1
|
Bai Y, Chen Q, Li Y. A single-cell transcriptomic study of heterogeneity in human embryonic tanycytes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15384. [PMID: 38965316 PMCID: PMC11224400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Disruptions in energy homeostasis can lead to diseases like obesity and diabetes, affecting millions of people each year. Tanycytes, the adult stem cells in the hypothalamus, play crucial roles in assisting hypothalamic neurons in maintaining energy balance. Although tanycytes have been extensively studied in rodents, our understanding of human tanycytes remains limited. In this study, we utilized single-cell transcriptomics data to explore the heterogeneity of human embryonic tanycytes, investigate their gene regulatory networks, analyze their intercellular communication, and examine their developmental trajectory. Our analysis revealed the presence of two clusters of β tanycytes and three clusters of α tanycytes in our dataset. Surprisingly, human embryonic tanycytes displayed significant similarities to mouse tanycytes in terms of marker gene expression and transcription factor activities. Trajectory analysis indicated that α tanycytes were the first to be generated, giving rise to β tanycytes in a dorsal-ventral direction along the third ventricle. Furthermore, our CellChat analyses demonstrated that tanycytes generated earlier along the developmental lineages exhibited increased intercellular communication compared to those generated later. In summary, we have thoroughly characterized the heterogeneity of human embryonic tanycytes from various angles. We are confident that our findings will serve as a foundation for future research on human tanycytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiguang Bai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Clinical Institute of North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, Sichuan, China.
- Nanchong Hospital of Beijing Anzhen Hospital Capital Medical University Sichuan, Beijing, China.
| | - Qiaoling Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Second Clinical Institute of North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Nanchong Hospital of Beijing Anzhen Hospital Capital Medical University Sichuan, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Science for Life Laboratory, Lund University, 223 87, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, 22387, Lund, Sweden.
- Human Neural Developmental Biology; BMC B11, Department of Experimental Medical Science Lund, Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
- Cell, Tissue & Organ Engineering Laboratory; BMC B11, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Melum VJ, Sáenz de Miera C, Markussen FAF, Cázarez-Márquez F, Jaeger C, Sandve SR, Simonneaux V, Hazlerigg DG, Wood SH. Hypothalamic tanycytes as mediators of maternally programmed seasonal plasticity. Curr Biol 2024; 34:632-640.e6. [PMID: 38218183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
In mammals, maternal photoperiodic programming (MPP) provides a means whereby juvenile development can be matched to forthcoming seasonal environmental conditions.1,2,3,4 This phenomenon is driven by in utero effects of maternal melatonin5,6,7 on the production of thyrotropin (TSH) in the fetal pars tuberalis (PT) and consequent TSH receptor-mediated effects on tanycytes lining the 3rd ventricle of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH).8,9,10 Here we use LASER capture microdissection and transcriptomic profiling to show that TSH-dependent MPP controls the attributes of the ependymal region of the MBH in juvenile animals. In Siberian hamster pups gestated and raised on a long photoperiod (LP) and thereby committed to a fast trajectory for growth and reproductive maturation, the ependymal region is enriched for tanycytes bearing sensory cilia and receptors implicated in metabolic sensing. Contrastingly, in pups gestated and raised on short photoperiod (SP) and therefore following an over-wintering developmental trajectory with delayed sexual maturation, the ependymal region has fewer sensory tanycytes. Post-weaning transfer of SP-gestated pups to an intermediate photoperiod (IP), which accelerates reproductive maturation, results in a pronounced shift toward a ciliated tanycytic profile and formation of tanycytic processes. We suggest that tanycytic plasticity constitutes a mechanism to tailor metabolic development for extended survival in variable overwintering environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vebjørn J Melum
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Arctic Chronobiology and Physiology Research Group, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway; University of Strasbourg, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Cristina Sáenz de Miera
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Fredrik A F Markussen
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Arctic Chronobiology and Physiology Research Group, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Fernando Cázarez-Márquez
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Arctic Chronobiology and Physiology Research Group, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Catherine Jaeger
- University of Strasbourg, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Simen R Sandve
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Valérie Simonneaux
- University of Strasbourg, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - David G Hazlerigg
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Arctic Chronobiology and Physiology Research Group, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Shona H Wood
- Arctic seasonal timekeeping initiative (ASTI), UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Arctic Chronobiology and Physiology Research Group, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bartkowska K, Turlejski K, Koguc-Sobolewska P, Djavadian R. Adult Neurogenesis in the Mammalian Hypothalamus: Impact of Newly Generated Neurons on Hypothalamic Function. Neuroscience 2023; 515:83-92. [PMID: 36805005 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, adult neurogenesis was first demonstrated in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation. Further research showed that adult neurogenesis persists in other brain structures, such as the cerebral cortex, piriform cortex, striatum, amygdala, and hypothalamus. However, the origin of newly generated cells in these structures is not clear. Accumulating evidence indicates that newly generated neurons in the striatum or amygdala are derived from the SVZ, while in the adult hypothalamus, the proliferation of progenitor cells occurs in the ependymal cells lining the third ventricle, which give rise to new neurons. The heterogeneous cellular organization of the ependymal layer of the hypothalamus leads to different conclusions regarding the type of hypothalamic progenitor cells. In addition, adult hypothalamic neurogenesis occurs at low levels. Based on comparative and functional approaches, we synthesize the knowledge of newly generated cells in the adult hypothalamus. The aim of this review is to provide new insights on adult neurogenesis in the mammalian hypothalamus, with particular attention given to marsupial species. We highlight the number of adult-born neurons in various hypothalamic nuclei, debating whether their low number has an impact on hypothalamic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bartkowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Turlejski
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ruzanna Djavadian
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Coutteau-Robles A, Prevot V, Sharif A. Cell proliferation and glial cell marker expression in the wall of the third ventricle in the tuberal region of the male mouse hypothalamus during postnatal development. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13239. [PMID: 36863859 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The third ventricle (3 V) wall of the tuberal hypothalamus is composed of two types of cells; specialized ependymoglial cells called tanycytes located ventrally and ependymocytes dorsally, which control the exchanges between the cerebrospinal fluid and the hypothalamic parenchyma. By regulating the dialogue between the brain and the periphery, tanycytes are now recognized as central players in the control of major hypothalamic functions such as energy metabolism and reproduction. While our knowledge of the biology of adult tanycytes is progressing rapidly, our understanding of their development remains very incomplete. To gain insight into the postnatal maturation of the 3 V ependymal lining, we conducted a comprehensive immunofluorescent study of the mouse tuberal region at four postnatal ages (postnatal day (P) 0, P4, P10, and P20). We analyzed the expression profile of a panel of tanycyte and ependymocyte markers (vimentin, S100, connexin-43 [Cx43], and glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]) and characterized cell proliferation in the 3 V wall using the thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine. Our results show that most changes in marker expression occur between P4 and P10, with a switch from a 3 V mostly lined by radial cells to the emergence of a tanycytic domain ventrally and an ependymocytic domain dorsally, a drop in cell proliferation and increased expression of S100, Cx43, and GFAP that acquire a mature profile at P20. Our study thus identifies the transition between the first and the second postnatal week as a critical time window for the postnatal maturation of the 3 V wall ependymal lining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Coutteau-Robles
- CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, University of Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Prevot
- CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, University of Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| | - Ariane Sharif
- CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, University of Lille, Inserm, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fong H, Kurrasch DM. Developmental and functional relationships between hypothalamic tanycytes and embryonic radial glia. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1129414. [PMID: 36741057 PMCID: PMC9895379 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1129414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a key regulator of several homeostatic processes, such as circadian rhythms, energy balance, thirst, and thermoregulation. Recently, the hypothalamic third ventricle has emerged as a site of postnatal neurogenesis and gliogenesis. This hypothalamic neural stem potential resides in a heterogeneous population of cells known as tanycytes, which, not unlike radial glia, line the floor and ventrolateral walls of the third ventricle and extend a long process into the hypothalamic parenchyma. Here, we will review historical and recent data regarding tanycyte biology across the lifespan, focusing on the developmental emergence of these diverse cells from embryonic radial glia and their eventual role contributing to a fascinating, but relatively poorly characterized, adult neural stem cell niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harmony Fong
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Deborah M. Kurrasch
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,*Correspondence: Deborah M. Kurrasch,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lopez-Rodriguez D, Rohrbach A, Lanzillo M, Gervais M, Croizier S, Langlet F. Ontogeny of ependymoglial cells lining the third ventricle in mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1073759. [PMID: 36686420 PMCID: PMC9849764 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1073759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction During hypothalamic development, the germinative neuroepithelium gives birth to diverse neural cells that regulate numerous physiological functions in adulthood. Methods Here, we studied the ontogeny of ependymal cells in the mouse mediobasal hypothalamus using the BrdU approach and publicly available single-cell RNAseq datasets. Results We observed that while typical ependymal cells are mainly produced at E13, tanycyte birth depends on time and subtypes and lasts up to P8. Typical ependymocytes and β tanycytes are the first to arise at the top and bottom of the dorsoventral axis around E13, whereas α tanycytes emerge later in development, generating an outside-in dorsoventral gradient along the third ventricle. Additionally, α tanycyte generation displayed a rostral-to-caudal pattern. Finally, tanycytes mature progressively until they reach transcriptional maturity between P4 and P14. Discussion Altogether, this data shows that ependyma generation differs in time and distribution, highlighting the heterogeneity of the third ventricle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Lopez-Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Rohrbach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Lanzillo
