1
|
McGrath K, Eriksen AB, García-Martínez D, Galbany J, Gómez-Robles A, Massey JS, Fatica LM, Glowacka H, Arbenz-Smith K, Muvunyi R, Stoinski TS, Cranfield MR, Gilardi K, Shalukoma C, de Merode E, Gilissen E, Tocheri MW, McFarlin SC, Heuzé Y. Facial asymmetry tracks genetic diversity among Gorilla subspecies. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212564. [PMID: 35193404 PMCID: PMC8864355 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mountain gorillas are particularly inbred compared to other gorillas and even the most inbred human populations. As mountain gorilla skeletal material accumulated during the 1970s, researchers noted their pronounced facial asymmetry and hypothesized that it reflects a population-wide chewing side preference. However, asymmetry has also been linked to environmental and genetic stress in experimental models. Here, we examine facial asymmetry in 114 crania from three Gorilla subspecies using 3D geometric morphometrics. We measure fluctuating asymmetry (FA), defined as random deviations from perfect symmetry, and population-specific patterns of directional asymmetry (DA). Mountain gorillas, with a current population size of about 1000 individuals, have the highest degree of facial FA (explaining 17% of total facial shape variation), followed by Grauer gorillas (9%) and western lowland gorillas (6%), despite the latter experiencing the greatest ecological and dietary variability. DA, while significant in all three taxa, explains relatively less shape variation than FA does. Facial asymmetry correlates neither with tooth wear asymmetry nor increases with age in a mountain gorilla subsample, undermining the hypothesis that facial asymmetry is driven by chewing side preference. An examination of temporal trends shows that stress-induced developmental instability has increased over the last 100 years in these endangered apes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate McGrath
- State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA,Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA, UMR 5199, 33615, Pessac, France,Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA,Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Daniel García-Martínez
- Physical Anthropology Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Galbany
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA, UMR 5199, 33615, Pessac, France,Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Gómez-Robles
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton St, London WC1H 0BW, UK
| | - Jason S. Massey
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lawrence M. Fatica
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA, UMR 5199, 33615, Pessac, France,Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Halszka Glowacka
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix 85004, USA
| | - Keely Arbenz-Smith
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Richard Muvunyi
- Department of Tourism and Conservation, Rwanda Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Tara S. Stoinski
- The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, GA 30315, USA
| | - Michael R. Cranfield
- Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kirsten Gilardi
- Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Chantal Shalukoma
- Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, Virunga National Park, Rumangabo, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Emmanuel de Merode
- Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, Virunga National Park, Rumangabo, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Emmanuel Gilissen
- Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium,Laboratory of Histology and Neuropathology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthew W. Tocheri
- Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada P7B 5E1,Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Shannon C. McFarlin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA, UMR 5199, 33615, Pessac, France,Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Yann Heuzé
- State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Scott BH, Leccese PA, Saleem KS, Kikuchi Y, Mullarkey MP, Fukushima M, Mishkin M, Saunders RC. Intrinsic Connections of the Core Auditory Cortical Regions and Rostral Supratemporal Plane in the Macaque Monkey. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:809-840. [PMID: 26620266 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the ventral stream of the primate auditory cortex, cortico-cortical projections emanate from the primary auditory cortex (AI) along 2 principal axes: one mediolateral, the other caudorostral. Connections in the mediolateral direction from core, to belt, to parabelt, have been well described, but less is known about the flow of information along the supratemporal plane (STP) in the caudorostral dimension. Neuroanatomical tracers were injected throughout the caudorostral extent of the auditory core and rostral STP by direct visualization of the cortical surface. Auditory cortical areas were distinguished by SMI-32 immunostaining for neurofilament, in addition to established cytoarchitectonic criteria. The results describe a pathway comprising step-wise projections from AI through the rostral and rostrotemporal fields of the core (R and RT), continuing to the recently identified rostrotemporal polar field (RTp) and the dorsal temporal pole. Each area was strongly and reciprocally connected with the areas immediately caudal and rostral to it, though deviations from strictly serial connectivity were observed. In RTp, inputs converged from core, belt, parabelt, and the auditory thalamus, as well as higher order cortical regions. The results support a rostrally directed flow of auditory information with complex and recurrent connections, similar to the ventral stream of macaque visual cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Scott
