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De Luca LA, Laurin M, Menani JV. Control of fluid intake in dehydrated rats and evolution of sodium appetite. Physiol Behav 2024; 284:114642. [PMID: 39032667 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the present work is to examine from a new perspective the existence of causal factors not predicted by the classical theory that thirst and sodium appetite are two distinct motivations. For example, we ask why water deprivation induces sodium appetite, thirst is not "water appetite", and intracellular dehydration potentially causes sodium appetite. Contrary to the classical theory, we suggest that thirst first, and sodium appetite second, designate a temporal sequence underlying the same motivation. The single motivation becomes an "intervenient variable" a concept borrowed from the literature, fully explained in the text, between causes of dehydration (extracellular, intracellular, or both together), and respective behavioral responses subserved by hindbrain-dependent inhibition (e.g., lateral parabrachial nucleus) and forebrain facilitation (e.g., angiotensin II). A corollary is homology between rat sodium appetite and marine teleost thirst-like motivation that we name "protodipsia". The homology argument rests on similarities between behavior (salty water intake) and respective neuroanatomical as well as functional mechanisms. Tetrapod origin in a marine environment provides additional support for the homology. The single motivation hypothesis is also consistent with ingestive behaviors in nature given similarities (e.g., thirst producing brackish water intake) between the behavior of the laboratory rat and wild animals, rodents included. The hypotheses of single motivation and homology might explain why hyperosmotic rats, or eventually any other hyperosmotic tetrapod, shows paradoxical signs of sodium appetite. They might also explain how ingestive behaviors determined by dehydration and subserved by hindbrain inhibitory mechanisms contributed to tetrapod transition from sea to land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurival A De Luca
- Department of Physiology & Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14801-903 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Michel Laurin
- CR2P, UMR 7207, CNRS/MNHN/SU, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bâtiment de Géologie, CP 48, F-75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - José Vanderlei Menani
- Department of Physiology & Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14801-903 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Uezono S, Kato T, Yamada Y, Yoshimoto M, Yamamoto N. Afferent and efferent connections of the secondary general visceral sensory nucleus in goldfish. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25566. [PMID: 38104256 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The secondary general visceral sensory nucleus (SVN) receives ascending fibers from the commissural nucleus of Cajal (NCC), or the primary general visceral sensoru in the medulla oblongata of teleosts. However, the full set of fiber connections of the SVN have been studied only in the Nile tilapia. We have investigated the connections of the SVN in goldfish by tracer injection experiments to the nucleus. We paid special attention to the possible presence of spinal afferents, since the spinal cord projects to the lateral parabrachial nucleus, or the presumed homologue of SVN, in mammals. We found that the SVN indeed receives spinal projections. Spinal terminals were restricted to a region ventrolaterally adjacent to the terminal zone of NCC fibers, suggesting that the SVN can be subdivided into two subnuclei: the commissural nucleus-recipient (SVNc) and spinal-recipient (SVNsp) subnuclei. Tracer injections to the SVNc and SVNsp as well as reciprocal injections to the diencephalon revealed that both subnuclei project directly to diencephalic structures, such as the posterior thalamic nucleus and nucleus of lateral recess, although diencephalic projections of the SVNsp were rather sparse. The SVNsp appears to send fibers to more wide-spread targets in the preoptic area than the SVNc does. The SVNc projects to the telencephalon, while the SVNsp sends scarce or possibly no fibers to the telencephalon. Another notable difference was that the SVNsp gives rise to massive projections to the dorsal diencephalon (ventromedial thalamic, central posterior thalamic, and periventricular posterior tubercular nuclei). These differential connections of the subnuclei may reflect discrete functional significances of the general visceral sensory information mediated by the medulla oblongata and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Uezono
- Laboratory of Fish Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Tokyo Health Sciences, Tama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kato
- Laboratory of Fish Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Japan
| | - Yuusuke Yamada
- Laboratory of Fish Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Japan
| | - Masami Yoshimoto
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Tokyo Health Sciences, Tama, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Fish Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Japan
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Afferent and efferent connections of the nucleus posterior tuberis in the firemouth cichlid, Thorichthys meeki. Neurosci Res 2023; 186:10-20. [PMID: 36007624 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus posterior tuberis (NPT) in teleost fishes, also called posterior tuberal nucleus, is situated in the posterior tuberculum of the diencephalon. It is fused across the midline and densely packed with small cells, but little is known about its connections. In this study, the afferent and efferent connections of the NPT were examined by means of tracer applications of the carbocyanine dye DiI in the firemouth cichlid, Thorichthys meeki. Retrogradely labeled cell bodies were found in the corpus mamillare and nucleus periventricularis of the inferior lobe; and anterogradely labeled terminal fibers were detected in the medial zone of the dorsal telencephalon, medial part of the nucleus lateralis tuberis, dorsal posterior thalamic nucleus, torus lateralis, medial part of the nucleus diffusus of the inferior lobe, and tectum opticum. All these connections show an ipsilateral tendency. The NPT is apparently a significant relay nucleus in the diencephalon of T. meeki, and possibly involved in a variety of feedback circuits. It seems also to be part of a tecto-hypothalamo-telencephalic pathway in cichlids.