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manon Gervais
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Croizier
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Langlet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang YH, Xu M, Shi X, Sun XL, Mu W, Wu H, Wang J, Li S, Su P, Gong L, He M, Yao M, Wu QF. Cascade diversification directs generation of neuronal diversity in the hypothalamus. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1483-1499.e8. [PMID: 33887179 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus contains an astounding heterogeneity of neurons that regulate endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral functions. However, its molecular developmental trajectory and origin of neuronal diversity remain unclear. Here, we profile the transcriptome of 43,261 cells derived from Rax+ hypothalamic neuroepithelium to map the developmental landscape of the mouse hypothalamus and trajectory of radial glial cells (RGCs), intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs), nascent neurons, and peptidergic neurons. We show that RGCs adopt a conserved strategy for multipotential differentiation but generate Ascl1+ and Neurog2+ IPCs. Ascl1+ IPCs differ from their telencephalic counterpart by displaying fate bifurcation, and postmitotic nascent neurons resolve into multiple peptidergic neuronal subtypes. Clonal analysis further demonstrates that single RGCs can produce multiple neuronal subtypes. Our study reveals that multiple cell types along the lineage hierarchy contribute to fate diversification of hypothalamic neurons in a stepwise fashion, suggesting a cascade diversification model that deconstructs the origin of neuronal diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mingrui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xue-Lian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenhui Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haoda Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Si Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pengfei Su
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ling Gong
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Miao He
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingze Yao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qing-Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 200031, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bardo MT, Hammerslag LR, Malone SG. Effect of early life social adversity on drug abuse vulnerability: Focus on corticotropin-releasing factor and oxytocin. Neuropharmacology 2021; 191:108567. [PMID: 33862030 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early life adversity can set the trajectory for later psychiatric disorders, including substance use disorders. There are a host of neurobiological factors that may play a role in the negative trajectory. The current review examines preclinical evidence suggesting that early life adversity specifically involving social factors (maternal separation, adolescent social isolation and adolescent social defeat) may influence drug abuse vulnerability by strengthening corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems and weakening oxytocin (OT) systems. In adulthood, pharmacological and genetic evidence indicates that both CRF and OT systems are directly involved in drug reward processes. With early life adversity, numerous studies show an increase in drug abuse vulnerability measured in adulthood, along a concomitant strengthening of CRF systems and a weakening of OT systems. Mechanistic studies, while relatively few in number, are generally consistent with the theme that strengthened CRF systems and weakened OT systems mediate, at least in part, the link between early life adversity and drug abuse vulnerability. Establishing a direct role of CRF and OT in mediating the relation between early life social stressors and drug abuse vulnerability will inform clinical researchers and practitioners toward the development of intervention strategies to reduce risk among those suffering from early life adversities. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA.
| | - Lindsey R Hammerslag
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Samantha G Malone
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Langlet F. Targeting Tanycytes: Balance between Efficiency and Specificity. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:574-581. [PMID: 31986518 DOI: 10.1159/000505549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tanycytes are peculiar ependymoglial cells lining the bottom and the lateral wall of the third ventricle. For a decade, the utilization of molecular genetic approaches allowed us to make important discoveries about their diverse physiological functions. Here, I review the current methods used to target tanycytes, focusing on their specificity, their efficiency, their limitations, as well as their potential future improvements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Langlet
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kano M, Suga H, Ishihara T, Sakakibara M, Soen M, Yamada T, Ozaki H, Mitsumoto K, Kasai T, Sugiyama M, Onoue T, Tsunekawa T, Takagi H, Hagiwara D, Ito Y, Iwama S, Goto M, Banno R, Arima H. Tanycyte-Like Cells Derived From Mouse Embryonic Stem Culture Show Hypothalamic Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Functions. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1701-1718. [PMID: 31135891 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tanycytes have recently been accepted as neural stem/progenitor cells in the postnatal hypothalamus. Persistent retina and anterior neural fold homeobox (Rax) expression is characteristic of tanycytes in contrast to its transient expression of whole hypothalamic precursors. In this study, we found that Rax+ residual cells in the maturation phase of hypothalamic differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) cultures had similar characteristics to ventral tanycytes. They expressed typical neural stem/progenitor cell markers, including Sox2, vimentin, and nestin, and differentiated into mature neurons and glial cells. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that Rax+ residual cells expressed Fgf-10, Fgf-18, and Lhx2, which are expressed by ventral tanycytes. They highly expressed tanycyte-specific genes Dio2 and Gpr50 compared with Rax+ early hypothalamic progenitor cells. Therefore, Rax+ residual cells in the maturation phase of hypothalamic differentiation were considered to be more differentiated and similar to late progenitor cells and tanycytes. They self-renewed and formed neurospheres when cultured with exogenous FGF-2. Additionally, these Rax+ neurospheres differentiated into three neuronal lineages (neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes), including neuropeptide Y+ neuron, that are reported to be differentiated from ventral tanycytes toward the arcuate nuclei. Thus, Rax+ residual cells were multipotent neural stem/progenitor cells. Rax+ neurospheres were stably passaged and retained high Sox2 expression even after multiple passages. These results suggest the successful induction of Rax+ tanycyte-like cells from mESCs [induced tanycyte-like (iTan) cells]. These hypothalamic neural stem/progenitor cells may have potential in regenerative medicine and as a research tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kano
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Drug Discovery Technologies, Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi and Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayu Sakakibara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mika Soen
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomiko Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hajime Ozaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuki Mitsumoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kasai
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mariko Sugiyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Onoue
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taku Tsunekawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hagiwara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Motomitsu Goto
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Banno
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Montelli S, Stelletta C, Ruiz JA, Ballarin C, Cozzi B, Peruffo A. Mapping of the Early Intrauterine Morphogenesis in the Alpaca (Vicugna pacos): External Features and Development of the Cephalic Vesicle in Comparison with the Progressive Carnegie Scale. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:1226-1237. [PMID: 30315632 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the morphological aspects of the early development of the head of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) and identified the main structures of the central nervous system during the first trimester of pregnancy. The topography and the cytoarchitecture of the fetal brain regions were described by histological analysis of the brain sections. We performed this analysis on alpaca embryos and fetuses presumably aged 20, 30, 45, and 90 days. For the description of the external body structures we considered the shape of the head, the development of the optic primordium, the dorsal curvature of the body, the limb buds, the umbilical cord and relative vessels, and the thickness and transparency of the skin. The prosencephalic, mesencephalic, and the rhomboencephalic vesicles were described by analyzing sagittal sections of the head. The present article provides the first progressive morphological and anatomical description of alpaca brain during early development. A detailed study represents an important basis to further understand the phases of prenatal development in this species, since information about alpaca embryology in incomplete and reproductive failure is a relevant factor. These data are important also for interspecies comparisons and application of reproductive biotechnologies. Anat Rec, 302:1226-1237, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Montelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Calogero Stelletta
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Jaime Antonio Ruiz
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineer Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica, Huancavelica, Peru
| | - Cristina Ballarin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Bruno Cozzi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wittmann G, Lechan RM. Prss56 expression in the rodent hypothalamus: Inverse correlation with pro-opiomelanocortin suggests oscillatory gene expression in adult rat tanycytes. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2444-2461. [PMID: 30242838 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that the number of hypothalamic tanycytes expressing pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc) is highly variable among brains of adult rats. While its cause and significance remain unknown, identifying other variably expressed genes in tanycytes may help understand this curious phenomenon. In this in situ hybridization study, we report that the Prss56 gene, which encodes a trypsin-like serine protease and is expressed in neural stem/progenitor cells, shows a similarly variable mRNA expression in tanycytes of adult rats and correlates inversely with tanycyte Pomc mRNA. Prss56 was expressed in α1, β1, subsets of α2, and some median eminence γ tanycytes, but virtually absent from β2 tanycytes. Prss56 was also expressed in vimentin positive tanycyte-like cells in the parenchyma of the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei, and in thyrotropin beta subunit-expressing cells of the pars tuberalis of the pituitary. In contrast to adults, Prss56 expression was uniformly high in tanycytes in adolescent rats. In mice, Prss56-expressing tanycytes and parenchymal cells were also observed but fewer in number and without significant variations. The results identify Prss56 as a second gene that is expressed variably in tanycytes of adult rats. We propose that the variable, inversely correlating expression of Prss56 and Pomc reflect periodically oscillating gene expression in tanycytes rather than stable expression levels that vary between individual rats. A possible functional link between Prss56 and POMC, and Prss56 as a potential marker for migrating tanycytes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Wittmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ronald M Lechan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
