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Villarino NW, Hamed YMF, Ghosh B, Dubin AE, Lewis AH, Odem MA, Loud MC, Wang Y, Servin-Vences MR, Patapoutian A, Marshall KL. Labeling PIEZO2 activity in the peripheral nervous system. Neuron 2023; 111:2488-2501.e8. [PMID: 37321223 PMCID: PMC10527906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sensory neurons detect mechanical forces from both the environment and internal organs to regulate physiology. PIEZO2 is a mechanosensory ion channel critical for touch, proprioception, and bladder stretch sensation, yet its broad expression in sensory neurons suggests it has undiscovered physiological roles. To fully understand mechanosensory physiology, we must know where and when PIEZO2-expressing neurons detect force. The fluorescent styryl dye FM 1-43 was previously shown to label sensory neurons. Surprisingly, we find that the vast majority of FM 1-43 somatosensory neuron labeling in mice in vivo is dependent on PIEZO2 activity within the peripheral nerve endings. We illustrate the potential of FM 1-43 by using it to identify novel PIEZO2-expressing urethral neurons that are engaged by urination. These data reveal that FM 1-43 is a functional probe for mechanosensitivity via PIEZO2 activation in vivo and will facilitate the characterization of known and novel mechanosensory processes in multiple organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Villarino
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yasmeen M F Hamed
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Development, Disease Models, and Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Britya Ghosh
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Adrienne E Dubin
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amanda H Lewis
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Max A Odem
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Meaghan C Loud
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - M Rocio Servin-Vences
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ardem Patapoutian
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Kara L Marshall
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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2
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Anad A, Barker MK, Katanga JA, Arfanakis K, Bridges LR, Esiri MM, Isaacs JD, Prpar Mihevc S, Pereira AC, Schneider JA, Hainsworth AH. Vasculocentric Axonal NfH in Small Vessel Disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:182-192. [PMID: 35086142 PMCID: PMC8922195 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) causes lacunar stroke and vascular cognitive impairment in older people. The pathogenic pathways from vessel pathology to parenchymal damage in SVD are unknown. Neurofilaments are axonal structural proteins. Neurofilament-light (NfL) is an emerging biomarker for neurological disease. Here, we examined the high molecular weight form neurofilament-heavy (NfH) and quantified a characteristic pattern of peri-arterial (vasculocentric) NfH labeling. Subcortical frontal and parietal white matter from young adult controls, aged controls, and older people with SVD or severe Alzheimer disease (n = 52) was immunohistochemically labeled for hyperphosphorylated NfH (pNfH). The extent of pNfH immunolabeling and the degree of vasculocentric axonal pNfH were quantified. Axonal pNfH immunolabeling was sparse in young adults but a common finding in older persons (controls, SVD, or AD). Axonal pNfH was often markedly concentrated around small penetrating arteries. This vasculocentric feature was more common in older people with SVD than in those with severe AD (p = 0.004). We conclude that axonal pNfH is a feature of subcortical white matter in aged brains. Vasculocentric axonal pNfH is a novel parenchymal lesion that is co-located with SVD arteriopathy and could be a consequence of vessel pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Anad
- From the Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London, UK (AA, MKB, JAK, LRB, JDI, ACP, AHH)
| | - Miriam K Barker
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA (KA, JAS)
| | - Jessica A Katanga
- From the Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London, UK (AA, MKB, JAK, LRB, JDI, ACP, AHH)
| | - Konstantinos Arfanakis
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA (KA, JAS)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA (KA)
| | - Leslie R Bridges
- From the Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London, UK (AA, MKB, JAK, LRB, JDI, ACP, AHH)
- Department of Cellular Pathology, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (LRB)
| | - Margaret M Esiri
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK (MME)
| | - Jeremy D Isaacs
- From the Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London, UK (AA, MKB, JAK, LRB, JDI, ACP, AHH)
- Department of Neurology, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (JDI, ACP, AHH)
| | - Sonja Prpar Mihevc
- Institute for Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (SPM)
| | - Anthony C Pereira
- From the Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London, UK (AA, MKB, JAK, LRB, JDI, ACP, AHH)
- Department of Neurology, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (JDI, ACP, AHH)
| | - Julie A Schneider
- From the Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London, UK (AA, MKB, JAK, LRB, JDI, ACP, AHH)
| | - Atticus H Hainsworth
- From the Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London, UK (AA, MKB, JAK, LRB, JDI, ACP, AHH)
- Department of Neurology, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (JDI, ACP, AHH)
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3
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Kudo M, Wupuer S, Kubota S, Seki K. Distribution of Large and Small Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons in Common Marmosets. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:801492. [PMID: 34924967 PMCID: PMC8674680 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.801492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the size and distribution of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in non-human primates and to compare them with those of rodent DRG neurons. By measuring the size of NeuN-, NF200-, and peripherin-positive DRG neurons in the lumbar spinal cord of rats and marmosets, we found that the cell size distribution pattern was comparable in both species, although DRG neurons in marmosets were larger than those of rodents. This is the first demonstration that DRG neurons in marmosets have a bimodal size distribution, which has been well established in rodents and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeko Kudo
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Sidikejiang Wupuer
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Shinji Kubota
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seki
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
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Carozzi VA, Salio C, Rodriguez-Menendez V, Ciglieri E, Ferrini F. 2D <em>vs</em> 3D morphological analysis of dorsal root ganglia in health and painful neuropathy. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 34664808 PMCID: PMC8547168 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) are clusters of sensory neurons that transmit the sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system, and satellite glial cells (SGCs), their supporting trophic cells. Sensory neurons are pseudounipolar neurons with a heterogeneous neurochemistry reflecting their functional features. DRGs, not protected by the blood brain barrier, are vulnerable to stress and damage of different origin (i.e., toxic, mechanical, metabolic, genetic) that can involve sensory neurons, SGCs or, considering their intimate intercommunication, both cell populations. DRG damage, primary or secondary to nerve damage, produces a sensory peripheral neuropathy, characterized by neurophysiological abnormalities, numbness, paraesthesia and dysesthesia, tingling and burning sensations and neuropathic pain. DRG stress can be morphologically detected by light and electron microscope analysis with alterations in cell size (swelling/atrophy) and in different subcellular compartments (i.e., mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and nucleus) of neurons and/or SGCs. In addition, neurochemical changes can be used to portray abnormalities of neurons and SGC. Conventional immunostaining, i.e., immunohistochemical detection of specific molecules in tissue slices, can be employed to detect, localize and quantify particular markers of damage in neurons (i.e., nuclear expression of ATF3) or SGCs (i.e., increased expression of GFAP), markers of apoptosis (i.e., caspases), markers of mitochondrial suffering and oxidative stress (i.e., 8-OHdG), markers of tissue inflammation (i.e., CD68 for macrophage infiltration) etc. However classical (2D) methods of immunostaining disrupt the overall organization of the DRG, thus resulting in the loss of some crucial information. Whole-mount (3D) methods have been recently developed to investigate DRG morphology and neurochemistry without tissue slicing, giving the opportunity to study the intimate relationship between SGCs and sensory neurons in health and disease. Here, we aim to compare classical (2D) vs whole-mount (3D) approaches to highlight “pros” and “cons” of the two methodologies when analysing neuropathy-induced alterations in DRGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Alda Carozzi
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza (MB).
| | - Chiara Salio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO).
| | | | | | - Francesco Ferrini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO).
