1
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Santorella E, Balsbaugh JL, Ge S, Saboori P, Baker D, Pachter JS. Proteomic interrogation of the meninges reveals the molecular identities of structural components and regional distinctions along the CNS axis. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:74. [PMID: 37858244 PMCID: PMC10588166 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The meninges surround the brain and spinal cord, affording physical protection while also serving as a niche of neuroimmune activity. Though possessing stromal qualities, its complex cellular and extracellular makeup has yet to be elaborated, and it remains unclear whether the meninges vary along the neuroaxis. Hence, studies were carried-out to elucidate the protein composition and structural organization of brain and spinal cord meninges in normal, adult Biozzi ABH mice. First, shotgun, bottom-up proteomics was carried-out. Prominent proteins at both brain and spinal levels included Type II collagen and Type II keratins, representing extracellular matrix (ECM) and cytoskeletal categories, respectively. While the vast majority of total proteins detected was shared between both meningeal locales, more were uniquely detected in brain than in spine. This pattern was also seen when total proteins were subdivided by cellular compartment, except in the case of the ECM category where brain and spinal meninges each had near equal number of unique proteins, and Type V and type III collagen registered exclusively in the spine. Quantitative analysis revealed differential expression of several collagens and cytoskeletal proteins between brain and spinal meninges. High-resolution immunofluorescence and immunogold-scanning electronmicroscopy on sections from whole brain and spinal cord - still encased within bone -identified major proteins detected by proteomics, and highlighted their association with cellular and extracellular elements of variously shaped arachnoid trabeculae. Western blotting aligned with the proteomic and immunohistological analyses, reinforcing differential appearance of proteins in brain vs spinal meninges. Results could reflect regional distinctions in meninges that govern protective and/or neuroimmune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Santorella
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Jeremy L Balsbaugh
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Center for Open Research Resources & Equipment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Shujun Ge
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Parisa Saboori
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manhattan College, Bronx, NY, 10071, USA
| | - David Baker
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, England
| | - Joel S Pachter
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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2
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Zhou W, Fu Y, Zhang M, Buabeid MA, Ijaz M, Murtaza G. Nanoparticle-mediated therapy of neuronal damage in the neonatal brain. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α is crucial for proper brain development. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19146. [PMID: 33154420 PMCID: PMC7644612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sufficient tissue oxygenation is required for regular brain function; thus oxygen supply must be tightly regulated to avoid hypoxia and irreversible cell damage. If hypoxia occurs the transcription factor complex hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) will accumulate and coordinate adaptation of cells to hypoxia. However, even under atmospheric O2 conditions stabilized HIF-2α protein was found in brains of adult mice. Mice with a neuro-specific knockout of Hif-2α showed a reduction of pyramidal neurons in the retrosplenial cortex (RSC), a brain region responsible for a range of cognitive functions, including memory and navigation. Accordingly, behavioral studies showed disturbed cognitive abilities in these mice. In search of the underlying mechanisms for the specific loss of pyramidal cells in the RSC, we found deficits in migration in neural stem cells from Hif-2α knockout mice due to altered expression patterns of genes highly associated with neuronal migration and positioning.
