensitive rectal mechanoreceptors activated by rectal distension in mice. Neuroscience 2008; 153:518-34. [PMID: 18395992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 02/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rodents detect visceral pain in response to noxious levels of rectal distension. However, the mechanoreceptors that innervate the rectum and respond to noxious levels of rectal distension have not been identified. Here, we have identified the mechanoreceptors of capsaicin-sensitive rectal afferents and characterized their properties in response to circumferential stretch of the rectal wall. We have also used the lethal spotted (ls/ls) mouse to determine whether rectal mechanoreceptors that respond to capsaicin and stretch may also develop in an aganglionic rectum that is congenitally devoid of enteric ganglia. In wild type (C57BL/6) mice, graded increases in circumferential stretch applied to isolated rectal segments activated a graded increase in firing of slowly-adapting rectal mechanoreceptors. Identical stimuli applied to the aganglionic rectum of ls/ls mice also activated similar graded increases in firing of stretch-sensitive rectal afferents. In both wild type and aganglionic rectal preparations, focal compression of the serosal surface using von Frey hairs identified mechanosensitive "hot spots," that were associated with brief bursts of action potentials. Spritzing capsaicin (10 microM) selectively onto each identified mechanosensitive hot spot activated an all or none discharge of action potentials in 32 of 56 identified hot spots in wild type mice and 24 of 62 mechanosensitive hot spots in the aganglionic rectum of ls/ls mice. Each single unit activated by both capsaicin and circumferential stretch responded to low mechanical thresholds (1-2 g stretch). No high threshold rectal afferents were ever recorded in response to circumferential stretch. Anterograde labeling from recorded rectal afferents revealed two populations of capsaicin-sensitive mechanoreceptor that responded to stretch: one population terminated within myenteric ganglia, the other within the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers. In the aganglionic rectum of ls/ls mice, only the i.m. mechanoreceptors were identified. Both myenteric and i.m. mechanoreceptors could be identified by their immunoreactivity to the anti-TRPV1 antibody and the vesicular glutamate transporter, Vglut2. Myenteric mechanoreceptors had a unique morphology, consisting of smooth bulbous nodules that ramified within myenteric ganglia. In summary, the rectum of wild type mice is innervated by at least two populations of capsaicin-sensitive rectal mechanoreceptor, both of which respond to low mechanical thresholds within the innocuous range. These findings suggest that the visceral pain pathway activated by rectal distension is likely to involve low threshold rectal mechanoreceptors that are activated within the normal physiological range.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Spencer
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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