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Malavasi EL, Ghosh A, Booth DG, Zagnoni M, Sherman DL, Brophy PJ. Dynamic early clusters of nodal proteins contribute to node of Ranvier assembly during myelination of peripheral neurons. eLife 2021; 10:68089. [PMID: 34240706 PMCID: PMC8289411 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels cluster in macromolecular complexes at nodes of Ranvier to promote rapid nerve impulse conduction in vertebrate nerves. Node assembly in peripheral nerves is thought to be initiated at heminodes at the extremities of myelinating Schwann cells, and fusion of heminodes results in the establishment of nodes. Here we show that assembly of 'early clusters' of nodal proteins in the murine axonal membrane precedes heminode formation. The neurofascin (Nfasc) proteins are essential for node assembly, and the formation of early clusters also requires neuronal Nfasc. Early clusters are mobile and their proteins are dynamically recruited by lateral diffusion. They can undergo fusion not only with each other but also with heminodes, thus contributing to the development of nodes in peripheral axons. The formation of early clusters constitutes the earliest stage in peripheral node assembly and expands the repertoire of strategies that have evolved to establish these essential structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Lv Malavasi
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Aniket Ghosh
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel G Booth
- Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Zagnoni
- Centre for Microsystems & Photonics, Dept. Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde, United Kingdom
| | - Diane L Sherman
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Brophy
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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6
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Anderson MB, Curtis JT, Miller KE. Open-source method of image cytometry in dorsal root ganglia tissue with immunofluorescence. Anal Biochem 2021; 627:114184. [PMID: 33811851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a valuable tool in clinical and biological research for evaluating proteins and other antigens in spatially bound tissue. In neuroinflammatory pain research, primary afferent neurons of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) are studied to understand molecular signaling mechanisms involved in nociception (pain) and inflammation. Measuring IHC (immunofluorescence) in DRG neurons requires manual hand tracing of nuclear and somatic boundaries, which is laborious, error-prone, and may require several weeks to collect the appropriate sample size with a mouse or pen-input display monitor. To overcome these limitations and increase standardization of sampling and measurement, we employed a reliable neuronal cytoplasmic reporter, exclusive to DRG neuronal soma, in a semi-automated algorithm-based approach of Image Cytometry in rat DRG (IC-DRG). The resulting output images are binary nuclear and somatic masks of DRG neurons, defining boundaries of measurement for CellProfiler and manually scored at 94% accurate. Herein, we successfully show a novel approach of automated image analysis for DRG neurons using a robust ImageJ/FIJI script, overcoming morphological variability and imaging artifacts native to imaging frozen tissue sections processed with immunofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Anderson
- Michael Anderson, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Anatomy & Cell Biology, (E-453/461), 1111 W 17th St, Tulsa, OK, 74135, USA.
| | - J Thomas Curtis
- Michael Anderson, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Anatomy & Cell Biology, (E-453/461), 1111 W 17th St, Tulsa, OK, 74135, USA
| | - Kenneth E Miller
- Michael Anderson, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Anatomy & Cell Biology, (E-453/461), 1111 W 17th St, Tulsa, OK, 74135, USA
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7
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Lázár BA, Jancsó G, Sántha P. Modulation of Sensory Nerve Function by Insulin: Possible Relevance to Pain, Inflammation and Axon Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2507. [PMID: 32260335 PMCID: PMC7177741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin, besides its pivotal role in energy metabolism, may also modulate neuronal processes through acting on insulin receptors (InsRs) expressed by neurons of both the central and the peripheral nervous system. Recently, the distribution and functional significance of InsRs localized on a subset of multifunctional primary sensory neurons (PSNs) have been revealed. Systematic investigations into the cellular electrophysiology, neurochemistry and morphological traits of InsR-expressing PSNs indicated complex functional interactions among specific ion channels, proteins and neuropeptides localized in these neurons. Quantitative immunohistochemical studies have revealed disparate localization of the InsRs in somatic and visceral PSNs with a dominance of InsR-positive neurons innervating visceral organs. These findings suggested that visceral spinal PSNs involved in nociceptive and inflammatory processes are more prone to the modulatory effects of insulin than somatic PSNs. Co-localization of the InsR and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor with vasoactive neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P bears of crucial importance in the pathogenesis of inflammatory pathologies affecting visceral organs, such as the pancreas and the urinary bladder. Recent studies have also revealed significant novel aspects of the neurotrophic propensities of insulin with respect to axonal growth, development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gábor Jancsó
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (G.J.); (P.S.)
| | - Péter Sántha
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (G.J.); (P.S.)