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4
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Chawana R, Patzke N, Bhagwandin A, Kaswera-Kyamakya C, Gilissen E, Bertelsen MF, Hemingway J, Manger PR. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in Egyptian fruit bats from three different environments: Are interpretational variations due to the environment or methodology? J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2994-3007. [PMID: 32112418 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We quantified both proliferative (Ki-67 immunohistochemistry) and immature (doublecortin immunohistochemistry) cells within the dentate gyrus of adult Egyptian fruit bats from three distinct environments: (a) primary rainforest, (b) subtropical woodland, and (c) fifth-generation captive-bred. We used four different previously reported methods to assess the effect of the environment on proliferative and immature cells: (a) the comparison of raw totals of proliferative and immature cells; (b) these totals standardized to brain mass; (c) these totals expressed as a density using the volume of the granular cell layer (GCLv) for standardization; and (d) these totals expressed as a percentage of the total number of granule cells. For all methods, the numbers of proliferative cells did not differ statistically among the three groups, indicating that the rate of proliferation, while malleable to experimental manipulation or transiently in response to events of importance in the natural habitat, appears to occur, for the most part, at a predetermined rate within a species. For the immature cells, raw numbers and standardizations to brain mass and GCLv revealed no difference between the three groups studied; however, standardization to total granule cell numbers indicated that the two groups of wild-caught bats had significantly higher numbers of immature neurons than the captive-bred bats. These contrasting results indicate that the interpretation of the effect of the environment on the numbers of immature neurons appears method dependent. It is possible that current methods are not sensitive enough to reveal the effect of different environments on proliferative and immature cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Chawana
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Nina Patzke
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Adhil Bhagwandin
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa.,Division of Clinical Anatomy and Biological Anthropology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Emmanuel Gilissen
- Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.,Laboratory of Histology and Neuropathology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jason Hemingway
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
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5
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Wagner M, Lévy J, Jung-Klawitter S, Bakhtiari S, Monteiro F, Maroofian R, Bierhals T, Hempel M, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Kitajima JP, Kim CA, Salomao JG, Amor DJ, Cooper MS, Perrin L, Pipiras E, Neu A, Doosti M, Karimiani EG, Toosi MB, Houlden H, Jin SC, Si YC, Rodan LH, Venselaar H, Kruer MC, Kok F, Hoffmann GF, Strom TM, Wortmann SB, Tabet AC, Opladen T. Loss of TNR causes a nonprogressive neurodevelopmental disorder with spasticity and transient opisthotonus. Genet Med 2020; 22:1061-1068. [PMID: 32099069 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-0768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE TNR, encoding Tenascin-R, is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein involved in neurite outgrowth and neural cell adhesion, proliferation and migration, axonal guidance, myelination, and synaptic plasticity. Tenascin-R is exclusively expressed in the central nervous system with highest expression after birth. The protein is crucial in the formation of perineuronal nets that ensheath interneurons. However, the role of Tenascin-R in human pathology is largely unknown. We aimed to establish TNR as a human disease gene and unravel the associated clinical spectrum. METHODS Exome sequencing and an online matchmaking tool were used to identify patients with biallelic variants in TNR. RESULTS We identified 13 individuals from 8 unrelated families with biallelic variants in TNR sharing a phenotype consisting of spastic para- or tetraparesis, axial muscular hypotonia, developmental delay, and transient opisthotonus. Four homozygous loss-of-function and four different missense variants were identified. CONCLUSION We establish TNR as a disease gene for an autosomal recessive nonprogressive neurodevelopmental disorder with spasticity and transient opisthotonus and highlight the role of central nervous system extracellular matrix proteins in the pathogenicity of spastic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Wagner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University München, Munich, Germany. .,Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany. .,Institut für Neurogenomik, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Lévy
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Jung-Klawitter
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Somayeh Bakhtiari
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Departments of Child Health, Neurology, Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tatjana Bierhals
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maja Hempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Chong A Kim
- Genetic Unit, Instituto da Criança-HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia G Salomao
- Genetic Unit, Instituto da Criança-HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - David J Amor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Monica S Cooper
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laurence Perrin
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eva Pipiras
- Department of Cytogenetics, Jean-Verdier Hospital, Paris 13 University, Embryology and Histology, AP-HP, Bondy, France
| | - Axel Neu
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Doosti
- Department of Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan G Karimiani
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's, University, London, UK
| | - Mehran B Toosi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lance H Rodan
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hanka Venselaar
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael C Kruer
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Departments of Child Health, Neurology, Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Fernando Kok
- Mendelics Genomic Analysis, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Saskia B Wortmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.,University Childrens Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anne-Claude Tabet
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.,Neuroscience Department, Human Genetics and Cognitive Function Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Opladen
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Liot S, Aubert A, Hervieu V, Kholti NE, Schalkwijk J, Verrier B, Valcourt U, Lambert E. Loss of Tenascin-X expression during tumor progression: A new pan-cancer marker. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 6-7:100021. [PMID: 33543019 PMCID: PMC7852205 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a systemic disease involving multiple components produced from both tumor cells themselves and surrounding stromal cells. The pro- or anti-tumoral role of the stroma is still under debate. Indeed, it has long been considered the main physical barrier to the diffusion of chemotherapy by its dense and fibrous nature and its poor vascularization. However, in murine models, the depletion of fibroblasts, the main ExtraCellular Matrix (ECM)-producing cells, led to more aggressive tumors even though they were more susceptible to anti-angiogenic and immuno-modulators. Tenascin-C (TNC) is a multifunctional matricellular glycoprotein (i.e. an ECM protein also able to induce signaling pathway) and is considered as a marker of tumor expansion and metastasis. However, the status of other tenascin (TN) family members and particularly Tenascin-X (TNX) has been far less studied during this pathological process and is still controversial. Herein, through (1) in silico analyses of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases and (2) immunohistochemistry staining of Tissue MicroArrays (TMA), we performed a large and extensive study of TNX expression at both mRNA and protein levels (1) in the 6 cancers with the highest incidence and mortality in the world (i.e. lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, stomach and liver) and (2) in the cancers for which sparse data regarding TNX expression already exist in the literature. We thus demonstrated that, in most cancers, TNX expression is significantly downregulated during cancer progression and we also highlighted, when data were available, that high TNXB mRNA expression in cancer is correlated with a good survival prognosis.
