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Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, D'Agata V. Emerging Roles of the Neurotrophic Peptides IGF-1 and PACAP in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2022; 23:571-573. [PMID: 35929635 DOI: 10.2174/1389203723666220805123251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
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2
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Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, Morello G, Reglodi D, Cavallaro S, D'Agata V. Differential Vulnerability of Oculomotor Versus Hypoglossal Nucleus During ALS: Involvement of PACAP. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:805. [PMID: 32848572 PMCID: PMC7432287 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive multifactorial disease characterized by the loss of motor neurons (MNs). Not all MNs undergo degeneration: neurons of the oculomotor nucleus, which regulate eye movements, are less vulnerable compared to hypoglossal nucleus MNs. Several molecular studies have been performed to understand the different vulnerability of these MNs. By analyzing postmortem samples from ALS patients to other unrelated decedents, the differential genomic pattern between the two nuclei has been profiled. Among identified genes, adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 (ADCYAP1) gene, encoding for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), was found significantly up-regulated in the oculomotor versus hypoglossal nucleus suggesting that it could play a trophic effect on MNs in ALS. In the present review, some aspects regarding the different vulnerability of oculomotor and hypoglossal nucleus to degeneration will be summarized. The distribution and potential role of PACAP on these MNs as studied largely in an animal model of ALS compared to controls, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Morello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR), Catania, Italy
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR), Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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3
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Setter DO, Runge EM, Schartz ND, Kennedy FM, Brown BL, McMillan KP, Miller WM, Shah KM, Haulcomb MM, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Impact of peripheral immune status on central molecular responses to facial nerve axotomy. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 68:98-110. [PMID: 29030217 PMCID: PMC5767532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When facial nerve axotomy (FNA) is performed on immunodeficient recombinase activating gene-2 knockout (RAG-2-/-) mice, there is greater facial motoneuron (FMN) death relative to wild type (WT) mice. Reconstituting RAG-2-/- mice with whole splenocytes rescues FMN survival after FNA, and CD4+ T cells specifically drive immune-mediated neuroprotection. Evidence suggests that immunodysregulation may contribute to motoneuron death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Immunoreconstitution of RAG-2-/- mice with lymphocytes from the mutant superoxide dismutase (mSOD1) mouse model of ALS revealed that the mSOD1 whole splenocyte environment suppresses mSOD1 CD4+ T cell-mediated neuroprotection after FNA. The objective of the current study was to characterize the effect of CD4+ T cells on the central molecular response to FNA and then identify if mSOD1 whole splenocytes blocked these regulatory pathways. Gene expression profiles of the axotomized facial motor nucleus were assessed from RAG-2-/- mice immunoreconstituted with either CD4+ T cells or whole splenocytes from WT or mSOD1 donors. The findings indicate that immunodeficient mice have suppressed glial activation after axotomy, and cell transfer of WT CD4+ T cells rescues microenvironment responses. Additionally, mSOD1 whole splenocyte recipients exhibit an increased astrocyte activation response to FNA. In RAG-2-/- + mSOD1 whole splenocyte mice, an elevation of motoneuron-specific Fas cell death pathways is also observed. Altogether, these findings suggest that mSOD1 whole splenocytes do not suppress mSOD1 CD4+ T cell regulation of the microenvironment, and instead, mSOD1 whole splenocytes may promote motoneuron death by either promoting a neurotoxic astrocyte phenotype or inducing Fas-mediated cell death pathways. This study demonstrates that peripheral immune status significantly affects central responses to nerve injury. Future studies will elucidate the mechanisms by which mSOD1 whole splenocytes promote cell death and if inhibiting this mechanism can preserve motoneuron survival in injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah O. Setter
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Research and Development Service, Richard L. Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Elizabeth M. Runge
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Research and Development Service, Richard L. Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Nicole D. Schartz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Felicia M. Kennedy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Research and Development Service, Richard L. Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Brandon L. Brown
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Kathryn P. McMillan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Research and Development Service, Richard L. Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Whitney M. Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Research and Development Service, Richard L. Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Kishan M. Shah
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Melissa M. Haulcomb
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Research and Development Service, Richard L. Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Virginia M. Sanders
- Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Karthryn J. Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Research and Development Service, Richard L. Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, IN
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4