De Francesco PN, Castrogiovanni D, Uriarte M, Frassa V, Agosti F, Raingo J, Perello M. A simple strategy for culturing morphologically-conserved rat hypothalamic tanycytes. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:369-380. [PMID: 28413862 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic tanycytes are specialized bipolar ependymal cells that line the floor of the third ventricle. Given their strategic location, tanycytes are believed to play several key functions including being a selective barrier and controlling the amount of hypothalamic-derived factors reaching the anterior pituitary. The in vitro culture of these cells has proved to be difficult. Here, we report an improved method for the generation of primary cultures of rat hypothalamic tanycytes. Ependymal cultures were derived from tissue dissected out of the median eminence region of 10-day-old rats and cultured in a chemically defined medium containing DMEM:F12, serum albumin, insulin, transferrin and the antibiotic gentamycin. After 7 days in vitro, ∼30% of the cultured cells exhibited morphological features of tanycytes as observed by phase contrast or scanning electron microscopy. Tanycyte-like cells were strongly immuno-reactive for vimentin and dopamine-cAMP-regulated phospho-protein (DARPP-32) and weakly immune-reactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein. Tanycyte-like cells displayed a stable negative resting plasma membrane potential and failed to show spiking properties in response to current injections. When exposed to fluorescent beads in the culture medium, tanycyte-like cells exhibited a robust endocytosis. Thus, the present method effectively yields cultures containing tanycyte-like cells that resemble in vivo tanycytes in terms of morphologic features and molecular markers as well as electrical and endocytic activity. To our knowledge, this is the first protocol that allows the culturing of tanycyte-like cells that can be individually identified and that conserve the morphology of tanycytes in their natural physiological environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Nicolás De Francesco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, dependent of the Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA)], Calle 526 entre 10 y 11, PO Box 403, La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Castrogiovanni
- Cell Culture Facility of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, dependent of the Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA)], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maia Uriarte
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, dependent of the Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA)], Calle 526 entre 10 y 11, PO Box 403, La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria Frassa
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, dependent of the Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA)], Calle 526 entre 10 y 11, PO Box 403, La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francina Agosti
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, dependent of the Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA)], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesica Raingo
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, dependent of the Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA)], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, dependent of the Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA)], Calle 526 entre 10 y 11, PO Box 403, La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Oxytocin Signaling in the Early Life of Mammals: Link to Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated with ASD. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 35:239-268. [PMID: 28812269 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2017_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin plays a role in various functions including endocrine and immune functions but also parent-infant bonding and social interactions. It might be considered as a main neuropeptide involved in mediating the regulation of adaptive interactions between an individual and his/her environment. Recently, a critical role of oxytocin in early life has been revealed in sensory processing and multi-modal integration that are essential for normal postnatal neurodevelopment. An early alteration in the oxytocin-system may disturb its maturation and may have short-term and long-term pathological consequences such as autism spectrum disorders. Here, we will synthesize the existing literature on the development of the oxytocin system and its role in the early postnatal life of mammals (from birth to weaning) in a normal or pathological context. Oxytocin is required in critical windows of time that play a pivotal role and that should be considered for therapeutical interventions.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT) is coordinated by hypophysiotropic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) neurons present in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Hypophysiotropic TRH neurons act as energy sensors. TRH controls the synthesis and release of thyrotropin, which activates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones; in target tissues, transporters and deiodinases control their local availability. Thyroid hormones regulate many functions, including energy homeostasis. This review discusses recent evidence that covers several aspects of TRH role in HPT axis regulation. Knowledge about the mechanisms of TRH signaling has steadily increased. New transcription factors engaged in TRH gene expression have been identified, and advances made on how they interact with signaling pathways and define the dynamics of TRH neurons response to acute and/or long-term influences. Albeit yet incomplete, the relationship of TRH neurons activity with positive energy balance has emerged. The importance of tanycytes as a central relay for the feedback control of the axis, as well as for HPT responses to alterations in energy balance, and other stimuli has been reinforced. Finally, some studies have started to shed light on the interference of prenatal and postnatal stress and nutrition on HPT axis programing, which have confirmed the axis susceptibility to early insults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Joseph-Bravo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 2001, 62250, Cuernavaca MOR, Morelos, México.
| | - Lorraine Jaimes-Hoy
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 2001, 62250, Cuernavaca MOR, Morelos, México
| | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 2001, 62250, Cuernavaca MOR, Morelos, México
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Acaz-Fonseca E, Avila-Rodriguez M, Garcia-Segura LM, Barreto GE. Regulation of astroglia by gonadal steroid hormones under physiological and pathological conditions. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:5-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- Shirley A. Bayer
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Inc; Ocala Florida 34481
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ohata S, Alvarez-Buylla A. Planar Organization of Multiciliated Ependymal (E1) Cells in the Brain Ventricular Epithelium. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:543-551. [PMID: 27311928 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) continuously flows through the cerebral ventricles, a process essential for brain homeostasis. Multiciliated ependymal (E1) cells line the walls of the ventricles and contribute importantly to CSF flow through ciliary beating. Key to this function is the rotational and translational planar cell polarity (PCP) of E1 cells. Defects in the PCP of E1 cells can result in abnormal CSF accumulation and hydrocephalus. Here, we integrate recent data on the roles of early CSF flow in the embryonic ventricles, PCP regulators (e.g., Vangl2 and Dishevelled), and cytoskeletal networks in the establishment, refinement, and maintenance of E1 cells' PCP. The planar organization mechanisms of E1 cells could explain how CSF flow contributes to brain function and may help in the diagnosis and prevention of hydrocephalus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohata
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Goodman T, Hajihosseini MK. Hypothalamic tanycytes-masters and servants of metabolic, neuroendocrine, and neurogenic functions. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:387. [PMID: 26578855 PMCID: PMC4624852 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a resurgent interest in tanycytes, a radial glial-like cell population occupying the floor and ventro-lateral walls of the third ventricle (3V). Tanycytes reside in close proximity to hypothalamic neuronal nuclei that regulate appetite and energy expenditure, with a subset sending projections into these nuclei. Moreover, tanycytes are exposed to 3V cerebrospinal fluid and have privileged access to plasma metabolites and hormones, through fenestrated capillaries. Indeed, some tanycytes act as conduits for trafficking of these molecules into the brain parenchyma. Tanycytes can also act as neural stem/progenitor cells, supplying the postnatal and adult hypothalamus with new neurons. Collectively, these findings suggest that tanycytes regulate and integrate important trophic and metabolic processes and possibly endow functional malleability to neuronal circuits of the hypothalamus. Hence, manipulation of tanycyte biology could provide a valuable tool for modulating hypothalamic functions such as energy uptake and expenditure in order to tackle prevalent eating disorders such as obesity and anorexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Goodman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia Norwich, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rbpj-κ mediated Notch signaling plays a critical role in development of hypothalamic Kisspeptin neurons. Dev Biol 2015; 406:235-46. [PMID: 26318021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian arcuate nucleus (ARC) houses neurons critical for energy homeostasis and sexual maturation. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and Neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons function to balance energy intake and Kisspeptin neurons are critical for the onset of puberty and reproductive function. While the physiological roles of these neurons have been well established, their development remains unclear. We have previously shown that Notch signaling plays an important role in cell fate within the ARC of mice. Active Notch signaling prevented neural progenitors from differentiating into feeding circuit neurons, whereas conditional loss of Notch signaling lead to a premature differentiation of these neurons. Presently, we hypothesized that Kisspeptin neurons would similarly be affected by Notch manipulation. To address this, we utilized mice with a conditional deletion of the Notch signaling co-factor Rbpj-κ (Rbpj cKO), or mice persistently expressing the Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD tg) within Nkx2.1 expressing cells of the developing hypothalamus. Interestingly, we found that in both models, a lack of Kisspeptin neurons are observed. This suggests that Notch signaling must be properly titrated for formation of Kisspeptin neurons. These results led us to hypothesize that Kisspeptin neurons of the ARC may arise from a different lineage of intermediate progenitors than NPY neurons and that Notch was responsible for the fate choice between these neurons. To determine if Kisspeptin neurons of the ARC differentiate similarly through a Pomc intermediate, we utilized a genetic model expressing the tdTomato fluorescent protein in all cells that have ever expressed Pomc. We observed some Kisspeptin expressing neurons labeled with the Pomc reporter similar to NPY neurons, suggesting that these distinct neurons can arise from a common progenitor. Finally, we hypothesized that temporal differences leading to premature depletion of progenitors in cKO mice lead to our observed phenotype. Using a BrdU birthdating paradigm, we determined the percentage of NPY and Kisspeptin neurons born on embryonic days 11.5, 12.5, and 13.5. We found no difference in the timing of differentiation of either neuronal subtype, with a majority occurring at e11.5. Taken together, our findings suggest that active Notch signaling is an important molecular switch involved in instructing subpopulations of progenitor cells to differentiate into Kisspeptin neurons.