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8
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Oga S, Goto K, Sakamoto J, Honda Y, Sasaki R, Ishikawa K, Kataoka H, Nakano J, Origuchi T, Okita M. Mechanisms underlying immobilization-induced muscle pain in rats. Muscle Nerve 2020; 61:662-670. [PMID: 32083755 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the mechanisms underlying immobilization-induced muscle pain in rats. METHODS In rat skeletal muscle, pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the gastrocnemius muscle was measured, and nerve growth factor (NGF) level, peripheral nerve fiber density, macrophage number, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA expression were examined. An NGF receptor inhibitor was injected intramuscularly to assess the relationship between PPT and NGF levels. RESULTS Immobilization resulted in a decrease in PPT and increases in NGF level, C-fiber density, M1 macrophage number, and IL-1β mRNA expression. Injection of NGF receptor inhibitor reversed the decrease in PPT. DISCUSSION NGF upregulation may be a major contributor to immobilization-induced muscle pain. The increases in C-fiber density, M1 macrophage number, and IL-1β mRNA expression may be related to immobilization-induced muscle pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Oga
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kyo Goto
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Junya Sakamoto
- Department of Physical Therapy Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Honda
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ryo Sasaki
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Juzenkai Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ishikawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Kataoka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jiro Nakano
- Department of Physical Therapy Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoki Origuchi
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Minoru Okita
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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9
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Lawson SN, Fang X, Djouhri L. Nociceptor subtypes and their incidence in rat lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRGs): focussing on C-polymodal nociceptors, Aβ-nociceptors, moderate pressure receptors and their receptive field depths. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 11:125-146. [PMID: 31956744 PMCID: PMC6959836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A recent study with Ca++-sensitive-dyes in neurons in whole DRGs (Table 5) found that much lower percentages of nociceptors were polymodal-nociceptors (PMNs) (Emery et al., 2016), than the 50-80% values in many electrophysiological fiber studies. This conflict highlighted the lack of knowledge about percentages of nociceptor-subtypes in the DRG. This was analysed from intracellularly-recorded neurons in rat lumbar DRGs stimulated from outside the skin. Polymodal nociceptors (PMNs) were 11% of all neurons and 19% of all nociceptors. Most PMNs had C-fibers (CPMNs). Percentages of C-nociceptors that were CPMNs varied with receptive field (RF) depths, whether superficial (∼80%), dermal (25%), deep (0%) or cutaneous (superficial + dermal) (40%). This explains CPMN percentages 40-90%, being highest, in electrophysiological studies using cutaneous nerves, and lowest in studies that also include deep RFs, including ours, and the recent Ca++-imaging studies in whole DRGs. Despite having been originally described in 1967 (Burgess and Perl), both Aβ-nociceptors and Aβ-moderate pressure receptors (MPRs) remain overlooked. Most A-fiber nociceptors in rodents have Aβ-fibers. Of rat lumbar Aβ-nociceptors with superficial RFs, 50% were MPRs with variable medium-low trkA-expression. Despite having conduction velocities at the two extremes for nociceptors, both CPMNs and MPRs have relatively low thresholds, superficial/epidermal RFs and low trkA-expression. For abbreviations used see Table 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally N Lawson
- The Physiology Department, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Xin Fang
- Qihan BioTech Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Laiche Djouhri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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10
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Identification of a Spinal Circuit for Mechanical and Persistent Spontaneous Itch. Neuron 2019; 103:1135-1149.e6. [PMID: 31324538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lightly stroking the lips or gently poking some skin regions can evoke mechanical itch in healthy human subjects. Sensitization of mechanical itch and persistent spontaneous itch are intractable symptoms in chronic itch patients. However, the underlying neural circuits are not well defined. We identified a subpopulation of excitatory interneurons expressing Urocortin 3::Cre (Ucn3+) in the dorsal spinal cord as a central node in the pathway that transmits acute mechanical itch and mechanical itch sensitization as well as persistent spontaneous itch under chronic itch conditions. This population receives peripheral inputs from Toll-like receptor 5-positive (TLR5+) Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors and is directly innervated by inhibitory interneurons expressing neuropeptide Y::Cre (NPY+) in the dorsal spinal cord. Reduced synaptic inhibition and increased intrinsic excitability of Ucn3+ neurons lead to chronic itch sensitization. Our study sheds new light on the neural basis of chronic itch and unveils novel avenues for developing mechanism-specific therapeutic advancements.
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11
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Gabelica M, Cavar J, Puljak L. Authors of trials from high-ranking anesthesiology journals were not willing to share raw data. J Clin Epidemiol 2019; 109:111-116. [PMID: 30738169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze data sharing practices among authors of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in seven high-ranking anesthesiology journals from 2014 to 2016. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We analyzed data sharing statements in 619 included RCTs and contacted their corresponding authors, asking them to share de-identified raw data from trial. RESULTS Of the 86 (14%) authors who responded to our query for data sharing, only 24 (4%) provided the requested data. Only one of those 24 had a data sharing statement in the published manuscript. Only 24 (4%) of manuscripts contained statements suggesting a willingness to share trial data; only one of those authors actually shared data. There was no difference in proportion of data sharing between studies with commercial and nonprofit funding. Among the 62 authors who refused to provide data, reasons were seldom provided. When reasons were provided, common themes included issues regarding data ownership and participant privacy. Only one of the seven analyzed journals encouraged authors toward data sharing. CONCLUSION Willingness to share data among anesthesiology RCTs is very low. To achieve widespread availability of de-identified trial data, journals should request their publication, as opposed to only encouraging authors to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Gabelica
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Split, Spinciceva 1, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Jakica Cavar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, EP1249 Exploration Place 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Livia Puljak
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Health Care, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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12
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Bae JY, Mun CJ, Kim YS, Ahn DK, Bae YC. Quantitative ultrastructural analysis of fibers expressing parvalbumin, calretinin, calbindin D-28k, stage specific embryonic antigen-4, and phosphorylated neurofilament 200 in the peripheral sensory root of the rat trigeminal ganglion. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2204-2214. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry; Kyungpook National University; Daegu South Korea
| | - Cheol Ju Mun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry; Kyungpook National University; Daegu South Korea
| | - Yun Sook Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry; Kyungpook National University; Daegu South Korea
| | - Dong Kuk Ahn
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry; Kyungpook National University; Daegu South Korea
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry; Kyungpook National University; Daegu South Korea
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13
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Difference of acute dissociation and 1-day culture on the electrophysiological properties of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. J Physiol Biochem 2018; 74:207-221. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-017-0606-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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de Moraes ER, Kushmerick C, Naves LA. Morphological and functional diversity of first-order somatosensory neurons. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:847-856. [PMID: 28889335 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
First-order somatosensory neurons transduce and convey information about the external or internal environment of the body to the central nervous system. They are pseudo unipolar neurons with cell bodies residing in one of several ganglia located near the central nervous system, with the short branch of the axon connecting to the spinal cord or the brain stem and the long branch extending towards the peripheral organ they innervate. Besides their sensory transducer and conductive role, somatosensory neurons also have trophic functions in the tissue they innervate and participate in local reflexes in the periphery. The cell bodies of these neurons are remarkably diverse in terms of size, molecular constitution, and electrophysiological properties. These parameters have provided criteria for classification that have proved useful to establish and study their functions. In this review, we discuss ways to measure and classify populations of neurons based on their size and action potential firing pattern. We also discuss attempts to relate the different populations to specific sensory modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder Ricardo de Moraes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Christopher Kushmerick
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lígia Araujo Naves
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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15
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Haskins W, Benitez S, Mercado JM, Acosta CG. Cutaneous inflammation regulates THIK1 expression in small C-like nociceptor dorsal root ganglion neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 83:13-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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16