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Beel S, Moisse M, Damme M, De Muynck L, Robberecht W, Van Den Bosch L, Saftig P, Van Damme P. Progranulin functions as a cathepsin D chaperone to stimulate axonal outgrowth in vivo. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:2850-2863. [PMID: 28453791 PMCID: PMC5886064 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of function mutations in progranulin (GRN) cause frontotemporal dementia, but how GRN haploinsufficiency causes neuronal dysfunction remains unclear. We previously showed that GRN is neurotrophic in vitro. Here, we used an in vivo axonal outgrowth system and observed a delayed recovery in GRN-/- mice after facial nerve injury. This deficit was rescued by reintroduction of human GRN and relied on its C-terminus and on neuronal GRN production. Transcriptome analysis of the facial motor nucleus post injury identified cathepsin D (CTSD) as the most upregulated gene. In aged GRN-/- cortices, CTSD was also upregulated, but the relative CTSD activity was reduced and improved upon exogenous GRN addition. Moreover, GRN and its C-terminal granulin domain granulinE (GrnE) both stimulated the proteolytic activity of CTSD in vitro. Pull-down experiments confirmed a direct interaction between GRN and CTSD. This interaction was also observed with GrnE and stabilized the CTSD enzyme at different temperatures. Investigating the importance of this interaction for axonal regeneration in vivo we found that, although individually tolerated, a combined reduction of GRN and CTSD synergistically reduced axonal outgrowth. Our data links the neurotrophic effect of GRN and GrnE with a lysosomal chaperone function on CTSD to maintain its proteolytic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Beel
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Moisse
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Markus Damme
- Biochemical Institute of the Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Louis De Muynck
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Robberecht
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Saftig
- Biochemical Institute of the Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Tyzack GE, Hall CE, Sibley CR, Cymes T, Forostyak S, Carlino G, Meyer IF, Schiavo G, Zhang SC, Gibbons GM, Newcombe J, Patani R, Lakatos A. A neuroprotective astrocyte state is induced by neuronal signal EphB1 but fails in ALS models. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1164. [PMID: 29079839 PMCID: PMC5660125 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte responses to neuronal injury may be beneficial or detrimental to neuronal recovery, but the mechanisms that determine these different responses are poorly understood. Here we show that ephrin type-B receptor 1 (EphB1) is upregulated in injured motor neurons, which in turn can activate astrocytes through ephrin-B1-mediated stimulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3). Transcriptional analysis shows that EphB1 induces a protective and anti-inflammatory signature in astrocytes, partially linked to the STAT3 network. This is distinct from the response evoked by interleukin (IL)-6 that is known to induce both pro inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes. Finally, we demonstrate that the EphB1-ephrin-B1 pathway is disrupted in human stem cell derived astrocyte and mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Our work identifies an early neuronal help-me signal that activates a neuroprotective astrocytic response, which fails in ALS, and therefore represents an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia E Tyzack
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Claire E Hall
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Christopher R Sibley
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Tomasz Cymes
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Serhiy Forostyak
- Institute of Experimental Medicine ASCR and Charles University in Prague, Department of Neuroscience, Videnská 1083, Prague 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Giulia Carlino
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ione F Meyer
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Su-Chun Zhang
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - George M Gibbons
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Jia Newcombe
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Rickie Patani
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - András Lakatos
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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6
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Iyer AK, Jones KJ. A tale of motor neurons and CD4 + T cells: moving forward by looking back. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:562-565. [PMID: 28553327 PMCID: PMC5436345 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.205086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal progressive disorder characterized by the selective degeneration of motor neurons (MN). The impact of peripheral immune status on disease progression and MN survival is becoming increasingly recognized in the ALS research field. In this review, we briefly discuss findings from mouse models of peripheral nerve injury and immunodeficiency to understand how the immune system regulates MN survival. We extend these observations to similar studies in the widely used superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mouse model of ALS. Last, we present future hypotheses to identify potential causative factors that lead to immune dysregulation in ALS. The lessons from preceding work in this area offer new exciting directions to bridge the gap in our current understanding of immune-mediated neuroprotection in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirami Kannan Iyer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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7