Collapse
|
21
|
Grinevich V, Desarménien MG, Chini B, Tauber M, Muscatelli F. Ontogenesis of oxytocin pathways in the mammalian brain: late maturation and psychosocial disorders. Front Neuroanat 2015; 8:164. [PMID: 25767437 PMCID: PMC4341354 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT), the main neuropeptide of sociality, is expressed in neurons exclusively localized in the hypothalamus. During the last decade, a plethora of neuroendocrine, metabolic, autonomic and behavioral effects of OT has been reported. In the urgency to find treatments to syndromes as invalidating as autism, many clinical trials have been launched in which OT is administered to patients, including adolescents and children. However, the impact of OT on the developing brain and in particular on the embryonic and early postnatal maturation of OT neurons, has been only poorly investigated. In the present review we summarize available (although limited) literature on general features of ontogenetic transformation of the OT system, including determination, migration and differentiation of OT neurons. Next, we discuss trajectories of OT receptors (OTR) in the perinatal period. Furthermore, we provide evidence that early alterations, from birth, in the central OT system lead to severe neurodevelopmental diseases such as feeding deficit in infancy and severe defects in social behavior in adulthood, as described in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Our review intends to propose a hypothesis about developmental dynamics of central OT pathways, which are essential for survival right after birth and for the acquisition of social skills later on. A better understanding of the embryonic and early postnatal maturation of the OT system may lead to better OT-based treatments in PWS or autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valery Grinevich
- Schaller Research Group on Neuropeptides, German Cancer Research Center and CellNetwork Cluster of Excellence of the University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michel G Desarménien
- Institute of Functional Genomics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2 Montpellier, France
| | - Bice Chini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience Milan, Italy
| | - Maithé Tauber
- Reference Centre for Prader-Willi Syndrome - Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hôpital des Enfants Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse 330 Toulouse, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixe de Recherche 1043, Paul Sabatier University Toulouse III Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Muscatelli
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée Unité Mixe de Recherche U901, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Parc Scientifique de Luminy Marseille, France ; Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée Unité Mixe de Recherche 901 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Miranda-Angulo AL, Byerly MS, Mesa J, Wang H, Blackshaw S. Rax regulates hypothalamic tanycyte differentiation and barrier function in mice. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:876-99. [PMID: 23939786 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The wall of the ventral third ventricle is composed of two distinct cell populations: tanycytes and ependymal cells. Tanycytes regulate many aspects of hypothalamic physiology, but little is known about the transcriptional network that regulates their development and function. We observed that the retina and anterior neural fold homeobox transcription factor (Rax) is selectively expressed in hypothalamic tanycytes, and showed a complementary pattern of expression to markers of hypothalamic ependymal cells, such as Rarres2 (retinoic acid receptor responder [tazarotene induced] 2). To determine whether Rax controls tanycyte differentiation and function, we generated Rax haploinsufficient mice and examined their cellular and molecular phenotype in adulthood. These mice appeared grossly normal, but careful examination revealed a thinning of the third ventricular wall and reduction of both tanycyte and ependymal markers. These experiments show that Rax is required for hypothalamic tanycyte and ependymal cell differentiation. Rax haploinsufficiency also resulted in the ectopic presence of ependymal cells in the α2 tanycytic zone, where few ependymal cells are normally found, suggesting that Rax is selectively required for α2 tanycyte differentiation. These changes in the ventricular wall were associated with reduced diffusion of Evans Blue tracer from the ventricle to the hypothalamic parenchyma, with no apparent repercussion on the gross anatomical or behavioral phenotype of these mice. In conclusion, we have provided evidence that Rax is required for the normal differentiation and patterning of hypothalamic tanycytes and ependymal cells, as well as for maintenance of the cerebrospinal fluid-hypothalamus barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Miranda-Angulo
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287; Institute of Medical Research, Universidad de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Medellín, Colombia 05001000
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Panagiotakopoulos L, Neigh GN. Development of the HPA axis: where and when do sex differences manifest? Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:285-302. [PMID: 24631756 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in the response to stress contribute to sex differences in somatic, neurological, and psychiatric diseases. Despite a growing literature on the mechanisms that mediate sex differences in the stress response, the ontogeny of these differences has not been comprehensively reviewed. This review focuses on the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a key component of the body's response to stress, and examines the critical points of divergence during development between males and females. Insight gained from animal models and clinical studies are presented to fully illustrate the current state of knowledge regarding sex differences in response to stress over development. An appreciation for the developmental timelines of the components of the HPA axis will provide a foundation for future areas of study by highlighting both what is known and calling attention to areas in which sex differences in the development of the HPA axis have been understudied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gretchen N Neigh
- Emory University, Department of Physiology, United States; Emory University, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sevc J, Matiašová A, Kútna V, Daxnerová Z. Evidence that the central canal lining of the spinal cord contributes to oligodendrogenesis during postnatal development and adulthood in intact rats. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3194-207. [PMID: 24659141 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two waves of oligodendrogenesis in the ventricular zone of the spinal cord (SC-VZ) during rat development, which take place between embryonic days 14 and 18 (E14-E18) and E20-E21, have been described. In the VZ of the brain, unlike the SC-VZ, a third wave of oligodendrogenesis occurs during the first weeks of postnatal development. Using immunofluorescence staining of intact rat SC tissue, we noticed the presence of small numbers of Olig2(+) /Sox-10(+) cells inside the lining of the central canal (CC) during postnatal development and adulthood. Olig2(+) /Sox-10(+) cells appeared inside the lining of the CC shortly after birth, and their number reached a maximum of approximately 0.65 ± 0.14 cell/40-μm section during the second postnatal week. After the latter development, the number of Olig2(+) /Sox-10(+) cells decreased to 0.21 ± 0.07 (P36) and 0.18 ± 0.1 cell/section (P120). At P21, Olig2(+) /Sox-10(+) cells inside the CC lining started to express other oligodendroglial markers such as CNPase, RIP, and APC. Olig2(+) /Sox-10(+) cells usually did not proliferate inside the CC lining and were only rarely found to be immunoreactive against oligodendrocyte progenitor markers such as NG2 or PDGFRα. Using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine administration at P2, P11, P22, or P120-P125, we revealed that these cells arose in the CC lining during postnatal development and adulthood. Our findings confirmed that the CC lining is the source of a small number of cells with an oligodendroglial phenotype during postnatal development and adulthood in the SC of intact rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Sevc
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 04167, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Robins S, Stewart I, McNay D, Taylor V, Giachino C, Goetz M, Ninkovic J, Briancon N, Maratos-Flier E, Flier J, Kokoeva M, Placzek M. α-Tanycytes of the adult hypothalamic third ventricle include distinct populations of FGF-responsive neural progenitors. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2049. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
26
|
Desroziers E, Droguerre M, Bentsen AH, Robert V, Mikkelsen JD, Caraty A, Tillet Y, Duittoz A, Franceschini I. Embryonic development of kisspeptin neurones in rat. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:1284-95. [PMID: 22530935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptins, encoded by the Kiss1 gene, play a key role in the regulation of reproductive function, although very little is known about the ontogenesis of this system. The present study aimed to determine the period of arcuate nucleus (ARC) kisspeptin cell birth and the embryonic stage and neuroanatomical sites of onset of kisspeptin immunoreactivity. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered to female rats at various gestational stages and double immunohistochemistry against kisspeptin and BrdU was performed on brain sections from their offspring. The period of neurogenesis of ARC kisspeptin neurones begun between embryonic day (E) 12.5 and E13.5, reached its peak at E15.5 and was not completely over at E17.5. Kiss1 mRNA was detected in mediobasal hypothalamic punches of embryos aged E14.5, E16.5, E18.5 and E22.5 by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Accordingly, kisspeptin-immunoreactive (-IR) cells were consistently detected in the embryonic ARC from E14.5 and their number increased until E18.5 to reach approximately half the level observed in adults. Between E18.5 and E22.5, the number of kisspeptin-IR cells and hypothalamic Kiss1 expression significantly decreased, regardless of sex, and this decrease persisted until birth. Taken together, these results demonstrate that rat ARC kisspeptin neurones are born locally during an extended embryonic period and are able to synthesise kisspeptins rapidly after their birth, consistent with the hypothesis of a role during embryonic activation of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal axis. A sex-independent decrease of kisspeptin-IR cell numbers was observed during the perinatal period, suggestive of important regulations of kisspeptin neurones around birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Desroziers
