1
|
Nadal-Nicolás FM, Galindo-Romero C, Lucas-Ruiz F, Marsh-Amstrong N, Li W, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Pan-retinal ganglion cell markers in mice, rats, and rhesus macaques. Zool Res 2023; 44:226-248. [PMID: 36594396 PMCID: PMC9841181 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Univocal identification of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is an essential prerequisite for studying their degeneration and neuroprotection. Before the advent of phenotypic markers, RGCs were normally identified using retrograde tracing of retinorecipient areas. This is an invasive technique, and its use is precluded in higher mammals such as monkeys. In the past decade, several RGC markers have been described. Here, we reviewed and analyzed the specificity of nine markers used to identify all or most RGCs, i.e., pan-RGC markers, in rats, mice, and macaques. The best markers in the three species in terms of specificity, proportion of RGCs labeled, and indicators of viability were BRN3A, expressed by vision-forming RGCs, and RBPMS, expressed by vision- and non-vision-forming RGCs. NEUN, often used to identify RGCs, was expressed by non-RGCs in the ganglion cell layer, and therefore was not RGC-specific. γ-SYN, TUJ1, and NF-L labeled the RGC axons, which impaired the detection of their somas in the central retina but would be good for studying RGC morphology. In rats, TUJ1 and NF-L were also expressed by non-RGCs. BM88, ERRβ, and PGP9.5 are rarely used as markers, but they identified most RGCs in the rats and macaques and ERRβ in mice. However, PGP9.5 was also expressed by non-RGCs in rats and macaques and BM88 and ERRβ were not suitable markers of viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M Nadal-Nicolás
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia 30120, Spain
- Dpto. Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30120, Spain
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2510, USA
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia 30120, Spain
- Dpto. Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30120, Spain
| | - Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia 30120, Spain
- Dpto. Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30120, Spain
| | - Nicholas Marsh-Amstrong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2510, USA
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia 30120, Spain
- Dpto. Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30120, Spain. E-mail:
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia 30120, Spain
- Dpto. Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30120, Spain. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eymann J, Di-Poï N. Glia-Mediated Regenerative Response Following Acute Excitotoxic Damage in the Postnatal Squamate Retina. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:406. [PMID: 32548121 PMCID: PMC7270358 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina is a complex tissue responsible for both detection and primary processing of visual stimuli. Although all vertebrate retinas share a similar, multi-layered organization, the ability to regenerate individual retinal cells varies tremendously, being extremely limited in mammals and birds when compared to anamniotes such as fish and amphibians. However, little is yet known about damage response and regeneration of retinal tissues in "non-classical" squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes), which occupy a key phylogenetic position within amniotes and exhibit unique regenerative features in many tissues. Here, we address this gap by establishing and characterizing a model of excitotoxic retinal damage in bearded dragon lizard (Pogona vitticeps). We particularly focus on identifying, at the cellular and molecular level, a putative endogenous cellular source for retinal regeneration, as diverse self-repair strategies have been characterized in vertebrates using a variety of retinal injury and transgenic models. Our findings reveal for the first time that squamates hold the potential for postnatal retinal regeneration following acute injury. Although no changes occur in the activity of physiologically active progenitors recently identified at the peripheral retinal margin of bearded dragon, two distinct successive populations of proliferating cells at central retina respond to neurotoxin treatment. Following an initial microglia response, a second source of proliferating cells exhibit common hallmarks of vertebrate Müller glia (MG) activation, including cell cycle re-entry, dedifferentiation into a progenitor-like phenotype, and re-expression of proneural markers. The observed lizard glial responses, although not as substantial as in anamniotes, appear more robust than the absent or neonatal-limited regeneration reported without exogenous stimulation in other amniotes. Altogether, these results help to complete our evolutionary understanding of regenerative potential of the vertebrate retina, and further highlight the major importance of glial cells in retinal regeneration. Furthermore, our work offers a new powerful vertebrate model to elucidate the developmental and evolutionary bases of retinal regeneration within amniotes. Such new understanding of self-repair mechanisms in non-classical species endowed with regenerative properties may help designing therapeutic strategies for vertebrate retinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Eymann
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicolas Di-Poï