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Norland S, Eilertsen M, Rønnestad I, Helvik JV, Gomes AS. Mapping key neuropeptides involved in the melanocortin system in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) brain. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:89-115. [PMID: 36217593 PMCID: PMC9828751 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin system is a key regulator of appetite and food intake in vertebrates. This system includes the neuropeptides neuropeptide y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AGRP), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). An important center for appetite control in mammals is the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, with neurons that coexpress either the orexigenic NPY/AGRP or the anorexigenic CART/POMC neuropeptides. In ray-finned fishes, such a center is less characterized. The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) has multiple genes of these neuropeptides due to whole-genome duplication events. To better understand the potential involvement of the melanocortin system in appetite and food intake control, we have mapped the mRNA expression of npy, agrp, cart, and pomc in the brain of Atlantic salmon parr using in situ hybridization. After identifying hypothalamic mRNA expression, we investigated the possible intracellular coexpression of npy/agrp and cart/pomc in the tuberal hypothalamus by fluorescent in situ hybridization. The results showed that the neuropeptides were widely distributed, especially in sensory and neuroendocrine brain regions. In the hypothalamic lateral tuberal nucleus, the putative homolog to the mammalian arcuate nucleus, npya, agrp1, cart2b, and pomca were predominantly localized in distinct neurons; however, some neurons coexpressed cart2b/pomca. This is the first demonstration of coexpression of cart2b/pomca in the tuberal hypothalamus of a teleost. Collectively, our data suggest that the lateral tuberal nucleus is the center for appetite control in salmon, similar to that of mammals. Extrahypothalamic brain regions might also be involved in regulating food intake, including the olfactory bulb, telencephalon, midbrain, and hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissel Norland
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Jon Vidar Helvik
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Ana S. Gomes
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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Yáñez J, Folgueira M, Lamas I, Anadón R. The organization of the zebrafish pallium from a hodological perspective. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:1164-1194. [PMID: 34697803 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We studied the connections (connectome) of the adult zebrafish pallium using carbocyanine dye tracing and ancillary anatomical methods. The everted zebrafish pallium (dorsal telencephalic area, D) is composed of several major zones (medial, lateral, dorsal, central, anterior, and posterior) distinguishable by their topography, cytoarchitecture, immunohistochemistry, and genoarchitecture. Our comprehensive study reveals poor interconnectivity between these pallial areas, especially between medial (Dm), lateral/dorsal (Dl, Dd), and posterior (Dp) regions. This suggests that the zebrafish pallium has dedicated modules for different neural processes. Pallial connections with extrapallial regions also show compartmental organization. Major extratelencephalic afferents come from preglomerular nuclei (to Dl, Dd, and Dm), posterior tuberal nucleus (to Dm), and lateral recess nucleus (to Dl). The subpallial (ventral, V) zones dorsal Vv, Vd, and Vs, considered homologues of the striatum, amygdala, and pallidum, are mainly afferent to Dl/Dd and Dp. Regarding the efferent pathways, they also appear characteristic of each pallial region. Rostral Dm projects to the dorsal entopeduncular nucleus. Dp is interconnected with the olfactory bulbs. The central region (Dc) defined here receives mainly projections from Dl-Dd and projects toward the pretectum and optic tectum, connections, which help to delimiting Dc. The connectome of the adult pallium revealed here complements extant studies on the neuroanatomical organization of the brain, and may be useful for neurogenetic studies performed during early stages of development. The connectome of the zebrafish pallium was also compared with the pallial connections reported in other teleosts, a large group showing high pallial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Yáñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Coruña, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), University of A Coruña, Coruña, Spain
| | - Mónica Folgueira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Coruña, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), University of A Coruña, Coruña, Spain
| | - Ibán Lamas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Coruña, Spain
| | - Ramón Anadón
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Baeuml SW, Biechl D, Wullimann MF. Adult islet1 Expression Outlines Ventralized Derivatives Along Zebrafish Neuraxis. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:19. [PMID: 30863287 PMCID: PMC6399416 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Signals issued by dorsal roof and ventral floor plates, respectively, underlie the major patterning process of dorsalization and ventralization during vertebrate neural tube development. The ventrally produced morphogen Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is crucial for vertebrate hindbrain and spinal motor neuron development. One diagnostic gene for motor neurons is the LIM/homeodomain gene islet1, which has additional ventral expression domains extending into mid- and forebrain. In order to corroborate motor neuron development and, in particular, to improve on the identification of poorly documented zebrafish forebrain islet1 populations, we studied adult brains of transgenic islet1-GFP zebrafish (3 and 6 months). This molecular neuroanatomical analysis was supported by immunostaining these brains for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), respectively, revealing zebrafish catecholaminergic and cholinergic neurons. The present analysis of ChAT and islet1-GFP label confirms ongoing adult expression of islet1 in zebrafish (basal plate) midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal motor neurons. In contrast, non-motor cholinergic systems lack islet1 expression. Additional presumed basal plate islet1 positive systems are described in detail, aided by TH staining which is particularly informative in the diencephalon. Finally, alar plate zebrafish forebrain systems with islet1 expression are described (i.e., thalamus, preoptic region, and subpallium). We conclude that adult zebrafish continue to express islet1 in the same brain systems as in the larva. Further, pending functional confirmation we hypothesize that the larval expression of sonic hedgehog (shh) might causally underlie much of adult islet1 expression because it explains findings beyond ventrally located systems, for example regarding shh expression in the zona limitans intrathalamica and correlated islet1-GFP expression in the thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan W Baeuml