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dahiya S, Lee DY, Gutmann DH. Comparative characterization of the human and mouse third ventricle germinal zones. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011; 70:622-33. [PMID: 21666496 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31822200aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates differences in neural stem cell biology in different brain regions. For example, we demonstrated that neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) tumor suppressor gene inactivation leads to increased neural stem cell proliferation and gliogenesis in the optic chiasm and brainstem but not in the cerebral cortex. The differential effect of Nf1 inactivation in the optic nerve and brainstem (in which gliomas commonly form in children with NF1) versus the cortex (in which gliomas rarely develop) suggests the existence of distinct ventricular zones for gliomagenesis in children and in adults. Here, we characterized the third ventricle subventricular zone (tv-SVZ) in young and adult mouse and human brains. In children, but not adult humans, the tv-SVZ contains nestin-positive, glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive, brain fatty acid binding protein-positive, and sox2-positive cells with radial processes and prominent cilia. In contrast, the tv-SVZ in young mice contains sox2-positive progenitor cells and ciliated ependymal lining cells but lacks glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive, nestin-positive radial glia. As in the lateral ventricle SVZ, proliferation in the human and murine tv-SVZ decreases with age. The tv-SVZ in adult mice lacks the hypocellular subventricular zone observed in adult human specimens. Collectively, these data indicate the existence of a subventricular zone relevant to our understanding of glioma formation in children and will assist interpretation of genetically engineered mouse glioma models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Dahiya
- Division of Neuropathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ševc J, Daxnerová Z, Haňová V, Koval’ J. Novel observations on the origin of ependymal cells in the ventricular zone of the rat spinal cord. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:156-62. [PMID: 20079525 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive investigations of gliogenesis, the time of origin of ependymal cells in the spinal cord has not yet been fully elucidated. Using a single dose of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine combined with various survival times we monitored: mitotic activity (short survival time), the presence of newly formed cells in the ventricular zone (intermediate survival time) and the formation of ependymal cells (long survival time) during the late embryonic and early postnatal development in the ventricular zone of the spinal cord of rats. In the period of study it was found that the ependymal cells populated this region in two waves. Most of the ependymal cells originated around embryonic day 18 and then between postnatal days 8 and 15. In addition, it was observed that in the ventricular zone of the spinal cord, proliferation and production of ependymal cells continues at the slower rate at least until day 36 of postnatal development. Elucidation of the relationship between progenitors in the embryonic ventricular zone and the relative quiescent ependymal lining of the central canal in adulthood could be important in the search for the adult neural stem cell niche.
Collapse
|
29
|
Levin BE. Developmental gene x environment interactions affecting systems regulating energy homeostasis and obesity. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31:270-83. [PMID: 20206200 PMCID: PMC2903638 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most human obesity is inherited as a polygenic trait which is largely refractory to medical therapy because obese individuals avidly defend their elevated body weight set-point. This set-point is mediated by an integrated neural network that controls energy homeostasis. Epidemiological studies suggest that perinatal and pre-pubertal environmental factors can promote offspring obesity. Rodent studies demonstrate the important interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental factors in promoting obesity. This review covers issues of development and function of neural systems involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and the roles of leptin and insulin in these processes, the ways in which interventions at various phases from gestation, lactation and pre-pubertal stages of development can favorably and unfavorably alter the development of obesity n offspring. These studies suggest that early identification of obesity-prone humans and of the factors that can prevent them from becoming obese could provide an effective strategy for preventing the world-wide epidemic of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry E Levin
- Neurology Service, VA Medical Center, E. Orange, NJ 07018-1095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Orikasa C, Kondo Y, Usui S, Sakuma Y. Similar numbers of neurons are generated in the male and female rat preoptic area in utero. Neurosci Res 2010; 68:9-14. [PMID: 20538023 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The birth date of neurons comprising the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the rat preoptic area (SDN-POA) was determined by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) injections at a prescribed time during the embryonic period. Calbindin immunostaining was used as a marker to identity the SDN-POA. The animals were bred from dams injected with BrdU on days 14, 16 or 18 of pregnancy (fertilization defined as day 1). On day 15 after birth (PD), all offspring were euthanized and brain sections were prepared for histology. Neurogenesis in the SDN-POA began around embryonic day (ED) 14 and culminated on ED 18, whereas the preoptic neurons surrounding the SDN-POA generated earlier than did those of the SDN-POA. Although the SDN-POA was significantly larger in males than in females at PD15, the total numbers of neurons comprising the SDN-POA were not significantly different between sexes. Similar aggregates of somatostatin mRNA-positive cells in the central portion of the SDN-POA were observed in both sexes at PD8. On PD15, the aggregates became scattered in males, whereas the aggregates in females remained congested. These data suggest that sexual dimorphism in the SDN-POA results from male-specific postnatal radial spreading of cells rather than cell proliferation during embryonic neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chitose Orikasa
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi 1, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Levin BE. Interaction of perinatal and pre-pubertal factors with genetic predisposition in the development of neural pathways involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Brain Res 2010; 1350:10-7. [PMID: 20059985 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A majority of human obesity is inherited as a polygenic trait. Once obesity develops, over 90% of individuals repeatedly regain lost weight after dieting. Only surgical interventions offer long lasting weight loss. Thus, clinical data suggest that some individuals have a predisposition to develop and maintain an elevated body weight set-point once they are provided with sufficient calories to gain weight. This set-point is mediated by an integrated neural network that controls energy homeostasis. Unfortunately, currently available tools for identifying obesity-prone individuals and examining the functioning of these neural systems have insufficient resolution to identify specific neural factors that cause humans to develop and maintain the obese state. However, rodent models of polygenically inherited obesity allow us to investigate the factors that both predispose them to become obese and that prevent or enhance the development of such obesity. Maternal obesity during gestation and lactation in obesity-prone rodents enhances offspring obesity and alters their neural pathways involved in energy homeostasis regulation. Early postnatal exposure of obesity-resistant offspring to the milk of genetically obese dams alters their hypothalamic pathways involved in energy homeostasis causing them to become obese when fed a high fat diet as adults. Finally, short-term exercise begun in the early post-weaning period increases the sensitivity to the anorectic effects of leptin and protects obesity-prone offspring from becoming obese for months exercise cessation. Such studies suggest that early identification of obesity-prone humans and of the factors that can prevent them from becoming obese could provide an effective strategy for preventing the world wide epidemic of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry E Levin
- Neurology Service (127C), Veterans Administration Medical Center, and Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, E. Orange, Newark, NJ 07018-1095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Veening JG, Barendregt HP. The regulation of brain states by neuroactive substances distributed via the cerebrospinal fluid; a review. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res 2010; 7:1. [PMID: 20157443 PMCID: PMC2821375 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8454-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system provides nutrients to and removes waste products from the brain. Recent findings suggest, however, that in addition, the CSF contains message molecules in the form of actively released neuroactive substances. The concentrations of these vary between locations, suggesting they are important for the changes in brain activity that underlie different brain states, and induce different sensory input and behavioral output relationships.The cranial CSF displays a rapid caudally-directed ventricular flow followed by a slower rostrally-directed subarachnoid flow (mainly towards the cribriform plate and from there into the nasal lymphatics). Thus, many brain areas are exposed to and can be influenced by substances contained in the CSF. In this review we discuss the production and flow of the CSF, including the mechanisms involved in the regulation of its composition. In addition, the available evidence for the release of neuropeptides and other neuroactive substances into the CSF is reviewed, with particular attention to the selective effects of these on distant downstream receptive brain areas. As a conclusion we suggest that (1) the flowing CSF is involved in more than just nutrient and waste control, but is also used as a broadcasting system consisting of coordinated messages to a variety of nearby and distant brain areas; (2) this special form of volume transmission underlies changes in behavioral states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan G Veening