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Key Words
- CAF, Cancer-Associated Fibroblast
- Cancers
- D.E.G., Differentially Expressed Genes
- ECM, Extracellular Matrix
- EDS, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
- FBG, fibrinogen
- FNIII, fibronectin type III
- GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus
- GSE, GEO Series
- HDAC1, histone deacetylase-1
- MMP, Matrix Metalloproteinase
- MPNST, Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
- Meta-analysis
- Prognosis marker
- TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas
- TMA, Tissue MicroArray
- TME, Tumor MicroEnvironment
- TN, Tenascin
- TNC, Tenascin-C
- TNR, Tenascin-R
- TNW, Tenascin-W
- TNX, Tenascin-X
- TSS, Transcription Start Site
- Tenascin-X
- Tissue MicroArray
- lncRNA, long non-coding RNA
- mRNA and protein levels
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Liot
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7, passage du Vercors, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Alexandre Aubert
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7, passage du Vercors, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Valérie Hervieu
- Service d'Anatomopathologie, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Naïma El Kholti
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7, passage du Vercors, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 370 Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 26 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7, passage du Vercors, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Ulrich Valcourt
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7, passage du Vercors, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Elise Lambert
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7, passage du Vercors, F-69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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7
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Arteaga Cabeza O, Mikrogeorgiou A, Kannan S, Ferriero DM. Advanced nanotherapies to promote neuroregeneration in the injured newborn brain. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:19-37. [PMID: 31678359 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal brain injury affects thousands of babies each year and may lead to long-term and permanent physical and neurological problems. Currently, therapeutic hypothermia is standard clinical care for term newborns with moderate to severe neonatal encephalopathy. Nevertheless, it is not completely protective, and additional strategies to restore and promote regeneration are urgently needed. One way to ensure recovery following injury to the immature brain is to augment endogenous regenerative pathways. However, novel strategies such as stem cell therapy, gene therapies and nanotechnology have not been adequately explored in this unique age group. In this perspective review, we describe current efforts that promote neuroprotection and potential targets that are unique to the developing brain, which can be leveraged to facilitate neuroregeneration.
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8
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Adams KV, Morshead CM. Neural stem cell heterogeneity in the mammalian forebrain. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 170:2-36. [PMID: 29902499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain was long considered an organ that underwent very little change after development. It is now well established that the mammalian central nervous system contains neural stem cells that generate progeny that are capable of making new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes throughout life. The field has advanced rapidly as it strives to understand the basic biology of these precursor cells, and explore their potential to promote brain repair. The purpose of this review is to present current knowledge about the diversity of neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo, and highlight distinctions between neural stem cell populations, throughout development, and within the niche. A comprehensive understanding of neural stem cell heterogeneity will provide insights into the cellular and molecular regulation of neural development and lifelong neurogenesis, and will guide the development of novel strategies to promote regeneration and neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey V Adams
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Canada; Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto, Canada.