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIMH/NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul A Leccese
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIMH/NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kadharbatcha S Saleem
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIMH/NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yukiko Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIMH/NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Present address: Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Matthew P Mullarkey
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIMH/NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Makoto Fukushima
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIMH/NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mortimer Mishkin
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIMH/NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard C Saunders
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIMH/NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tocheri MW, Dommain R, McFarlin SC, Burnett SE, Troy Case D, Orr CM, Roach NT, Villmoare B, Eriksen AB, Kalthoff DC, Senck S, Assefa Z, Groves CP, Jungers WL. The evolutionary origin and population history of the grauer gorilla. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 159:S4-S18. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Tocheri
- Department of AnthropologyLakehead UniversityThunder Bay OntarioP7B 5E1 Canada
- Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian InstitutionWashington, DC20013 USA
| | - René Dommain
- Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian InstitutionWashington, DC20013 USA
| | - Shannon C. McFarlin
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid PaleobiologyThe George Washington UniversityWashington, DC20052 USA
- Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashington, DC20013 USA
| | - Scott E. Burnett
- Department of AnthropologyEckerd CollegeSt Petersburg FL33711 USA
| | - D. Troy Case
- Department of Sociology and AnthropologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh NC27695 USA
| | - Caley M. Orr
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAurora CO80045 USA
| | - Neil T. Roach
- Department of Human Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA02138
- Division of AnthropologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew York, NY10024 USA
| | - Brian Villmoare
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Nevada Las VegasLas Vegas NV89154 USA
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity College LondonLondonWC1H 0BW UK
| | - Amandine B. Eriksen
- Department of AnthropologyThe State University of New YorkBuffalo NY14260 USA
| | | | - Sascha Senck
- Fakultät für Technik und Umweltwissenschaften, University of Applied Sciences Upper AustriaWels4600 Austria
| | - Zelalem Assefa
- Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian InstitutionWashington, DC20013 USA
| | - Colin P. Groves
- School of Archaeology and AnthropologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT 0200 Australia
| | - William L. Jungers
- Department of Anatomical SciencesStony Brook University Medical CenterStony Brook NY11794 USA
- Association VahatraBP3972 Madagascar
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barks SK, Calhoun ME, Hopkins WD, Cranfield MR, Mudakikwa A, Stoinski TS, Patterson FG, Erwin JM, Hecht EE, Hof PR, Sherwood CC. Brain organization of gorillas reflects species differences in ecology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 156:252-62. [PMID: 25360547 PMCID: PMC4314362 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gorillas include separate eastern (Gorilla beringei) and western (Gorilla gorilla) African species that diverged from each other approximately 2 million years ago. Although anatomical, genetic, behavioral, and socioecological differences have been noted among gorilla populations, little is known about variation in their brain structure. This study examines neuroanatomical variation between gorilla species using structural neuroimaging. Postmortem magnetic resonance images were obtained of brains from 18 captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), 15 wild mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), and 3 Grauer's gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri) (both wild and captive). Stereologic methods were used to measure volumes of brain structures, including left and right frontal lobe gray and white matter, temporal lobe gray and white matter, parietal and occipital lobes gray and white matter, insular gray matter, hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, each hemisphere and the vermis of the cerebellum, and the external and extreme capsules together with the claustrum. Among the species differences, the volumes of the hippocampus and cerebellum were significantly larger in G. gorilla than G. beringei. These anatomical differences may relate to divergent ecological adaptations of the two species. Specifically, G. gorilla engages in more arboreal locomotion and thus may rely more on cerebellar circuits. In addition, they tend to eat more fruit and have larger home ranges and consequently might depend more on spatial mapping functions of the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Barks
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | | | - William D. Hopkins
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Michael R. Cranfield
- Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Antoine Mudakikwa
- Rwanda Development Board, Department of Tourism and Conservation, Kigale, Rwanda
| | - Tara S. Stoinski
- The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, GA 30315
- Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30315
| | | | - Joseph M. Erwin
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Erin E. Hecht
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10024
| | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| |
Collapse
|