- Department of Anatomy, (109) UMC St Radboud, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Legagneux K, Bernard-Franchi G, Poncet F, La Roche A, Colard C, Fellmann D, Pralong F, Risold PY. Distribution and genesis of the RFRP-producing neurons in the rat brain: comparison with melanin-concentrating hormone- and hypocretin-containing neurons. Neuropeptides 2009; 43:13-9. [PMID: 19101033 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Prepro-RFRP-containing neurons have recently been described in the mammalian brain. These neurons are only found in the tuberal hypothalamus. In this work, we have provided a detailed analysis of the distribution of cells expressing the RFRP mRNA, and found them in seven anatomical structures of the tuberal hypothalamus. No co-expression with melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) or hypocretin (Hcrt), that are also described in neurons of the tuberal hypothalamus, was observed. Using the BrdU method, we found that all RFRP cell bodies are generated between E13 and E14. Thus, RFRP neurons form a specific cell population with a complex distribution pattern in the tuberal hypothalamus. However, they are generated in one peak. These observations are discussed with data concerning the distribution and genesis of the MCH and Hcrt cell populations that are also distributed in the tuberal hypothalamus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Legagneux
- EA3922, Université de Franche-Comté, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, 25000 Besançon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rojas-Castañeda J, Vigueras-Villaseñor RM, Rojas P, Rojas C, Cintra L. Immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and vasopressin cells after a protein malnutrition diet in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat. Lab Anim 2008; 42:360-8. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2007.007008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of prenatal and postnatal protein deprivation on the morphology and density of vasopressin (VP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactive neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of young rats. Female Wistar rats were fed either 6% (malnourished group) or 25% (control group) casein diet five weeks before conception, during gestation and lactation. After weaning, the pups were maintained on the same diet until sacrificed at 30 days of age. The major and minor axes, somatic area and the density of VP- and VIP-immunoreactive neurons were evaluated in the middle sections of the SCN. The present study shows that chronic protein malnutrition (ChPM) in VP neurons induces a significant decrease in number of cells (–31%,) and a significant increase in major and minor axes and somatic area (+12.2%, +21.1% and +15.0%, respectively). The VIP cells showed a significant decrease in cellular density (–41.5%) and a significant increase in minor axis (+13.5%) and somatic area (+10.1%). Our findings suggest that ChPM induces abnormalities in the density and morphology of the soma of VP and VIP neurons. These alterations may be a morphological substrate underlying circadian alterations previously observed in malnourished rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rojas-Castañeda
- Laboratorio de Histomorfología, Torre de Investigación ‘Dr Joaquín Cravioto’, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, SS, Av Insurgentes Sur No 3700-C, Col Insurgentes Cuicuilco, CP 04530, México
| | - R M Vigueras-Villaseñor
- Laboratorio de Histomorfología, Torre de Investigación ‘Dr Joaquín Cravioto’, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, SS, Av Insurgentes Sur No 3700-C, Col Insurgentes Cuicuilco, CP 04530, México
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootécnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México
| | - P Rojas
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez SS, Av Insurgentes Sur No 3877, México DF, CP 14269, México
| | - C Rojas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70228, México DF, CP 04510, México
| | - L Cintra
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM, Juriquilla, Qro, Km 15 Carr Qro-SLP, CP 76230, México
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate differentiated beta-endorphin neurons promote immune function and prevent prostate cancer growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:9105-10. [PMID: 18562281 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800289105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), a cAMP-activating agent, is highly expressed in the hypothalamus during the period when many neuroendocrine cells become differentiated from the neural stem cells (NSCs). Activation of the cAMP system in rat hypothalamic NSCs differentiated these cells into beta-endorphin (BEP)-producing neurons in culture. When these in vitro differentiated neurons were transplanted into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus of an adult rat, they integrated well with the surrounding cells and produced BEP and its precursor gene product, proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Animals with BEP cell transplants demonstrated remarkable protection against carcinogen induction of prostate cancer. Unlike carcinogen-treated animals with control cell transplants, rats with BEP cell transplants showed rare development of glandular hyperplasia, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), or well differentiated adenocarcinoma with invasion after N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and testosterone treatments. Rats with the BEP neuron transplants showed increased natural killer (NK) cell cytolytic function in the spleens and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), elevated levels of antiinflammatory cytokine IFN-gamma, and decreased levels of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in plasma. These results identified a critical role for cAMP in the differentiation of BEP neurons and revealed a previously undescribed role of these neurons in combating the growth and progression of neoplastic conditions like prostate cancer, possibly by increasing the innate immune function and reducing the inflammatory milieu.
Collapse
|
36
|
Valero J, Weruaga E, Murias AR, Recio JS, Alonso JR. Proliferation markers in the adult rodent brain: bromodeoxyuridine and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 15:127-34. [PMID: 16024267 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The rostral migratory stream is one of the few regions of the adult mammalian central nervous system in which cellular migration and proliferation have been described. Most rostral migratory stream cells divide rapidly and hence different proliferation markers have been employed to identify them. Nitrogen base substitutes, such as tritiated thymidine or 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), together with endogenous molecules, such as Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), are the cell cycle markers most widely employed. Protocols for BrdU and PCNA localization are both plentiful and diverse, but to date no optimized protocol for obtaining trustworthy double staining of both markers has been described. In this work, we propose optimized protocols for achieving both single staining and the joint detection of BrdU and PCNA in the rodent brain using double-immunofluorescence procedures. The double labeling described allows the discrimination of different cell cycle stages in migratory cells from the mouse brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Valero
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Patología, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, Universidad de Salamanca, Avenida Alfonso X el Sabio s/n, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cells lining the ventricular system: evolving concepts underlying developmental eventsin the embryo and adult. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2558(03)31005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
38
|
Cheng G, Marotte LR, Mai JK, Ashwell KWS. Early development of the hypothalamus of a wallaby (Macropus eugenii). J Comp Neurol 2002; 453:199-215. [PMID: 12373784 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the development of the hypothalamus of an Australian marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), to provide an initial anatomic framework for future research on the developing hypothalamus of diprotodontid metatheria. Cytoarchitectural (hematoxylin and eosin), immunohistochemical (CD 15 and growth associated protein, GAP-43), tritiated thymidine autoradiography, and carbocyanine dye tracing techniques were applied. Until 12 days after birth (P12), the developing hypothalamus consisted of mainly a ventricular germinal zone with a thin marginal layer, but by P25, most hypothalamic nuclei were well differentiated, indicating that the bulk of hypothalamic cytoarchitectural development occurs between P12 and P25. Strong CD 15 immunoreactivity was found in radial glial fibers in the rostral hypothalamus during early developmental ages, separating individual hypothalamic compartments. Immunoreactivity for GAP-43 was used to reveal developing fiber bundles. The medial forebrain bundle was apparent by P0, and the fornix appeared at P12. Tritiated thymidine autoradiography revealed lateral-to-medial and dorsal-to-ventral neurogenetic gradients similar to those seen in rodents. Dye tracing showed that projections to the posterior pituitary arose from the supraoptic nucleus at P5 and from the paraventricular nucleus at P10. Projections to the medulla were first found from the lateral hypothalamic area at P0 and paraventricular nucleus at P10. In conclusion, the pattern of development of the wallaby hypothalamus is broadly similar to that found in eutheria, with comparable neurogenetic compartments to those identified in rodents. Because most hypothalamic maturation takes place after birth, wallabies provide a useful model for experimentally manipulating the developing mammalian hypothalamus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cheng