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Eymann J, Salomies L, Macrì S, Di-Poï N. Variations in the proliferative activity of the peripheral retina correlate with postnatal ocular growth in squamate reptiles. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2356-2370. [PMID: 30860599 PMCID: PMC6766921 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The retina is a complex, multilayered tissue responsible for the perception of visual stimuli from the environment. Contrary to mammals, the capacity for postnatal eye growth in fish and amphibians, and to a lower extent in birds, is coordinated with a progenitor population residing in the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) at the retinal peripheral margin. However, little is known about embryonic retinogenesis and postnatal retinal growth in squamates (lizards, snakes), despite their exceptional array of ecologies and ocular morphologies. Here, we address this gap by performing the first large‐scale study assessing both ontogenetic and adult changes in the stem/progenitor activity of the squamate peripheral retina. Our study reveals for the first time that squamates exhibit a source of proliferating progenitors persisting post embryogenesis in a newly identified retinociliary junction anteriorly adjacent to the retina. This region is strikingly similar to the vertebrate CMZ by its peripheral location and pseudostratified nature, and shares a common pattern of slow‐cycling cells, spatial differentiation gradient, and response to postnatal ocular growth. Additionally, its proliferative activity varies considerably among squamate species, in correlation with embryonic and postnatal differences in eye size and growth. Together our data indicate that squamates possess a proliferative peripheral retina that acts as a source of progenitors to compensate, at least in part, for postnatal ocular growth. Our findings also highlight the remarkable variation in activity and location of vertebrate retinal progenitors, indicating that the currently accepted scenario of reduced CMZ activity over the course of evolution is too simplistic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Eymann
- Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lotta Salomies
- Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simone Macrì
- Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicolas Di-Poï
- Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fang C, Bian G, Ren P, Xiang J, Song J, Yu C, Zhang Q, Liu L, Chen K, Liu F, Zhang K, Wu C, Sun R, Hu D, Ju G, Wang J. S1P transporter SPNS2 regulates proper postnatal retinal morphogenesis. FASEB J 2018; 32:3597-3613. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701116r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Ganlan Bian
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Pan Ren
- Department of Plastic SurgeryTangdu HospitalXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jie Xiang
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jun Song
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Caiyong Yu
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of NeurologyHainan Branch of Chinese People's Liberation Army General HospitalSanyaChina
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Chunfeng Wu
- BIOS LaboratoryBIOS Bioscience and Technology Limited CompanyGuangzhouChina
| | - Ruixia Sun
- BIOS LaboratoryBIOS Bioscience and Technology Limited CompanyGuangzhouChina
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of OphthalmologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Gong Ju
- Department of NeurobiologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jian Wang
- BIOS LaboratoryBIOS Bioscience and Technology Limited CompanyGuangzhouChina
- Institutes for Life Sciences and School of MedicineSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lang DM, Romero-Alemán MDM, Dobson B, Santos E, Monzón-Mayor M. Nogo-A does not inhibit retinal axon regeneration in the lizardGallotia galloti. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:936-954. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M. Lang
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology; University of Cape Town; Observatory 7925 South Africa
| | - Maria del Mar Romero-Alemán
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; 35016 Las Palmas Canary Islands Spain
| | - Bryony Dobson
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology; University of Cape Town; Observatory 7925 South Africa
| | - Elena Santos
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; 35016 Las Palmas Canary Islands Spain
| | - Maximina Monzón-Mayor
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; 35016 Las Palmas Canary Islands Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vay SU, Blaschke S, Klein R, Fink GR, Schroeter M, Rueger MA. Minocycline mitigates the gliogenic effects of proinflammatory cytokines on neural stem cells. J Neurosci Res 2015; 94:149-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ulrike Vay
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Stefan Blaschke
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Rebecca Klein
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich; Juelich Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich; Juelich Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rueger