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Jones KJ, Lovett-Racke AE, Walker CL, Sanders VM. CD4 + T Cells and Neuroprotection: Relevance to Motoneuron Injury and Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:587-94. [PMID: 26148561 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have established a physiologically relevant mechanism of CD4+ T cell-mediated neuroprotection involving axotomized wildtype (WT) mouse facial motoneurons (FMN) with significance in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal MN disease. Use of the transgenic mouse model of ALS involving expression of human mutant superoxide dismutase genes (SOD1(G93A); abbreviated here as mSOD1) has accelerated basic ALS research. Superimposition of facial nerve axotomy (FNA) on the mSOD1 mouse during pre-symptomatic stages indicates that they behave like immunodeficient mice in terms of increased FMN loss and decreased functional recovery, through a mechanism that, paradoxically, is not inherent within the MN itself, but, instead, involves a defect in peripheral immune: CNS glial cell interactions. Our goal is to utilize our WT mouse model of immune-mediated neuroprotection after FNA as a template to elucidate how a malfunctioning peripheral immune system contributes to motoneuron cell loss in the mSOD1 mouse. This review will discuss potential immune defects in ALS, as well as provide an up-to-date understanding of how the CD4+ effector T cells provide neuroprotection to motoneurons through regulation of the central microglial and astrocytic response to injury. We will discuss an IL-10 cascade within the facial nucleus that requires a functional CD4+ T cell trigger for activation. The review will discuss the role of T cells in ALS, and our recent reconstitution experiments utilizing our model of T cell-mediated neuroprotection in WT vs mSOD1 mice after FNA. Identification of defects in neural:immune interactions could provide targets for therapeutic intervention in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Jones
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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8
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Haulcomb MM, Mesnard-Hoaglin NA, Batka RJ, Meadows RM, Miller WM, Mcmillan KP, Brown TJ, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Identification of B6SJL mSOD1(G93A) mouse subgroups with different disease progression rates. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:2752-68. [PMID: 26010802 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disease progression rates among patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) vary greatly. Although the majority of affected individuals survive 3-5 years following diagnosis, some subgroups experience a more rapidly progressing form, surviving less than 1 year, and other subgroups experience slowly progressing forms, surviving nearly 50 years. Genetic heterogeneity and environmental factors pose significant barriers in investigating patient progression rates. Similar to the case for humans, variation in survival within the mSOD1 mouse has been well documented, but different progression rates have not been investigated. The present study identifies two subgroups of B6SJL mSOD1(G93A) mice with different disease progression rates, a fast progression group (FPG) and slow progression group, as evidenced by differences in the rate of motor function decline. In addition, increased disease-associated gene expression within the FPG facial motor nucleus confirmed the presence of a more severe phenotype. We hypothesize that a more severe disease phenotype could be the result of 1) an earlier onset of axonal disconnection with a consistent degeneration rate or 2) a more severe or accelerated degenerative process. We performed a facial nerve transection axotomy in both mSOD1 subgroups prior to disease onset as a method to standardize the axonal disconnection. Instead of leading to comparable gene expression in both subgroups, this standardization did not eliminate the severe phenotype in the FPG facial nucleus, suggesting that the FPG phenotype is the result of a more severe or accelerated degenerative process. We theorize that these mSOD1 subgroups are representative of the rapid and slow disease phenotypes often experienced in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Haulcomb
- Neuroscience Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, 60153.,Research and Development Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois, 60141.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202.,Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - Nichole A Mesnard-Hoaglin
- Neuroscience Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, 60153.,Research and Development Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois, 60141
| | - Richard J Batka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202.,Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - Rena M Meadows
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202.,Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202.,Program in Medical Neurosciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - Whitney M Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202.,Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - Kathryn P Mcmillan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202.,Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - Todd J Brown
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202.,Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - Virginia M Sanders
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202.,Research and Development Service, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
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9