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Pavlova G, Enblom A, Revishchin A, Sandelin M, Korochkin L, Kozlova EN. The Influence of Donor Age, Nerve Growth Factor, and Cografting with Drosophila Cells on Survival of Peripherally Grafted Embryonic or Fetal Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia. Cell Transplant 2017; 12:705-15. [PMID: 14653618 DOI: 10.3727/000000003108747325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that embryonic rat and human dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells survive grafting to the cavity of extirpated adult rat DRG. Furthermore, grafted human embryonic neurons were shown to send axons peripherally and into the spinal cord, where they establish functional synaptic connections. This study analyzed the survival of orthotopically allografted rat DRG cells from embryonic stages 15 (E15) and 20 (E20), and the influence on their survival of nerve growth factor (NGF). NGF was delivered to the DRG transplants either by pump infusion or by cotransplantation of cells from Drosophila melanogaster, transgenic for human NGF. Lumbar DRGs of adult rats were removed and a collection of E15 or E20 DRGs placed in the cavity. One month after grafting the total number of DRG cells in the grafts was counted. Differentiation of subpopulations of DRG cells was estimated by counting cells immunostained for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin isolectin B4 (GSA), or heavy neurofilament protein (antibody RT97). The results show: i) similar survival of E15 and E20 grafts, with great variability in the survival of different subpopulations in E15 transplants, but a more consistent distribution of different phenotypes in E20 transplants; ii) infusion of NGF for 2 weeks increases the survival of E15 transplants, but has a negative effect on E20 transplants; iii) Drosophila cells transfected with human NGF gene survive peripheral xenografting and have a positive effect on the survival of the GSA- and CGRP-positive populations in E15 and E20 transplants; iv) Drosophila cells without the human NGF gene increase cell survival in E20 transplants. These data suggest that i) the effect of NGF is dependent on the embryonic stage of the transplants, ii) age-dependent sensitivity to NGF influences graft survival, and iii) transgenic Drosophila cells can be cotransplanted with embryonic neural tissue to the mammalian peripheral nervous system with a positive effect on the survival of neural grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Pavlova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Russian Academy of Sciences
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17
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Takezawa K, Townsend G, Manavis J, Ghabriel M. Aberrant distribution of the trochlear nerve: A cadaveric study supported by immunohistochemistry. Ann Anat 2017; 213:1-7. [PMID: 28549557 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The trochlear nerve is generally considered to be a purely motor nerve supplying one extraocular muscle, the superior oblique. In the current study, 28 orbits were dissected and in one orbit (3.6%), the trochlear nerve divided into two main branches. The medial branch followed the classical course, entered the superior oblique muscle and was presumed to be motor in function. However, before entering the muscle, it partially fused with the frontal nerve, and gave a bundle of nerve fibres to the frontal nerve. The lateral branch gave a communication to the frontal nerve, travelled along the lacrimal nerve, received a branch from the lacrimal nerve then penetrated the lacrimal gland. The lateral branch was presumed to be sensory. Paraffin sections from the two branches were stained using immunohistochemistry. The two branches had different nerve fibre populations and showed distinct differences in neurofilament proteins (NFP) immuno-labelling. While both branches showed intense labelling for NFP-H, the lateral branch showed no staining or faint staining for NFP-M and NFP-L respectively, but the medial branch showed moderate labelling for both the NFP-M and NFP-L. Staining for substance P, a marker for nociceptive fibres, showed intense staining in a subset of fibres in the lateral branch, but no staining in the medial branch. Calcitonin gene-related peptide labelling was evident in some axons and some Schwann cells in the medial branch but widespread, weak and fine granular in the lateral branch. These findings indicate that, in some individuals (3.6%), the trochlear nerve may contain motor and sensory fibres, suggesting inter-nuclear communication within the brainstem during embryogenesis or mixing of nerve fibres in their extra-axial pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Takezawa
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia; Department of Anatomy, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, The Nippon Dental University, Niigata City 951-8580, Japan
| | - Grant Townsend
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Jim Manavis
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Mounir Ghabriel
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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18
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Sleigh JN, Dawes JM, West SJ, Wei N, Spaulding EL, Gómez-Martín A, Zhang Q, Burgess RW, Cader MZ, Talbot K, Yang XL, Bennett DL, Schiavo G. Trk receptor signaling and sensory neuron fate are perturbed in human neuropathy caused by Gars mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3324-E3333. [PMID: 28351971 PMCID: PMC5402433 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614557114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D (CMT2D) is a peripheral nerve disorder caused by dominant, toxic, gain-of-function mutations in the widely expressed, housekeeping gene, GARS The mechanisms underlying selective nerve pathology in CMT2D remain unresolved, as does the cause of the mild-to-moderate sensory involvement that distinguishes CMT2D from the allelic disorder distal spinal muscular atrophy type V. To elucidate the mechanism responsible for the underlying afferent nerve pathology, we examined the sensory nervous system of CMT2D mice. We show that the equilibrium between functional subtypes of sensory neuron in dorsal root ganglia is distorted by Gars mutations, leading to sensory defects in peripheral tissues and correlating with overall disease severity. CMT2D mice display changes in sensory behavior concordant with the afferent imbalance, which is present at birth and nonprogressive, indicating that sensory neuron identity is prenatally perturbed and that a critical developmental insult is key to the afferent pathology. Through in vitro experiments, mutant, but not wild-type, GlyRS was shown to aberrantly interact with the Trk receptors and cause misactivation of Trk signaling, which is essential for sensory neuron differentiation and development. Together, this work suggests that both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative mechanisms contribute to CMT2D pathogenesis, and thus has profound implications for the timing of future therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Sleigh
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom;
| | - John M Dawes
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J West
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Na Wei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Emily L Spaulding
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469
| | - Adriana Gómez-Martín
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Robert W Burgess
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469
| | - M Zameel Cader
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - David L Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom;
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19
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Sousa-Valente J, Varga A, Torres-Perez JV, Jenes A, Wahba J, Mackie K, Cravatt B, Ueda N, Tsuboi K, Santha P, Jancso G, Tailor H, Avelino A, Nagy I. Inflammation of peripheral tissues and injury to peripheral nerves induce differing effects in the expression of the calcium-sensitive N-arachydonoylethanolamine-synthesizing enzyme and related molecules in rat primary sensory neurons. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:1778-1796. [PMID: 27997038 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration induces the synthesis of N-arachydonoylethanolamine (anandamide) in a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons. N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) is the only known enzyme that synthesizes anandamide in a Ca2+ -dependent manner. NAPE-PLD mRNA as well as anandamide's main targets, the excitatory transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 ion channel (TRPV1), the inhibitory cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor, and the main anandamide-hydrolyzing enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), are all expressed by subpopulations of nociceptive primary sensory neurons. Thus, NAPE-PLD, TRPV1, the CB1 receptor, and FAAH could form an autocrine signaling system that could shape the activity of a major subpopulation of nociceptive primary sensory neurons, contributing to the development of pain. Although the expression patterns of TRPV1, the CB1 receptor, and FAAH have been comprehensively elucidated, little is known about NAPE-PLD expression in primary sensory neurons under physiological and pathological conditions. This study shows that NAPE-PLD is expressed by about one-third of primary sensory neurons, the overwhelming majority of which also express nociceptive markers as well as the CB1 receptor, TRPV1, and FAAH. Inflammation of peripheral tissues and injury to peripheral nerves induce differing but concerted changes in the expression pattern of NAPE-PLD, the CB1 receptor, TRPV1, and FAAH. Together these data indicate the existence of the anatomical basis for an autocrine signaling system in a major proportion of nociceptive primary sensory neurons and that alterations in that autocrine signaling by peripheral pathologies could contribute to the development of both inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Sousa-Valente
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Angelika Varga
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, H-4012, Hungary
| | - Jose Vicente Torres-Perez
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Agnes Jenes
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, H-4012, Hungary
| | - John Wahba
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomedical Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
| | - Benjamin Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsuboi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Peter Santha
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabor Jancso
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hiren Tailor
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - António Avelino
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina do Porto, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.,I3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, IBMC Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Istvan Nagy
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
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20
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Benitez S, Seltzer A, Acosta C. Nociceptor-like rat dorsal root ganglion neurons express the angiotensin-II AT2 receptor throughout development. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 56:10-17. [PMID: 27825832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AT2 receptor (AT2R) plays a functional role in foetal development. Its expression declines in most tissues soon after birth but stays high in sensory areas of the adult nervous system. In the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) the expression pattern of AT2R during development and the identity of the subpopulation expressing it remain unknown. Using a combination of semi-quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry we examined the expression of AT2R at mRNA and protein levels in rat DRGs from embryonic day 15 (E15) until postnatal day 30 (PN30). We found that both AT2R mRNA and protein levels exhibited only minor (statistically non-significant) fluctuations from E15 to PN30. Detailed quantitative analysis of ABC/DAB AT2R staining showed a) that the receptor was present in most neurons at E15 and E18 and b) that postnatally it was predominantly expressed by small DRG neurons. Given that small neurons are putative C-nociceptors and the proposed role of AT2R in neuropathic pain, we next examined whether these AT2R-positive neurons co-localized with Ret and trkA embryonically and with IB4-binding postnatally. Most AT2R-positive neurons expressed trkA embryonically and bound IB4 postnatally. We found strong positive statistically highly significant correlations between AT2R cytoplasmic%intensities and trkA at E15/E18 and with Ret only at E18. Cytoplasmic AT2R also strongly and positively correlated with IB4-binding at PN3, 15 and 30. Our demonstration that a subpopulation of C-nociceptor-like neurons expresses AT2R during development supports a role for this receptor in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Benitez
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alicia Seltzer
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Cristian Acosta
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina.