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9
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Wang Y, Wei S, Chen L, Pei J, Wu H, Pei Y, Chen Y, Wang D. Transcriptomic analysis of gene expression in mice treated with troxerutin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188261. [PMID: 29190643 PMCID: PMC5708793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Troxerutin, a semi-synthetic derivative of the natural bioflavanoid rutin, has been reported to possess many beneficial effects in human bodies, such as vasoprotection, immune support, anti-inflammation and anti-aging. However, the effects of troxerutin on genome-wide transcription in blood cells are still unknown. In order to find out effects of troxerutin on gene transcription, a high-throughput RNA sequencing was employed to analysis differential gene expression in blood cells consisting of leucocytes, erythrocytes and platelets isolated from the mice received subcutaneous injection of troxerutin. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the expression of only fifteen genes was significantly changed by the treatment with troxerutin, among which 5 genes were up-regulated and 10 genes were down-regulated. Bioinformatic analysis of the fifteen differentially expressed genes was made by utilizing the Gene Ontology (GO), and the differential expression induced by troxerutin was further evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuerong Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratories of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratories of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Lintao Chen
- Hainan Key Laboratories of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jinli Pei
- Hainan Key Laboratories of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Hainan Key Laboratories of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yechun Pei
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Department of Animal Science, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yibo Chen
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratories of Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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10
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Abstract
Extracellular matrix proteins of the tenascin family resemble each other in their domain structure, and also share functions in modulating cell adhesion and cellular responses to growth factors. Despite these common features, the 4 vertebrate tenascins exhibit vastly different expression patterns. Tenascin-R is specific to the central nervous system. Tenascin-C is an “oncofetal” protein controlled by many stimuli (growth factors, cytokines, mechanical stress), but with restricted occurrence in space and time. In contrast, tenascin-X is a constituitive component of connective tissues, and its level is barely affected by external factors. Finally, the expression of tenascin-W is similar to that of tenascin-C but even more limited. In accordance with their highly regulated expression, the promoters of the tenascin-C and -W genes contain TATA boxes, whereas those of the other 2 tenascins do not. This article summarizes what is currently known about the complex transcriptional regulation of the 4 tenascin genes in development and disease.
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Key Words
- AKT, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog
- ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase
- AP-1, activator protein-1
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- CBP, CREB binding protein
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- CREB-RP, CREB-related protein
- CYP21A2, cytochrome P450 family 21 subfamily A polypeptide 2
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- EBS, Ets binding site
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- ETS, E26 transformation-specific
- EWS-ETS, Ewing sarcoma-Ets fusion protein
- Evx1, even skipped homeobox 1
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- HBS, homeodomain binding sequence
- IL, interleukin
- ILK, integrin-linked kinase
- JAK, Janus kinase
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- MHCIII, major histocompatibility complex class III
- MKL1, megakaryoblastic leukemia-1
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NGF, nerve growth factor; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T-cells
- OTX2, orthodenticle homolog 2
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- POU3F2, POU domain class 3 transcription factor 2
- PRRX1, paired-related homeobox 1
- RBPJk, recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless
- ROCK, Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase
- RhoA, ras homolog gene family member A
- SAP, SAF-A/B, Acinus, and PIAS
- SCX, scleraxix
- SEAP, secreted alkaline phosphatase
- SMAD, small body size - mothers against decapentaplegic
- SOX4, sex determining region Y-box 4
- SRE, serum response element
- SRF, serum response factor
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TNC, tenascin-C
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TNR, tenascin-R
- TNW, tenascin-W
- TNX, tenascin-X
- TSS, transcription start site
- UTR, untranslated region
- WNT, wingless-related integration site
- cancer
- cytokine
- development
- extracellular matrix
- gene promoter
- gene regulation
- glucocorticoid
- growth factor
- homeobox gene
- matricellular
- mechanical stress
- miR, micro RNA
- p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase
- tenascin
- transcription factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Chiovaro
- a Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research ; Basel , Switzerland
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11
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Abstract