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Olmstead DN, Mesnard-Hoaglin NA, Batka RJ, Haulcomb MM, Miller WM, Jones KJ. Facial nerve axotomy in mice: a model to study motoneuron response to injury. J Vis Exp 2015:e52382. [PMID: 25742324 DOI: 10.3791/52382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this surgical protocol is to expose the facial nerve, which innervates the facial musculature, at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen and either cut or crush it to induce peripheral nerve injury. Advantages of this surgery are its simplicity, high reproducibility, and the lack of effect on vital functions or mobility from the subsequent facial paralysis, thus resulting in a relatively mild surgical outcome compared to other nerve injury models. A major advantage of using a cranial nerve injury model is that the motoneurons reside in a relatively homogenous population in the facial motor nucleus in the pons, simplifying the study of the motoneuron cell bodies. Because of the symmetrical nature of facial nerve innervation and the lack of crosstalk between the facial motor nuclei, the operation can be performed unilaterally with the unaxotomized side serving as a paired internal control. A variety of analyses can be performed postoperatively to assess the physiologic response, details of which are beyond the scope of this article. For example, recovery of muscle function can serve as a behavioral marker for reinnervation, or the motoneurons can be quantified to measure cell survival. Additionally, the motoneurons can be accurately captured using laser microdissection for molecular analysis. Because the facial nerve axotomy is minimally invasive and well tolerated, it can be utilized on a wide variety of genetically modified mice. Also, this surgery model can be used to analyze the effectiveness of peripheral nerve injury treatments. Facial nerve injury provides a means for investigating not only motoneurons, but also the responses of the central and peripheral glial microenvironment, immune system, and target musculature. The facial nerve injury model is a widely accepted peripheral nerve injury model that serves as a powerful tool for studying nerve injury and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah N Olmstead
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine; Research and Development Services, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center
| | | | - Richard J Batka
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine; Research and Development Services, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center
| | - Melissa M Haulcomb
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine; Research and Development Services, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center
| | - Whitney M Miller
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine; Research and Development Services, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine; Research and Development Services, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center;
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10
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Haulcomb MM, Mesnard NA, Batka RJ, Alexander TD, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Axotomy-induced target disconnection promotes an additional death mechanism involved in motoneuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis transgenic mice. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:2349-76. [PMID: 24424947 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The target disconnection theory of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis suggests that disease onset is initiated by a peripheral pathological event resulting in neuromuscular junction loss and motoneuron (MN) degeneration. Presymptomatic mSOD1(G93A) mouse facial MN (FMN) are more susceptible to axotomy-induced cell death than wild-type (WT) FMN, which suggests additional CNS pathology. We have previously determined that the mSOD1 molecular response to facial nerve axotomy is phenotypically regenerative and indistinguishable from WT, whereas the surrounding microenvironment shows significant dysregulation in the mSOD1 facial nucleus. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the enhanced mSOD1 FMN loss after axotomy, we superimposed the facial nerve axotomy model on presymptomatic mSOD1 mice and investigated gene expression for death receptor pathways after target disconnection by axotomy vs. disease progression. We determined that the TNFR1 death receptor pathway is involved in axotomy-induced FMN death in WT and is partially responsible for the mSOD1 FMN death. In contrast, an inherent mSOD1 CNS pathology resulted in a suppressed glial reaction and an upregulation in the Fas death pathway after target disconnection. We propose that the dysregulated mSOD1 glia fail to provide support the injured MN, leading to Fas-induced FMN death. Finally, we demonstrate that, during disease progression, the mSOD1 facial nucleus displays target disconnection-induced gene expression changes that mirror those induced by axotomy. This validates the use of axotomy as an investigative tool in understanding the role of peripheral target disconnection in the pathogenesis of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Haulcomb
- Neuroscience Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, 60153; Research and Development Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois, 60141
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11
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Mesnard-Hoaglin NA, Xin J, Haulcomb MM, Batka RJ, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. SOD1(G93A) transgenic mouse CD4(+) T cells mediate neuroprotection after facial nerve axotomy when removed from a suppressive peripheral microenvironment. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 40:55-60. [PMID: 24911596 PMCID: PMC4131730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease involving motoneuron (MN) axonal withdrawal and cell death. Previously, we established that facial MN (FMN) survival levels in the SOD1(G93A) transgenic mouse model of ALS are reduced and nerve regeneration is delayed, similar to immunodeficient RAG2(-/-) mice, after facial nerve axotomy. The objective of this study was to examine the functionality of SOD1(G93A) splenic microenvironment, focusing on CD4(+) T cells, with regard to defects in immune-mediated neuroprotection of injured MN. We utilized the RAG2(-/-) and SOD1(G93A) mouse models, along with the facial nerve axotomy paradigm and a variety of cellular adoptive transfers, to assess immune-mediated neuroprotection of FMN survival levels. We determined that adoptively transferred SOD1(G93A) unfractionated splenocytes into RAG2(-/-) mice were unable to support FMN survival after axotomy, but that adoptive transfer of isolated SOD1(G93A) CD4(+) T cells could. Although WT unfractionated splenocytes adoptively transferred into SOD1(G93A) mice were able to maintain FMN survival levels, WT CD4(+) T cells alone could not. Importantly, these results suggest that SOD1(G93A) CD4(+) T cells retain neuroprotective functionality when removed from a dysfunctional SOD1(G93A) peripheral splenic microenvironment. These results also indicate that the SOD1(G93A) central nervous system microenvironment is able to re-activate CD4(+) T cells for immune-mediated neuroprotection when a permissive peripheral microenvironment exists. We hypothesize that a suppressive SOD1(G93A) peripheral splenic microenvironment may compromise neuroprotective CD4(+) T cell activation and/or differentiation, which, in turn, results in impaired immune-mediated neuroprotection for MN survival after peripheral axotomy in SOD1(G93A) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole A. Mesnard-Hoaglin