- Division of Neurobiology, Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Biechl
- Division of Neurobiology, Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mario F Wullimann
- Division of Neurobiology, Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Blanco AM, Sundarrajan L, Bertucci JI, Unniappan S. Why goldfish? Merits and challenges in employing goldfish as a model organism in comparative endocrinology research. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 257:13-28. [PMID: 28185936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Goldfish has been used as an unconventional model organism to study a number of biological processes. For example, goldfish is a well-characterized and widely used model in comparative endocrinology, especially in neuroendocrinology. Several decades of research has established and validated an array of tools to study hormones in goldfish. The detailed brain atlas of goldfish, together with the stereotaxic apparatus, are invaluable tools for the neuroanatomic localization and central administration of endocrine factors. In vitro techniques, such as organ and primary cell cultures, have been developed using goldfish. In vivo approaches using goldfish were used to measure endogenous hormonal milieu, feeding, behaviour and stress. While there are many benefits in using goldfish as a model organism in research, there are also challenges associated with it. One example is its tetraploid genome that results in the existence of multiple isoforms of endocrine factors. The presence of extra endogenous forms of peptides and its receptors adds further complexity to the already redundant multifactorial endocrine milieu. This review will attempt to discuss the importance of goldfish as a model organism in comparative endocrinology. It will highlight some of the merits and challenges in employing goldfish as an animal model for hormone research in the post-genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Melisa Blanco
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lakshminarasimhan Sundarrajan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Juan Ignacio Bertucci
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Avenida Intendente Marinos Km. 8,2, 7130 Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Muto A, Lal P, Ailani D, Abe G, Itoh M, Kawakami K. Activation of the hypothalamic feeding centre upon visual prey detection. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15029. [PMID: 28425439 PMCID: PMC5411483 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual system plays a major role in food/prey recognition in diurnal animals, and food intake is regulated by the hypothalamus. However, whether and how visual information about prey is conveyed to the hypothalamic feeding centre is largely unknown. Here we perform real-time imaging of neuronal activity in freely behaving or constrained zebrafish larvae and demonstrate that prey or prey-like visual stimuli activate the hypothalamic feeding centre. Furthermore, we identify prey detector neurons in the pretectal area that project to the hypothalamic feeding centre. Ablation of the pretectum completely abolishes prey capture behaviour and neurotoxin expression in the hypothalamic area also reduces feeding. Taken together, these results suggest that the pretecto-hypothalamic pathway plays a crucial role in conveying visual information to the feeding centre. Thus, this pathway possibly converts visual food detection into feeding motivation in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Muto
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Pradeep Lal
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Deepak Ailani
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Gembu Abe
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Mari Itoh
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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Yáñez J, Souto Y, Piñeiro L, Folgueira M, Anadón R. Gustatory and general visceral centers and their connections in the brain of adult zebrafish: a carbocyanine dye tract-tracing study. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:333-362. [PMID: 27343143 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The central connections of the gustatory/general visceral system of the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were examined by means of carbocyanine dye tracing. Main primary gustatory centers (facial and vagal lobes) received sensory projections from the facial and vagal nerves, respectively. The vagal nerve also projects to the commissural nucleus of Cajal, a general visceral sensory center. These primary centers mainly project on a prominent secondary gustatory and general visceral nucleus (SGN/V) located in the isthmic region. Secondary projections on the SGN/V were topographically organized, those of the facial lobe mainly ending medially to those of the vagal lobe, and those from the commissural nucleus ventrolaterally. Descending facial lobe projections to the medial funicular nucleus were also noted. Ascending fibers originating from the SGN/V mainly projected to the posterior thalamic nucleus and the lateral hypothalamus (lateral torus, lateral recess nucleus, hypothalamic inferior lobe diffuse nucleus) and an intermediate cell- and fiber-rich region termed here the tertiary gustatory nucleus proper, but not to a nucleus formerly considered as the zebrafish tertiary gustatory nucleus. The posterior thalamic nucleus, tertiary gustatory nucleus proper, and nucleus of the lateral recess gave rise to descending projections to the SGN/V and the vagal lobe. The connectivity between diencephalic gustatory centers and the telencephalon was also investigated. The present results showed that the gustatory connections of the adult zebrafish are rather similar to those reported in other cyprinids, excepting the tertiary gustatory nucleus. Similarities between the gustatory systems of zebrafish and other fishes are also discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:333-362, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Yáñez
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.,Neurover Group, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Yara Souto
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Laura Piñeiro
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Mónica Folgueira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.,Neurover Group, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ramón Anadón
- Department of Cell Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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