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21
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West S, Bannister K, Dickenson A, Bennett D. Circuitry and plasticity of the dorsal horn – Toward a better understanding of neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 2015; 300:254-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Duan W, Zhang YP, Hou Z, Huang C, Zhu H, Zhang CQ, Yin Q. Novel Insights into NeuN: from Neuronal Marker to Splicing Regulator. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1637-1647. [PMID: 25680637 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal nuclei (NeuN) is a well-recognized "marker" that is detected exclusively in post-mitotic neurons and was initially identified through an immunological screen to produce neuron-specific antibodies. Immunostaining evidence indicates that NeuN is distributed in the nuclei of mature neurons in nearly all parts of the vertebrate nervous system. NeuN is highly conserved among species and is stably expressed during specific stages of development. Therefore, NeuN has been considered to be a reliable marker of mature neurons for the past two decades. However, this role has been challenged by recent studies indicating that NeuN staining is variable and even absent during certain diseases and specific physiological states. More importantly, despite the widespread use of the anti-NeuN antibody, the natural identity of the NeuN protein remained elusive for 17 years. NeuN was recently eventually identified as an epitope of Rbfox3, which is a novel member of the Rbfox1 family of splicing factors. This identification might provide a novel perspective on NeuN expression during both physiological and pathological conditions. This review summarizes the current progress on the biochemical identity and biological significance of NeuN and recommends caution when applying NeuN immunoreactivity as a definitive marker of mature neurons in certain diseases and specific physiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Duan
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ping Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,The Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Prokineticin 2 upregulation in the peripheral nervous system has a major role in triggering and maintaining neuropathic pain in the chronic constriction injury model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:301292. [PMID: 25685780 PMCID: PMC4313068 DOI: 10.1155/2015/301292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The new chemokine Prokineticin 2 (PROK2) and its receptors (PKR1 and PKR2) have a role in inflammatory pain and immunomodulation. Here we identified PROK2 as a critical mediator of neuropathic pain in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in mice and demonstrated that blocking the prokineticin receptors with two PKR1-preferring antagonists (PC1 and PC7) reduces pain and nerve damage. PROK2 mRNA expression was upregulated in the injured nerve since day 3 post injury (dpi) and in the ipsilateral DRG since 6 dpi. PROK2 protein overexpression was evident in Schwann Cells, infiltrating macrophages and axons in the peripheral nerve and in the neuronal bodies and some satellite cells in the DRG. Therapeutic treatment of neuropathic mice with the PKR-antagonist, PC1, impaired the PROK2 upregulation and signalling. This fact, besides alleviating pain, brought down the burden of proinflammatory cytokines in the damaged nerve and prompted an anti-inflammatory repair program. Such a treatment also reduced intraneural oedema and axon degeneration as demonstrated by the physiological skin innervation and thickness conserved in CCI-PC1 mice. These findings suggest that PROK2 plays a crucial role in neuropathic pain and might represent a novel target of treatment for this disease.