- Neuroscience Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA,Research and Development Service, Hines VAMC, Hines, IL 60141, USA,Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Corresponding Authora: Nichole Mesnard-Hoaglin, Ph.D., Dept. of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr. MS-5025H, Indianapolis, IN, Lab: 317-278-2462,
| | - Junping Xin
- Neuroscience Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA,Research and Development Service, Hines VAMC, Hines, IL 60141, USA
| | - Melissa M. Haulcomb
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Research and Development Service, Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Richard J. Batka
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Research and Development Service, Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Virginia M. Sanders
- Dept. of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Jones
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Research and Development Service, Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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PACAP signaling exerts opposing effects on neuroprotection and neuroinflammation during disease progression in the SOD1(G93A) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 54:32-42. [PMID: 23466699 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic peptide with autocrine neuroprotective and paracrine anti-inflammatory properties in various models of acute neuronal damage and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we examined a possible beneficial role of endogenous PACAP in the superoxide dismutase 1, SOD1(G93A), mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a lethal neurodegenerative disease particularly affecting somatomotor neurons. In wild-type mice, somatomotor and visceromotor neurons in brain stem and spinal cord were found to express the PACAP specific receptor PAC1, but only visceromotor neurons expressed PACAP as a potential autocrine source of regulation of these receptors. In SOD1(G93A) mice, only a small subset of the surviving somatomotor neurons showed induction of PACAP mRNA, and somatomotor neuron degeneration was unchanged in PACAP-deficient SOD1(G93A) mice. Pre-ganglionic sympathetic visceromotor neurons were found to be resistant in SOD1(G93A) mice, while pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons degenerated during ALS disease progression in this mouse model. PACAP-deficient SOD1(G93A) mice showed even greater pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neuron loss compared to SOD1(G93A) mice, and additional degeneration of pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons. Thus, constitutive expression of PACAP and PAC1 may confer neuroprotection to central visceromotor neurons in SOD1(G93A) mice via autocrine pathways. Regarding the progression of neuroinflammation, the switch from amoeboid to hypertrophic microglial phenotype observed in SOD1(G93A) mice was absent in PACAP-deficient SOD1(G93A) mice. Thus, endogenous PACAP may promote microglial cytodestructive functions thought to drive ALS disease progression. This hypothesis was consistent with prolongation of life expectancy and preserved tongue motor function in PACAP-deficient SOD1(G93A) mice, compared to SOD1(G93A) mice. Given the protective role of PACAP expression in visceromotor neurons and the opposing effect on microglial function in SOD1(G93A) mice, both PACAP agonism and antagonism may be promising therapeutic tools for ALS treatment, if stage of disease progression and targeting the specific auto- and paracrine signaling pathways are carefully considered.
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Mesnard NA, Haulcomb MM, Tanzer L, Sanders VM, Jones KJ. Delayed functional recovery in presymptomatic mSOD1 G93A mice following facial nerve crush axotomy. JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATION & REGENERATION 2013. [PMID: 24672589 DOI: 10.5055/jndr.2013.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease involving progressive loss of motoneurons (MN). Axonal pathology and presynaptic deaf-ferentation precede MN degeneration during disease progression in patients and the ALS mouse model (mSOD1). Previously, we determined that a functional adaptive immune response is required for complete functional recovery following a facial nerve crush axotomy in wild-type (WT) mice. In this study, we investigated the effects of facial nerve crush axotomy on functional recovery and facial MN survival in presymptomatic mSOD1 mice, relative to WT mice. The results indicate that functional recovery and facial MN survival levels are significantly reduced in presymptomatic mSOD1, relative to WT, and similar to what has previously been observed in immunodeficient mice. It is concluded that a potential immune system defect exists in the mSOD1 mouse that negatively impacts neuronal survival and regeneration following target disconnection associated with peripheral nerve axotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole A Mesnard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois ; Research and Development Service, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Melissa M Haulcomb
- Research and Development Service, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lisa Tanzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois ; Research and Development Service, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois
| | - Virginia M Sanders
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Research and Development Service, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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