This review considers pharmacogenetics of the so called 'second-generation' antipsychotics. Findings for polymorphisms replicating in more than one study are emphasized and compared and contrasted with larger-scale candidate gene studies and genome-wide association study analyses. Variants in three types of genes are discussed: pharmacokinetic genes associated with drug metabolism and disposition, pharmacodynamic genes encoding drug targets, and pharmacotypic genes impacting disease presentation and subtype. Among pharmacokinetic markers, CYP2D6 metabolizer phenotype has clear clinical significance, as it impacts dosing considerations for aripiprazole, iloperidone and risperidone, and variants of the ABCB1 gene hold promise as biomarkers for dosing for olanzapine and clozapine. Among pharmacodynamic variants, the TaqIA1 allele of the DRD2 gene, the DRD3 (Ser9Gly) polymorphism, and the HTR2C -759C/T polymorphism have emerged as potential biomarkers for response and/or side effects. However, large-scale candidate gene studies and genome-wide association studies indicate that pharmacotypic genes may ultimately prove to be the richest source of biomarkers for response and side effect profiles for second-generation antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Brennan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Jovanov Milošević N, Judaš M, Aronica E, Kostovic I. Neural ECM in laminar organization and connectivity development in healthy and diseased human brain. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 214:159-78. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63486-3.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Nandi S, Cioce M, Yeung YG, Nieves E, Tesfa L, Lin H, Hsu AW, Halenbeck R, Cheng HY, Gokhan S, Mehler MF, Stanley ER. Receptor-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase ζ is a functional receptor for interleukin-34. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21972-86. [PMID: 23744080 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.442731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-34 (IL-34) is highly expressed in brain. IL-34 signaling via its cognate receptor, colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), is required for the development of microglia. However, the differential expression of IL-34 and the CSF-1R in brain suggests that IL-34 may signal via an alternate receptor. By IL-34 affinity chromatography of solubilized mouse brain membrane followed by mass spectrometric analysis, we identified receptor-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase ζ (PTP-ζ), a cell surface chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan, as a novel IL-34 receptor. PTP-ζ is primarily expressed on neural progenitors and glial cells and is highly expressed in human glioblastomas. IL-34 selectively bound PTP-ζ in CSF-1R-deficient U251 human glioblastoma cell lysates and inhibited the proliferation, clonogenicity, and motility of U251 cells in a PTP-ζ-dependent manner. These effects were correlated with an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of the previously identified PTP-ζ downstream effectors focal adhesion kinase and paxillin. IL-34 binding to U251 cells was abrogated by chondroitinase ABC treatment, and CS competed with IL-34 for binding to the extracellular domain of PTP-ζ and to the cells, indicating a dependence of binding on PTP-ζ CS moieties. This study identifies an alternate receptor for IL-34 that may mediate its action on novel cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Nandi
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Xu JC, Xiao MF, Jakovcevski I, Sivukhina E, Hargus G, Cui YF, Irintchev A, Schachner M, Bernreuther C. The extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-R regulates neurogenesis during development and in the adult dentate gyrus of mice. J Cell Sci 2013; 127:641-52. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.137612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal generation of inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid synthesizing (GABAergic) neurons is characteristic of neuropsychological disorders. We provide evidence that the extracellular matrix molecule tenascin-R (TNR) – being predominantly expressed, among neurons, by subpopulation of interneurons - plays a role in the generation of GABAergic and granule neurons in the murine dentate gyrus by regulating fate determination of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs). During development, absence of TNR in constitutively TNR-deficient (TNR−/−) mice results in increased numbers of dentate gyrus GABAergic neurons, being associated with decreased expression of its receptor β1 integrin, increased activation of p38 MAPK, and increased expression of the GABAergic specification gene ASCL1. Postnatally, increased GABAergic input to adult hippocampal NSCs in TNR−/− mice is associated not only with increased numbers of GABAergic and, particularly, parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons, as seen during development, but also with increased numbers of granule neurons, thus contributing to the increased differentiation of NSCs into granule cells. These findings indicate the importance of TNR in the regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis and suggest that TNR acts through distinct direct and indirect mechanisms during development and in the adult.
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Tenascin-R: Role in the central nervous system. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1385-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Dufresne D, Hamdan FF, Rosenfeld JA, Torchia B, Rosenblatt B, Michaud JL, Srour M. Homozygous deletion of Tenascin-R in a patient with intellectual disability. J Med Genet 2012; 49:451-4. [PMID: 22730557 PMCID: PMC3395313 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-100831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background TNR encodes Tenascin-R, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that is primarily expressed in the central nervous system. Loss of TNR impairs cognition, synaptic plasticity and motor abilities in mice, however its role in human neurodevelopment and cognition is less clear. Methods and results The authors present the case of a child with intellectual disability and transient choreoathetosis. Array genomic hybridisation revealed a homozygous deletion involving only two genes, including TNR. Sequencing TNR in a cohort of 219 patients with intellectual disability did not identify any potential pathogenic mutations. Conclusion This is the first report of a complete loss of TNR associated with intellectual disability. This study provides evidence of the important role of TNR in brain development and cognition in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dufresne
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Departments of Neurology/Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal Children’s Hospital-McGill University Health Center, Quebec, Canada
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