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24
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Bae JY, Kim JH, Cho YS, Mah W, Bae YC. Quantitative analysis of afferents expressing substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, isolectin B4, neurofilament 200, and Peripherin in the sensory root of the rat trigeminal ganglion. J Comp Neurol 2014; 523:126-38. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University; Daegu 700-412 South Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University; Daegu 700-412 South Korea
| | - Yi Sul Cho
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University; Daegu 700-412 South Korea
| | - Won Mah
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University; Daegu 700-412 South Korea
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University; Daegu 700-412 South Korea
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25
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Athippozhy A, Lehrberg J, Monaghan JR, Gardiner DM, Voss SR. Characterization of in vitro transcriptional responses of dorsal root ganglia cultured in the presence and absence of blastema cells from regenerating salamander limbs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1:1-10. [PMID: 25750744 PMCID: PMC4349419 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During salamander limb regeneration, nerves provide signals that induce the formation of a mass of proliferative cells called the blastema. To better understand these signals, we developed a blastema−dorsal root ganglia (DRG) co‐culture model system to test the hypothesis that nerves differentially express genes in response to cues provided by the blastema. DRG with proximal and distal nerve trunks were isolated from axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum), cultured for 5 days, and subjected to microarray analysis. Relative to freshly isolated DRG, 1541 Affymetrix probe sets were identified as differentially expressed and many of the predicted genes are known to function in injury and neurodevelopmental responses observed for mammalian DRG. We then cultured 5‐day DRG explants for an additional 5 days with or without co‐cultured blastema cells. On day 10, we identified 27 genes whose expression in cultured DRG was significantly affected by the presence or absence of blastema cells. Overall, our study established a DRG−blastema in vitro culture system and identified candidate genes for future investigations of axon regrowth, nerve−blastema signaling, and neural regulation of limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Athippozhy
- Department of Biology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Jeffrey Lehrberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - James R Monaghan
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David M Gardiner
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - S Randal Voss
- Department of Biology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
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26
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Rau KK, Petruska JC, Cooper BY, Johnson RD. Distinct subclassification of DRG neurons innervating the distal colon and glans penis/distal urethra based on the electrophysiological current signature. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:1392-408. [PMID: 24872531 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00560.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal sensory neurons innervating visceral and mucocutaneous tissues have unique microanatomic distribution, peripheral modality, and physiological, pharmacological, and biophysical characteristics compared with those neurons that innervate muscle and cutaneous tissues. In previous patch-clamp electrophysiological studies, we have demonstrated that small- and medium-diameter dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons can be subclassified on the basis of their patterns of voltage-activated currents (VAC). These VAC-based subclasses were highly consistent in their action potential characteristics, responses to algesic compounds, immunocytochemical expression patterns, and responses to thermal stimuli. For this study, we examined the VAC of neurons retrogradely traced from the distal colon and the glans penis/distal urethra in the adult male rat. The afferent population from the distal colon contained at least two previously characterized cell types observed in somatic tissues (types 5 and 8), as well as four novel cell types (types 15, 16, 17, and 18). In the glans penis/distal urethra, two previously described cell types (types 6 and 8) and three novel cell types (types 7, 14, and 15) were identified. Other characteristics, including action potential profiles, responses to algesic compounds (acetylcholine, capsaicin, ATP, and pH 5.0 solution), and neurochemistry (expression of substance P, CGRP, neurofilament, TRPV1, TRPV2, and isolectin B4 binding) were consistent for each VAC-defined subgroup. With identification of distinct DRG cell types that innervate the distal colon and glans penis/distal urethra, future in vitro studies related to the gastrointestinal and urogenital sensory function in normal as well as abnormal/pathological conditions may be benefitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristofer K Rau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville College of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jeffrey C Petruska
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, Department of Neurological Surgery, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville College of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Brian Y Cooper
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Neuroscience, J. Hillis Miller Health Center, University of Florida College of Dentistry and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Richard D Johnson
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida
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Richner M, Ulrichsen M, Elmegaard SL, Dieu R, Pallesen LT, Vaegter CB. Peripheral nerve injury modulates neurotrophin signaling in the peripheral and central nervous system. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:945-70. [PMID: 24752592 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8706-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury disrupts the normal functions of sensory and motor neurons by damaging the integrity of axons and Schwann cells. In contrast to the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system possesses a considerable capacity for regrowth, but regeneration is far from complete and functional recovery rarely returns to pre-injury levels. During development, the peripheral nervous system strongly depends upon trophic stimulation for neuronal differentiation, growth and maturation. The perhaps most important group of trophic substances in this context is the neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4/5), which signal in a complex spatial and timely manner via the two structurally unrelated p75(NTR) and tropomyosin receptor kinase (TrkA, Trk-B and Trk-C) receptors. Damage to the adult peripheral nerves induces cellular mechanisms resembling those active during development, resulting in a rapid and robust increase in the synthesis of neurotrophins in neurons and Schwann cells, guiding and supporting regeneration. Furthermore, the injury induces neurotrophin-mediated changes in the dorsal root ganglia and in the spinal cord, which affect the modulation of afferent sensory signaling and eventually may contribute to the development of neuropathic pain. The focus of this review is on the expression patterns of neurotrophins and their receptors in neurons and glial cells of the peripheral nervous system and the spinal cord. Furthermore, injury-induced changes of expression patterns and the functional consequences in relation to axonal growth and remyelination as well as to neuropathic pain development will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Richner
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership, and Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Niu J, Vysochan A, Luo W. Dual innervation of neonatal Merkel cells in mouse touch domes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92027. [PMID: 24637732 PMCID: PMC3956869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell-neurite complexes are specialized mechanosensory end organs that mediate discriminative touch sensation. It is well established that type I slowly adapting (SAI) mechanoreceptors, which express neural filament heavy chain (NFH), innervate Merkel cells. It was previously shown that neurotrophic factor NT3 and its receptor TrkC play crucial roles in controlling touch dome Merkel cell innervation of NFH+ fibers. In addition, nerve fibers expressing another neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK), Ret, innervate touch dome Merkel cells as well. However, the relationship between afferents responsive to NT3/TrkC signaling and those expressing Ret is unclear. It is also controversial if these Ret+ fibers belong to the early or late Ret+ DRG neurons, which are defined based on the co-expression and developmental dependence of TrkA. To address these questions, we genetically traced Ret+ and TrkC+ fibers and analyzed their developmental dependence on TrkA. We found that Merkel cells in neonatal mouse touch domes receive innervation of two types of fibers: one group is Ret+, while the other subset expresses TrkC and NFH. In addition, Ret+ fibers depend on TrkA for their survival and normal innervation whereas NFH+ Merkel cell innervating fibers are almost unaltered in TrkA mutant mice, supporting that Ret+ and NFH+/TrkC+ afferents are two distinct groups. Ret signaling, on the other hand, plays a minor role for the innervation of neonatal touch domes. In contrast, Merkel cells in the glabrous skin are mainly contacted by NFH+/TrkC+ afferents. Taken together, our results suggest that neonatal Merkel cells around hair follicles receive dual innervation while Merkel cells in the glabrous skin are mainly innervated by only SAI mechanoreceptors. In addition, our results suggest that neonatal Ret+ Merkel cell innervating fibers most likely belong to the late but not early Ret+ DRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Niu
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anna Vysochan
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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TREK2 expressed selectively in IB4-binding C-fiber nociceptors hyperpolarizes their membrane potentials and limits spontaneous pain. J Neurosci 2014; 34:1494-509. [PMID: 24453337 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4528-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ongoing/spontaneous pain behavior is associated with ongoing/spontaneous firing (SF) in adult DRG C-fiber nociceptors (Djouhri et al., 2006). Causes of this SF are not understood. We show here that conducting (sometimes called uninjured) C-nociceptors in neuropathic pain models with more hyperpolarized resting membrane potentials (Ems) have lower SF rates. Understanding the control of their Ems may therefore be important for limiting pathological pain. We report that TREK2, a leak K(+) channel, is selectively expressed in IB4 binding rat C-nociceptors. These IB4(+) C-neurons are ∼10 mV more hyperpolarized than IB4(-) C-neurons in vivo (Fang et al., 2006). TREK2 knockdown by siRNA in these neurons in culture depolarized them by ∼10 mV, suggesting that TREK2 is responsible for this ∼10 mV difference. In vivo, more hyperpolarized C-nociceptor Ems were associated with higher cytoplasmic edge-TREK2 expression (edge-TREK2). Edge-TREK2 decreased in C-neurons 7 d after axotomy, and their Ems depolarized by ∼10 mV. This again supports a contribution of TREK2 to their Ems. These relationships between (1) Em and TREK2, (2) SF rate and Em, and (3) spontaneous pain behavior and C-nociceptor SF rate suggested that TREK2 knockdown might increase spontaneous pain. After CFA-induced inflammation, spontaneous foot lifting (a measure of spontaneous pain) was (1) greater in rats with naturally lower TREK2 in ipsilateral small DRG neurons and (2) increased by siRNA-induced TREK2 knockdown in vivo. We conclude that TREK2 hyperpolarizes IB4 binding C-nociceptors and limits pathological spontaneous pain. Similar TREK2 distributions in small DRG neurons of several species suggest that these role(s) of TREK2 may be widespread.