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich; Juelich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiang SM, Zeng LP, Zeng JH, Tang L, Chen XM, Wei X. β-III-Tubulin: a reliable marker for retinal ganglion cell labeling in experimental models of glaucoma. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:643-52. [PMID: 26309856 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.04.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the reliability of β-III-Tubulin protein as a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) marker in the experimental glaucoma model. METHODS Glaucoma mouse models were established by injecting polystyrene microbeads into the anterior chamber of C57BL/6J mice, then their retinas were obtained 14d and 28d after the intraocular pressure (IOP) was elevated. Retinal flat mounts and sections were double-labeled by fluorogold (FG) and β-III-Tubulin antibody or single-labeled by β-III-Tubulin antibody, then RGCs were counted and compared respectively. RESULTS IOP of the injected eyes were elevated significantly and reached the peak at 22.8±0.7 mm Hg by day 14 after injection, then dropped to 11.3±0.7 mm Hg by day 28. RGC numbers counted by FG labeling and β-III-Tubulin antibody labeling were 64 807±4930 and 64614±5054 respectively in the control group, with no significant difference. By day 14, RGCs in the experimental group decreased significantly compared to the control group, but there was no significant difference between the FG labeling counting and the β-III-Tubulin antibody labeling counting either in the experimental group or in the control group. The result was similar by day 28, with further RGC loss. CONCLUSION Our result suggested that the β-III-Tubulin protein was not affected by IOP elevation and can be used as a reliable marker for RGC in experimental models of glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Ming Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li-Ping Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ji-Hong Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Todd L, Suarez L, Squires N, Zelinka CP, Gribbins K, Fischer AJ. Comparative analysis of glucagonergic cells, glia, and the circumferential marginal zone in the reptilian retina. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:74-89. [PMID: 26053997 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Retinal progenitors in the circumferential marginal zone (CMZ) and Müller glia-derived progenitors have been well described for the eyes of fish, amphibians, and birds. However, there is no information regarding a CMZ and the nature of retinal glia in species phylogenetically bridging amphibians and birds. The purpose of this study was to examine the retinal glia and investigate whether a CMZ is present in the eyes of reptilian species. We used immunohistochemical analyses to study retinal glia, neurons that could influence CMZ progenitors, the retinal margin, and the nonpigmented epithelium of ciliary body of garter snakes, queen snakes, anole lizards, snapping turtles, and painted turtles. We compare our observations on reptile eyes to the CMZ and glia of fish, amphibians, and birds. In all species, Sox9, Pax6, and the glucocorticoid receptor are expressed by Müller glia and cells at the retinal margin. However, proliferating cells were found only in the CMZ of turtles and not in the eyes of anoles and snakes. Similar to eyes of chickens, the retinal margin in turtles contains accumulations of GLP1/glucagonergic neurites. We find that filamentous proteins, vimentin and GFAP, are expressed by Müller glia, but have different patterns of subcellular localization in the different species of reptiles. We provide evidence that the reptile retina may contain nonastrocytic inner retinal glial cells, similar to those described in the avian retina. We conclude that the retinal glia, glucagonergic neurons, and CMZ of turtles appear to be most similar to those of fish, amphibians, and birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Levi Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Lilianna Suarez
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Natalie Squires
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | | | - Kevin Gribbins
- Department of Biology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 47201
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Variable functional recovery and minor cell loss in the ganglion cell layer of the lizard Gallotia galloti after optic nerve axotomy. Exp Eye Res 2013; 118:89-99. [PMID: 24184031 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The lizard Gallotia galloti shows spontaneous and slow axon regrowth through a permissive glial scar after optic nerve axotomy. Although much of the expression pattern of glial, neuronal and extracellular matrix markers have been analyzed by our group, an estimation of the cell loss in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and the degree of visual function recovery remained unresolved. Thus, we performed a series of tests indicative of effective visual function (pupillary light reflex, accommodation, visually elicited behavior) in 18 lizards at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months post-axotomy which were then processed for immunohistochemistry for the neuronal markers SMI-31 (neurofilaments), Tuj1 (beta-III tubulin) and SV2 (synaptic vesicles) at the last timepoint. Separately, cell loss in the GCL was estimated by comparative quantitation of DAPI(+) nuclei in control and 12 months experimental lizards. Additionally, 15 lizards were processed for electron microscopy to monitor relevant ultrastructural changes in the GCL, optic nerve and optic tract throughout regeneration. Hypertrophy of RGCs was persistent, morphology of the regenerated nerves varied from narrow to neuroma-like features and larger regenerated axons underwent remyelination by 9 months. The estimated cell loss in the GCL was 27% and two-third of the animals recovered the pupillary light reflex which involves the pretectum. Strikingly, visually elicited behavior involving the tectum was only restored in two specimens, presumably due to the higher complexity of this pathway. These preliminary results indicate that limited functional regeneration occurs spontaneously in the severely injured visual system of the lacertid G. galloti.