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, 2052 New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhou CJ, Inagaki N, Pleasure SJ, Zhao LX, Kikuyama S, Shioda S. ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA2 (ABC2) expression in the developing spinal cord and PNS during myelination. J Comp Neurol 2002; 451:334-45. [PMID: 12210128 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined developmental characteristics of the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA2 (or ABC2) -expressing cells in rat spinal cord and peripheral nerves. In adult spinal cord, ABCA2 immunoreactivity was detected in lysosome-like organelles of mature oligodendrocyte cell bodies, and a single specific band was detected by Western blot analysis. In postnatal developing spinal cord, ABCA2 immunolabeling was first detected in a small number of cells restricted to the ventral marginal area and the dorsal funiculus at birth (P0). ABCA2-positive cells were co-immunolabeled by O4, a marker for late progenitor and immature oligodendrocytes. At the same time, myelin basic protein was apparent in the same restricted regions. The number of ABCA2 and O4 co-immunolabeled cells increased quickly in both dorsal and ventral regions from P2 and reached a peak at P8. After transient expression from P0 to P8, O4 labeling in white matter tracts decreased and disappeared. In contrast, ABCA2-positive oligodendrocytes persisted in gray and white matter throughout the spinal cord into adulthood. These data suggest a role for the ABCA2 transporter in maturation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells and the onset of myelination in the central nervous system. In addition, ABCA2 immunoreactivity was detected in the ciliated region of the ependyma in the central canal from early postnatal development. ABCA2 immunoreactivity was also detected in the Schwann cell lineage in developing spinal nerves and in adult trigeminal and sciatic nerves. ABCA2 was also expressed in numerous undetermined cells distributed in para-nerve connective tissues and nerve sheaths throughout early postnatal development. These data indicate multiple levels of involvement for ABCA2 in nervous system development especially with strong evidence for a role in myelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ji Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Neurodevelopmental Disorders Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, California 94143-0435, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Burbach JP, Luckman SM, Murphy D, Gainer H. Gene regulation in the magnocellular hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. Physiol Rev 2001; 81:1197-267. [PMID: 11427695 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.2001.81.3.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS) is the major peptidergic neurosecretory system through which the brain controls peripheral physiology. The hormones vasopressin and oxytocin released from the HNS at the neurohypophysis serve homeostatic functions of water balance and reproduction. From a physiological viewpoint, the core question on the HNS has always been, "How is the rate of hormone production controlled?" Despite a clear description of the physiology, anatomy, cell biology, and biochemistry of the HNS gained over the last 100 years, this question has remained largely unanswered. However, recently, significant progress has been made through studies of gene identity and gene expression in the magnocellular neurons (MCNs) that constitute the HNS. These are keys to mechanisms and events that exist in the HNS. This review is an inventory of what we know about genes expressed in the HNS, about the regulation of their expression in response to physiological stimuli, and about their function. Genes relevant to the central question include receptors and signal transduction components that receive and process the message that the organism is in demand of a neurohypophysial hormone. The key players in gene regulatory events, the transcription factors, deserve special attention. They do not only control rates of hormone production at the level of the gene, but also determine the molecular make-up of the cell essential for appropriate development and physiological functioning. Finally, the HNS neurons are equipped with a machinery to produce and secrete hormones in a regulated manner. With the availability of several gene transfer approaches applicable to the HNS, it is anticipated that new insights will be obtained on how the HNS is able to respond to the physiological demands for its hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Burbach
- Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, Section of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Medical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Burbach JP. Genetic pathways in the developmental specification of hypothalamic neuropeptide and midbrain catecholamine systems. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 405:55-62. [PMID: 11033314 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide concept concerns the diverse and broad physiological functions of neuropeptides in behavioral adaptation. Neuropeptides like vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone can coordinate multiple brain functions due to the anatomical organization of the neurons producing them. The cell bodies are focally positioned in the hypothalamus and send long-reaching efferents to limbic and brainstem areas. Likewise, midbrain dopamine systems coordinate emotional behaviors and movement control by specific connectivity of neurons in the midbrain to limbic and striatal centers, respectively. The fundament of the functions of these signalling molecules is laid out during development when transmitter identity and connectivity are specified. This is a highly controlled process involving multiple transcription factors and growth factors acting together in genetic pathways. Here, the genetic pathways enrolling in developing vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, and midbrain dopamine neurons are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Burbach
- Section of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
McEvilly RJ, Rosenfeld MG. The role of POU domain proteins in the regulation of mammalian pituitary and nervous system development. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 63:223-55. [PMID: 10506833 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
POU domain proteins represent a subfamily of homeodomain-containing transcription factors that are expressed in many animal orders in a number of distinct regions in the developing and adult organism. In mammals, the expression profiles of these factors have suggested roles for class I, class III, and class IV POU domain proteins in the development, maintenance, and function of the endocrine and nervous systems. The genetic characterizations of the functions of these proteins during the generation, differentiation, and maturation of cells comprising these tissues have revealed a requirement for the individual actions of these transcription factors in the development of various elements of the anterior pituitary, the brain, and the somatosensory, vestibular/cochlear, and visual systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J McEvilly
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
A survey of the literature shows that proliferation of ependyma occurs largely during the embryonic and early postnatal periods of development in most species. Differentiation of these cells proceeds along particular regional and temporal gradients as does the expression of various cytoskeletal (vimentin, cytokeratins, glial fibrillary acidic protein) and secretory proteins (S-100). Turnover declines significantly postnatally, and only low levels of residual activity persist into adulthood under normal conditions. Although the reported response of ependyma to injury is somewhat equivocal, only limited regenerative capacity appears to exist and to varying degrees in different regions of the neuraxis. Proliferation has been most often observed in response to spinal cord injury. Indeed, the ependyma plays a significant role in the initiation and maintenance of the regenerative processes in the spinal cord of inframammalian vertebrates. In the human, however, ependyma appears never to regenerate at any age nor re-express cytoskeletal proteins characteristic of immature cells. The functions of ependyma including tanycytes, a specialized form of ependymal cell that persists into adulthood within circumscribed regions of the nervous system, are still largely speculative. Fetal unlike mature ependyma is believed to be secretory and is believed to play a role in neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation/axonal guidance, transport, and support. In the adult brain, mature ependyma is not merely an inert lining but may regulate the transport of ions, small molecules, and water between the cerebrospinal fluid and neuropil and serve an important barrier function that protects neural tissue from potentially harmful substances by mechanisms that are still incompletely understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Bruni
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Golden JA, Cepko CL. Clones in the chick diencephalon contain multiple cell types and siblings are widely dispersed. Development 1996; 122:65-78. [PMID: 8565854 DOI: 10.1242/dev.122.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus of the vertebrate central nervous system are derived from the embryonic diencephalon. These regions of the nervous system function as major relays between the telencephalon and more caudal regions of the brain. Early in development, the diencephalon morphologically comprises distinct units known as neuromeres or prosomeres. As development proceeds, multiple nuclei, the functional and anatomical units of the diencephalon, derive from the neuromeres. It was of interest to determine whether progenitors in the diencephalon give rise to daughters that cross nuclear or neuromeric boundaries. To this end, a highly complex retroviral library was used to infect diencephalic progenitors. Retrovirally marked clones were found to contain neurons, glia and occasionally radial glia. The majority of clones dispersed in all directions, resulting in sibling cells populating multiple nuclei within the diencephalon. In addition, several distinctive patterns of dispersion were observed. These included clones with siblings distributed bilaterally across the third ventricle, clones that originated in the lateral ventricle, clones that crossed neuromeric boundaries, and clones that crossed major boundaries of the developing nervous system, such as the diencephalon and mesencephalon. These findings demonstrate that progenitor cells in the diencephalon are multipotent and that their daughters can become widely dispersed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Golden
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Alvarez-Bolado G, Rosenfeld MG, Swanson LW. Model of forebrain regionalization based on spatiotemporal patterns of POU-III homeobox gene expression, birthdates, and morphological features. J Comp Neurol 1995; 355:237-95. [PMID: 7608343 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903550207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In situ hybridization was used to map spatiotemporal expression patterns of the four known intronless POU-III transcription factor genes Brn-1, Brn-2, Brn-4, and Tst-1 in the developing rat forebrain vesicle, beginning on embryonic day 10. The results indicate that the proliferation layers (ventricular and subventricular) and mantle layer of the forebrain neural tube each display a strikingly unique pattern of regionalized POU-III expression. Within a particular region, or layer within a region, none to all four of the mRNAs may be detected, and during development a particular mRNA in a particular region displays one of five expression patterns, or a combination of these patterns, which may be described as conserved, lost, transient, acquired, or redeployed expression. In the developing brain as a whole, Brn-1 and Brn-2 early on display somewhat different spatial expression patterns that converge to essential identity in the adult, whereas Brn-4 expression is initially broad and becomes much more restricted in the adult, and Tst-1 expression expands greatly through development. Usually, though not always, expression patterns tend to correlate with major histological features in the forebrain (often internal or external sulci associated with proliferation zones), and little evidence for waves of expression moving through the whole forebrain over time was obtained. Thus, clear differences in hybridization intensity often are observed between the cerebral cortex, basal telencephalic nuclei, hypothalamus, ventral thalamus, dorsal thalamus, and pretectal region. In contrast, transverse bands of hybridization extending from the roof to the floor of the forebrain, corresponding to proposed neuromeres, were not observed with these probes. The results suggest that POU-III transcription factors help define specific regions in the early neuroepithelium as well as different cellular phenotypes in the ventricular, subventricular, and mantle layers of specific regions later in development. Thus, the functions of these regulatory proteins may be different in proliferating neuroepithelial cells, young neurons, and mature neurons and appear to be region-specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Alvarez-Bolado