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Sekino Y, Nakano J, Hamaue Y, Chuganji S, Sakamoto J, Yoshimura T, Origuchi T, Okita M. Sensory hyperinnervation and increase in NGF, TRPV1 and P2X3expression in the epidermis following cast immobilization in rats. Eur J Pain 2013; 18:639-48. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Sekino
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science; Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Japan
| | - J. Nakano
- Department of Physical Therapy Science; Unit of Physical and Occupational Therapy Sciences; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biochemical Sciences; Japan
| | - Y. Hamaue
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science; Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Japan
| | - S. Chuganji
- Department of Physical Therapy Science; Unit of Physical and Occupational Therapy Sciences; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biochemical Sciences; Japan
| | - J. Sakamoto
- Department of Rehabilitation; Nagasaki University Hospital; Japan
| | - T. Yoshimura
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science; Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Japan
| | - T. Origuchi
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science; Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Japan
| | - M. Okita
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science; Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Japan
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Bosco R, Alvarado S, Quiroz D, Eblen-Zajjur A. Digital Morphometric Characterization of Lumbar Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons in Rats. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.2010.33.3.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Teramoto K, Tsuboi Y, Shinoda M, Hitomi S, Abe K, Kaji K, Tamagawa T, Suzuki A, Noma N, Kobayashi M, Komiyama O, Urata K, Iwata K. Changes in expression of growth-associated protein-43 in trigeminal ganglion neurons and of the jaw opening reflex following inferior alveolar nerve transection in rats. Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 121:86-91. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Teramoto
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation; Nihon University School of Dentistry; Tokyo; Japan
| | | | | | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Division of Physiology; Kyushu Dental University; Fukuoka; Japan
| | - Kimiko Abe
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation; Nihon University School of Dentistry; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Kaori Kaji
- Department of Orthodontics; Nihon University School of Dentistry; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Takaaki Tamagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Nihon University School of Dentistry; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Azumi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Nihon University School of Dentistry; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Noboru Noma
- Department of Oral Diagnosis; Nihon University School of Dentistry; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Masayuki Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology; Nihon University School of Dentistry; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Osamu Komiyama
- Department of Oral Function and Rehabilitation; Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo; Chiba; Japan
| | - Kentaro Urata
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics; Nihon University School of Dentistry; Tokyo; Japan
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Acosta C, McMullan S, Djouhri L, Gao L, Watkins R, Berry C, Dempsey K, Lawson SN. HCN1 and HCN2 in Rat DRG neurons: levels in nociceptors and non-nociceptors, NT3-dependence and influence of CFA-induced skin inflammation on HCN2 and NT3 expression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50442. [PMID: 23236374 PMCID: PMC3517619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ih, which influences neuronal excitability, has recently been measured in vivo in sensory neuron subtypes in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). However, expression levels of HCN (hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated) channel proteins that underlie Ih were unknown. We therefore examined immunostaining of the most abundant isoforms in DRGs, HCN1 and HCN2 in these neuron subtypes. This immunostaining was cytoplasmic and membrane-associated (ring). Ring-staining for both isoforms was in neurofilament-rich A-fiber neurons, but not in small neurofilament-poor C-fiber neurons, although some C-neurons showed cytoplasmic HCN2 staining. We recorded intracellularly from DRG neurons in vivo, determined their sensory properties (nociceptive or low-threshold-mechanoreceptive, LTM) and conduction velocities (CVs). We then injected fluorescent dye enabling subsequent immunostaining. For each dye-injected neuron, ring- and cytoplasmic-immunointensities were determined relative to maximum ring-immunointensity. Both HCN1- and HCN2-ring-immunointensities were positively correlated with CV in both nociceptors and LTMs; they were high in Aβ-nociceptors and Aα/β-LTMs. High HCN1 and HCN2 levels in Aα/β-neurons may, via Ih, influence normal non-painful (e.g. touch and proprioceptive) sensations as well as nociception and pain. HCN2-, not HCN1-, ring-intensities were higher in muscle spindle afferents (MSAs) than in all other neurons. The previously reported very high Ih in MSAs may relate to their very high HCN2. In normal C-nociceptors, low HCN1 and HCN2 were consistent with their low/undetectable Ih. In some C-LTMs HCN2-intensities were higher than in C-nociceptors. Together, HCN1 and HCN2 expressions reflect previously reported Ih magnitudes and properties in neuronal subgroups, suggesting these isoforms underlie Ih in DRG neurons. Expression of both isoforms was NT3-dependent in cultured DRG neurons. HCN2-immunostaining in small neurons increased 1 day after cutaneous inflammation (CFA-induced) and recovered by 4 days. This could contribute to acute inflammatory pain. HCN2-immunostaining in large neurons decreased 4 days after CFA, when NT3 was decreased in the DRG. Thus HCN2-expression control differs between large and small neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Acosta
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Simon McMullan
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laiche Djouhri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahssa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Linlin Gao
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Roger Watkins
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Berry
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Dempsey
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sally N. Lawson
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Russo D, Clavenzani P, Sorteni C, Bo Minelli L, Botti M, Gazza F, Panu R, Ragionieri L, Chiocchetti R. Neurochemical features of boar lumbosacral dorsal root ganglion neurons and characterization of sensory neurons innervating the urinary bladder trigone. J Comp Neurol 2012; 521:342-66. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Soares JC, Francia-Farje LAD, Horta-Junior JAC, Matheus SMM. Morphological and morphometric study of the opossum's dorsal root ganglia neurons. Somatosens Mot Res 2012; 29:45-51. [PMID: 22500566 DOI: 10.3109/08990220.2012.662183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The ultrastructural characteristics and the morphometric evaluation of the different types of neurons present in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of the South American opossum (Didelphis albiventris) were studied. Four adult male animals were used and the neurons from cervical and lumbar DRG were removed and processed for histological and transmission electron microscopy observations. The morphometric data were obtained from serial sections stained by H/E and Masson's trichrome. The number of neurons in cervical and lumbar DRG was 22 300 and 31 000, respectively. About 68% of the cervical neurons and 62.5% of the lumbar neurons presented areas up to 1300 µm(2) and were considered as the small neurons of the DRG. The ultrastructural observations revealed two morphological types of neurons: clear large neurons and dark small neurons. The nuclei of both cell types are spherical and the chromatin is disperse and rarefected. The cytoplasm of the dark small neuron is more electron dense and shows a regular distribution of small mitochondria and many rough reticulum cisterns in the periphery. A small Golgi apparatus was close to the nucleus and many disperse neurofilaments occupy most parts of the cytoplasm. Smooth reticulum cisterns are rare and lipofucsin-like inclusions are present at some points. In the clear large neurons, the organelles are homogenously scattered through the cytoplasm. The neurofilaments are close packed forming bundles and small mitochondria and rough reticulum cisterns are disperse. Lipofucsin-like inclusions are more frequent in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Soares