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ruan YW, So KF, Pritz MB. Calcium binding protein expression in the optic tectum of Alligator during development. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:899-910. [PMID: 23929737 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The onset and distribution of the calcium binding proteins, calretinin, calbindin, and parvalbumin, were examined in the optic tectum of Alligator mississipiensis embryos between Stages 18 and 26-28. The immunoreactivity of each calcium binding protein correlated well with the results from the Western blot experiments. In terms of onset and distribution, calretinin expressison was the most widespread of the three calcium binding proteins that were examined, and was also the earliest to be visualized. Calbindin expression occurred next, whereas parvalbumin expression was the most limited and appeared last. For small calretinin (+) neurons, the pattern of immunoreactivity during development was from inside to outside, whereas for the larger cells, it was from outside to inside. For calbindin immunoreactive cells in the superficial zone, the pattern was from outside to inside. The distribution of the parvalbumin immunopositive neurons did not change significantly over the time period examined. Similar data on other amniotes is limited. However, the pattern in Alligator shares some similarities with kittens in regards to the distribution of calbindin and parvalbumin in the developing superior colliculus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-W Ruan
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China; Department of Anatomy, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gallina D, Todd L, Fischer AJ. A comparative analysis of Müller glia-mediated regeneration in the vertebrate retina. Exp Eye Res 2013; 123:121-30. [PMID: 23851023 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the potential of Müller glia to become neuronal progenitor cells in the avian retina. We compare and contrast the remarkable proliferative and neurogenic capacity of Müller glia in the fish retina to the limited capacity of Müller glia in avian and rodent retinas. We summarize recent findings regarding the secreted factors, signaling pathways and cell intrinsic factors that have been implicated in the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitors. We discuss several key similarities and differences between the fish, rodent and chick model systems, highlighting several of the key transcription factors and signaling pathways that regulate the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donika Gallina
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - Levi Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 4190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Romero-Alemán MDM, Monzón-Mayor M, Santos E, Yanes CM. Regrowth of transected retinal ganglion cell axons despite persistent astrogliosis in the lizard (Gallotia galloti). J Anat 2013; 223:22-37. [PMID: 23656528 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed the astroglia response that is concurrent with spontaneous axonal regrowth after optic nerve (ON) transection in the lizard Gallotia galloti. At different post-lesional time points (0.5, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months) we used conventional electron microscopy and specific markers for astrocytes [glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin (Vim), sex-determining region Y-box-9 (Sox9), paired box-2 (Pax2)¸ cluster differentiation-44 (CD44)] and for proliferating cells (PCNA). The experimental retina showed a limited glial response since the increase of gliofilaments was not significant when compared with controls, and proliferating cells were undetectable. Conversely, PCNA(+) cells populated the regenerating ON, optic tract (OTr) and ventricular wall of both the hypothalamus and optic tectum (OT). Subpopulations of these PCNA(+) cells were identified as GFAP(+) and Vim(+) reactive astrocytes and radial glia. Reactive astrocytes up-regulated Vim at 1 month post-lesion, and both Vim and GFAP at 12 months post-lesion in the ON-OTr, indicating long-term astrogliosis. They also expressed Pax2, Sox9 and CD44 in the ON, and Sox9 in the OTr. Concomitantly, persistent tissue cavities and disorganised regrowing fibre bundles reaching the OT were observed. Our ultrastructural data confirm abundant gliofilaments in reactive astrocytes joined by desmosomes. Remarkably, they also accumulated myelin debris and lipid droplets until late stages, indicating their participation in myelin removal. These data suggest that persistent mammalian-like astrogliosis in the adult lizard ON contributes to a permissive structural scaffold for long-term axonal regeneration and provides a useful model to study the molecular mechanisms involved in these beneficial neuron-glia interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Romero-Alemán
- Departamento de Morfología (Biología Celular), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|