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-2520, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mayat E, Lebrun F, Sassetti I, Récasens M. Ontogenesis of quisqualate-associated phosphoinositide metabolism in various regions of the rat nervous system. Int J Dev Neurosci 1994; 12:1-17. [PMID: 8010155 DOI: 10.1016/0736-5748(94)90090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of postnatal age on phosphoinositide metabolism per se and on quisqualate-stimulated phosphoinositide metabolism was characterized in synaptoneurosomes prepared from nine different regions of the rat nervous system, namely the brainstem, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, colliculi, hippocampus, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, spinal cord and striatum. In the hippocampus, striatum, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, brainstem, colliculus and spinal cord, the basal levels of inositol phosphate (inositol-1-phosphate+inositol-4,5-bisphosphate) formation were maximal two days after birth and declined steeply to steady-state levels from the age of 10 postnatal days. Similarly, in the olfactory bulb, basal inositol phosphate synthesis did not significantly change when measured during the period from postnatal day 10 to 42. The extent of [3H]-inositol labelling of phosphoinositides as a function of age presented similar profiles when measured in hippocampal, striatal, cerebellar and cerebral cortical synaptoneurosomes, i.e. maximal at perinatal ages and minimal at adult ages. In the hypothalamus, [3H]-inositol labelling of phosphoinositides showed an increase from postnatal day 12 to higher levels from postnatal days 14 to 18 subsequently followed by a dramatic increase from postnatal day 21 to 42. A similar developmental trend was also obtained for basal inositol phosphate synthesis. On the whole, four types of developmental profiles for quisqualate-stimulated inositol phosphate formation (expressed as the percentage of the basal level and as the difference between stimulated and basal levels of radioactive inositol phosphates) were obtained depending on the nervous system region studied. In the early, prenatally developed nervous system regions, namely the brainstem and the spinal cord, no postnatal stimulation peaks of quisqualate-induced inositol phosphate formation were recorded. This was also the case for the colliculi when the stimulation of IP formation was expressed as the difference in basal and stimulated levels of inositol phosphates. Secondly, in the olfactory bulb a region known to possess a continuous capacity for developmental plasticity both structurally and functionally during the first three weeks of postnatal development, a simultaneous sustained high level of quisqualate stimulation of phosphoinositide metabolism (fluctuating around 200% of the basal level) during the early postnatal period was evident. Thirdly, in regions of the central nervous system like the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, hippocampus and the striatum known to undergo intense developmental activity during the first two postnatal weeks, peaks of quisqualate-stimulated phosphoinositide metabolism were initially detected around the first week after birth in each of these brain areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Mayat
- INSERM U.254, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Audition, Hôpital St Charles, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Malagon M, Vaudry H, Van Strien F, Pelletier G, Gracia-Navarro F, Tonon MC. Ontogeny of diazepam-binding inhibitor-related peptides (endozepines) in the rat brain. Neuroscience 1993; 57:777-86. [PMID: 8309536 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(93)90023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Benzodiazepine receptors are expressed very early in the brain during embryonic life, suggesting that endogenous ligands for these receptors may play an important role during ontogenesis in the central nervous system. In the present study, the distribution and characterization of diazepam-binding inhibitor-related peptides (endozepines) in the rat brain was investigated during embryonic and postnatal development using an antibody raised against the biologically active region of the precursor molecule. Immunohistochemical labelling showed that, in newborn rats, endozepine-like immunoreactivity was present in ependymal cells of the hypothalamus. Although the number of positive cells increased by day 5, the intensity of the immunoreaction in each cell diminished. In 15-day-old rats, both the number of endozepine positive cells and the intensity of the immunoreaction increased in the ependymal layer. At day 40, a dense accumulation of immunoreactive tanycytes and glial cells was observed in the median eminence and the arcuate nucleus. Endozepines were detected by radioimmunoassay in all regions of the brain as early as embryonic day 18. The concentration of endozepine-related peptides increased in the hypothalamus and olfactory bulb during late gestation. Between birth and postnatal day 5, the levels of endozepines decreased two- to four-fold in all brain regions studied. Thereafter, endozepine concentration increased gradually until day 25. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of tissue extracts revealed that the olfactory bulb, pituitary, hypothalamus and cerebellum contained only one immunoreactive peak eluting at 39 min (peak C). In the telencephalon two peaks were observed: peak C and a second one eluting at 34 min (peak B). Peak B was present as early as embryonic day 20 and the ratio peak B/peak C gradually increased until day 25. At day 25 peak B was also detected in hippocampus, medulla oblongata, cortex and striatum extracts. In any brain region, no immunoreactivity co-eluting with the octadecaneuropeptide was observed. Sephadex G-50 gel filtration of hypothalamus extracts of 25-day-old animals, confirmed the existence of only one immunoreactive compound with an apparent molecular weight of 10,000. In the telencephalon two major species were resolved, with apparent molecular weights of 10,000 and 8800, and a minor one of 6500 mol. wt. In conclusion, the present study shows that endozepines are expressed in the rat brain as early as embryonic day 18 and the amount of endozepine-like material increases rapidly during the two days preceding birth. The results also indicate that diazepam-binding inhibitor is processed to different molecular forms depending on the brain region.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Malagon
- European Institute for Peptide Research, CNRS URA 650, UA INSERM, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ogasa T, Hashimoto K, Suemaru S, Kageyama J, Ota Z. The magnocellular arginine-vasopressin mRNA responds differently to food deprivation between the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus in adrenalectomized rats with low corticosterone replacement. Brain Res 1992; 583:45-53. [PMID: 1504843 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(10)80008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that food deprivation significantly decreased arginine-vasopressin (AVP) mRNA levels in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of the hypothalamus and also greatly stimulated the pituitary-adrenocortical system in rats. In this study, we deprived adrenalectomized rats with subcutaneously implanted low-dose corticosterone pellets (ADX + B) of food for 3 days to investigate the involvement of corticosteroid feedback regulation in the food deprivation-induced decrease in AVP mRNA in both the SON and the PVN. The plasma corticosterone levels in these animals were maintained at low levels constantly over 24 h. The ACTH concentration in the morning plasma was markedly increased in the food-deprived ADX + B rats as compared to the fed ADX + B rats. Food deprivation significantly decreased the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) content in the median eminence and increased the CRH and AVP content in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary. Semiquantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that AVP mRNA levels were decreased in the SON but, inversely, increased in magnocellular as well as parvocellular subdivisions of the PVN following food deprivation. These results suggest that: (1) AVP mRNA responds differently to food deprivation between the SON and the PVN; (2) the glucocorticoid feedback can exert on AVP mRNA in the PVN but not in the SON in the food-deprived rats; and (3) food deprivation affects the neurohypophysial levels of CRH and AVP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ogasa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Okayama University Medical School, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ugrumov MV. Developing hypothalamus in differentiation of neurosecretory neurons and in establishment of pathways for neurohormone transport. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1991; 129:207-67. [PMID: 1655671 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60512-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M V Ugrumov
- Institute of Developmental Biology, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Schlumpf M, Palacios JM, Cortes R, Lichtensteiger W. Regional development of muscarinic cholinergic binding sites in the prenatal rat brain. Neuroscience 1991; 45:347-57. [PMID: 1684836 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90232-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The ontogeny of muscarinic cholinergic binding sites was studied in rat fetal central nervous system by in vitro autoradiographic techniques using [3H]N-methyl scopolamine as ligand (1 nM). Nonspecific binding was determined after the addition of 1 microM atropine. The main findings of this study are the early appearance of muscarinic cholinergic binding sites in fetal rat central nervous system before gestational day 14, their subsequent spread in a caudofrontal direction and the rapid change of patterns within individual brain regions. Muscarinic cholinergic sites are present shortly after cell birth, though the time-lag between cell generation and expression of muscarinic sites differs between neuronal cell populations. High receptor densities are noted in certain brainstem nuclei that are important for early fetal and neonatal behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Schlumpf
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|