- Department of Anatomy, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Russo D, Castellani G, Chiocchetti R. Expression of high-molecular-mass neurofilament protein in horse (Equus caballus) spinal ganglion neurons. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 75:626-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.21102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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XIA CM, COLOMB DG, AKBARALI HI, QIAO LY. Prolonged sympathetic innervation of sensory neurons in rat thoracolumbar dorsal root ganglia during chronic colitis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:801-e339. [PMID: 21605284 PMCID: PMC3282529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral irritation-induced sensory plasticity may involve catecholaminergic innervation of sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). METHODS Catecholaminergic fiber outgrowth in the thoracolumbar DRG (T13-L2) was examined by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining, or by sucrose-potassium phosphate-glyoxylic acid histofluorescence method. TH level was examined by Western blot. Colonic afferent neurons were labeled by retrograde neuronal tracing. Colitis was induced by intracolonic instillation of tri-nitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). KEY RESULTS The catecholaminergic fibers formed 'basket-like' structures around the DRG cells. At 7 days following TNBS treatment, the number of DRG neurons surrounded by TH-immunoreactive fibers and the protein levels of TH were significantly increased in T13, L1, and L2 DRGs (two- to threefold, P < 0.05). The DRG neurons that were surrounded by TH immunoreactivity were 200 kDa neurofilament-positive, but not isolectin IB4-positive or calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive. The TH-immunoreactive fibers did not surround but adjoin the specifically labeled colonic afferent neurons, and was co-localized with glial marker S-100. Comparison of the level of TH and the severity of colonic inflammation showed that following TNBS treatment, the degree of colonic inflammation was most severe at day 3, subsided at day 7, and significantly recovered by day 21. However, the levels of TH in T13-L2 DRGs were increased at both 3 days and 7 days post TNBS treatment and persisted up to 21 days (two- to fivefold increase, P < 0.05) as examined. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Colonic inflammation induced prolonged catecholaminergic innervation of sensory neurons, which may have relevance to colitis-induced chronic visceral hypersensitivity and/or referred pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.-M. XIA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - D. G. COLOMB
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - H. I. AKBARALI
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - L.-Y. QIAO
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
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Abstract
AbstractThe peripheral nervous system (PNS) has classically been separated into a somatic division composed of both afferent and efferent pathways and an autonomic division containing only efferents. J. N. Langley, who codified this asymmetrical plan at the beginning of the twentieth century, considered different afferents, including visceral ones, as candidates for inclusion in his concept of the “autonomic nervous system” (ANS), but he finally excluded all candidates for lack of any distinguishing histological markers. Langley's classification has been enormously influential in shaping modern ideas about both the structure and the function of the PNS. We survey recent information about the PNS and argue that many of the sensory neurons designated as “visceral” and “somatic” are in fact part of a histologically distinct group of afferents concerned primarily autonomic function. These afferents have traditionally been known as “small dark” neurons or B-neurons. In this target article we outline an association between autonomic and B-neurons based on ontogeny, cell phenotype, and functional relations, grouping them together as part of a common reflex system involved in homeostasis. This more parsimonious classification of the PNS, made possible by the identification of a group of afferents associated primarily with the ANS, avoids a number of confusions produced by the classical orientation. It may also have practical implications for an understanding of nociception, homeostatic reflexes, and the evolution of the nervous system.
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Capsaicin-sensitive chemoceptive B-afferents: A neural system with dual sensory-efferent function. Behav Brain Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00078924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Capsaicin-sensitivity and the sensory vagus: Do these exceptions prove or disprove the B-neuron rule for autonomic afferents? Behav Brain Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00078912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Russo D, Bombardi C, Castellani G, Chiocchetti R. Characterization of spinal ganglion neurons in horse (Equus caballus). A morphometric, neurochemical and tracing study. Neuroscience 2011; 176:53-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liu H, Wang L, Li H, Liu Z, Wang H, Li Z. Formation of neuromuscular junction-like structure between primary sensory terminals and skeletal muscle cells in vitro. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:472-8. [PMID: 21337712 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sensory nerve cross-anastomosis provides a modified trophic environment by modulating neurotrophic factor synthesis in muscle. Target tissues contribute to the phenotype and function of sensory neurons. Whether formation of neuromuscular junction (NMJ)-like structure between sensory neurons and skeletal muscle (SKM) cells in vitro remains unknown. In this study, a neuromuscular coculture model of dissociated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and SKM cells was established. The relationship between DRG neurons and SKM cells was observed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that: (1) DRG neuronal axons frequently terminated on or adhered to the SKM cells; (2) the crossing axons adhered to each other, hence displacement of the terminal axons on the contracting SKM cells would also oscillate the proximally crossing axonal network; (3) the configurations of the axon terminal observed by SEM were variable in different culture conditions; (4) the enlarged nerve endings terminated on the surface of SKM cells which formed NMJ-like structure. These results offered new clues for a better understanding of the relationship between sensory neurons and SKM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, China
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Peleshok JC, Ribeiro-da-Silva A. Delayed reinnervation by nonpeptidergic nociceptive afferents of the glabrous skin of the rat hindpaw in a neuropathic pain model. J Comp Neurol 2010; 519:49-63. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Coste B, Mathur J, Schmidt M, Earley TJ, Ranade S, Petrus MJ, Dubin AE, Patapoutian A. Piezo1 and Piezo2 are essential components of distinct mechanically activated cation channels. Science 2010; 330:55-60. [PMID: 20813920 PMCID: PMC3062430 DOI: 10.1126/science.1193270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1808] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli drive many physiological processes, including touch and pain sensation, hearing, and blood pressure regulation. Mechanically activated (MA) cation channel activities have been recorded in many cells, but the responsible molecules have not been identified. We characterized a rapidly adapting MA current in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line. Expression profiling and RNA interference knockdown of candidate genes identified Piezo1 (Fam38A) to be required for MA currents in these cells. Piezo1 and related Piezo2 (Fam38B) are vertebrate multipass transmembrane proteins with homologs in invertebrates, plants, and protozoa. Overexpression of mouse Piezo1 or Piezo2 induced two kinetically distinct MA currents. Piezos are expressed in several tissues, and knockdown of Piezo2 in dorsal root ganglia neurons specifically reduced rapidly adapting MA currents. We propose that Piezos are components of MA cation channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Coste
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jayanti Mathur
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Manuela Schmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Taryn J. Earley
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sanjeev Ranade
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Matt J. Petrus
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Adrienne E. Dubin
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ardem Patapoutian
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121
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