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Arias-Montecino A, Sykes A, Álvarez-Hernán G, de Mera-Rodríguez JA, Calle-Guisado V, Martín-Partido G, Rodríguez-León J, Francisco-Morcillo J. Histological and scanning electron microscope observations on the developing retina of the cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758). Tissue Cell 2024; 88:102417. [PMID: 38820948 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
In this work we present a detailed study of the major events during retinal histogenesis of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis from early embryos to newly hatched animals and juveniles. For this purpose, we carried out morphometric and histological analyses using light and scanning electron microscopy. From St19, the first embryonic stage analysed, to St23/24 the embryonic retina is composed of a pseudostratified epithelium showing abundant mitotic figures in the more internal surface. At St24 the first photoreceptor nuclei appear in the presumptive inner segment layer, while an incipient layer of apical processes of the future rhabdomeric layer become visible at St25. From this stage onwards, both the rhabdomeric layer and the inner segment layer increase in size until postnatal ages. In contrast, the width of the supporting cell layer progressively decreases from St25/26 until postnatal ages. S. officinalis embryos hatched in a morphologically advanced state, showing a differentiated retina even in the last stages of the embryonic period. However, features of immaturity are still observable in the retinal tissue during the first postnatal weeks of life, such as the existence of mitotic figures in the apical region of the supporting cell layer and migrating nuclei of differentiating photoreceptors crossing the basal membrane to reach their final location in the inner segment layer. Therefore, postnatal retinal neurogenesis is present in juvenile specimens of S. officinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Arias-Montecino
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
| | - Antonio Sykes
- Center of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Guadalupe Álvarez-Hernán
- Área de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain.
| | - José Antonio de Mera-Rodríguez
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
| | - Violeta Calle-Guisado
- Área de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
| | - Gervasio Martín-Partido
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-León
- Área de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
| | - Javier Francisco-Morcillo
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
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Bonadè M, Ogura A, Corre E, Bassaglia Y, Bonnaud-Ponticelli L. Diversity of Light Sensing Molecules and Their Expression During the Embryogenesis of the Cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis). Front Physiol 2020; 11:521989. [PMID: 33117186 PMCID: PMC7553075 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.521989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eyes morphologies may differ but those differences are not reflected at the molecular level. Indeed, the ability to perceive light is thought to come from the same conserved gene families: opsins and cryptochromes. Even though cuttlefish (Cephalopoda) are known for their visually guided behaviors, there is a lack of data about the different opsins and cryptochromes orthologs represented in the genome and their expressions. Here we studied the evolutionary history of opsins, cryptochromes but also visual arrestins in molluscs with an emphasis on cephalopods. We identified 6 opsins, 2 cryptochromes and 1 visual arrestin in Sepia officinalis and we showed these families undergo several duplication events in Mollusca: one duplication in the arrestin family and two in the opsin family. In cuttlefish, we studied the temporal expression of these genes in the eyes of embryos from stage 23 to hatching and their expression in two extraocular tissues, skin and central nervous system (CNS = brain + optic lobes). We showed in embryos that some of these genes (Sof_CRY6, Sof_reti-1, Sof_reti-2, Sof_r-opsin1 and Sof_v-arr) are expressed in the eyes and not in the skin or CNS. By looking at a juvenile and an adult S. officinalis, it seems that some of these genes (Sof_r-opsin1 and Sof_reti1) are used for light detection in these extraocular tissues but that they set-up later in development than in the eyes. We also showed that their expression (except for Sof_CRY6) undergoes an increase in the eyes from stage 25 to 28 thus confirming their role in the ability of the cuttlefish embryos to perceive light through the egg capsule. This study raises the question of the role of Sof_CRY6 in the developing eyes in cuttlefish embryos and the role and localization of xenopsins and r-opsin2. Consequently, the diversity of molecular actors involved in light detection both in the eyes and extraocular tissues is higher than previously known. These results open the way for studying new molecules such as those of the signal transduction cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Bonadè
- Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Française (FRE2030), Université de Caen Normandie, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD 207), Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Atsushi Ogura
- Department of Computer Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
| | - Erwan Corre
- Station biologique de Roscoff, plateforme ABiMS, FR2424 CNRS-Sorbonne Université (UPMC), Roscoff, France
| | - Yann Bassaglia
- Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Française (FRE2030), Université de Caen Normandie, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD 207), Université des Antilles, Paris, France.,Université Paris Est Créteil-Val de Marne (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli
- Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Française (FRE2030), Université de Caen Normandie, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD 207), Université des Antilles, Paris, France
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Imarazene B, Andouche A, Bassaglia Y, Lopez PJ, Bonnaud-Ponticelli L. Eye Development in Sepia officinalis Embryo: What the Uncommon Gene Expression Profiles Tell Us about Eye Evolution. Front Physiol 2017; 8:613. [PMID: 28883798 PMCID: PMC5573735 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In metazoans, there is a remarkable diversity of photosensitive structures; their shapes, physiology, optical properties, and development are different. To approach the evolution of photosensitive structures and visual function, cephalopods are particularly interesting organisms due to their most highly centralized nervous system and their camerular eyes which constitute a convergence with those of vertebrates. The eye morphogenesis in numerous metazoans is controlled mainly by a conserved Retinal Determination Gene Network (RDGN) including pax, six, eya, and dac playing also key developmental roles in non-retinal structures and tissues of vertebrates and Drosophila. Here we have identified and explored the role of Sof-dac, Sof-six1/2, Sof-eya in eye morphogenesis, and nervous structures controlling the visual function in Sepia officinalis. We compare that with the already shown expressions in eye development of Sof-otx and Sof-pax genes. Rhodopsin is the pigment responsible for light sensitivity in metazoan, which correlate to correlate visual function and eye development. We studied Sof-rhodopsin expression during retina differentiation. By in situ hybridization, we show that (1) all of the RDGN genes, including Sof-pax6, are expressed in the eye area during the early developmental stages but they are not expressed in the retina, unlike Sof-otx, which could have a role in retina differentiation; (2) Sof-rhodopsin is expressed in the retina just before vision gets functional, from stage 23 to hatching. Our results evidence a role of Sof-six1/2, Sof-eya, and Sof-dac in eye development. However, the gene network involved in the retinal photoreceptor differentiation remains to be determined. Moreover, for the first time, Sof-rhodopsin expression is shown in the embryonic retina of cuttlefish suggesting the evolutionary conservation of the role of rhodopsin in visual phototransduction within metazoans. These findings are correlated with the physiological and behavioral observations suggesting that S. officinalis is able to react to light stimuli from stage 25 of organogenesis on, as soon as the first retinal pigments appear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boudjema Imarazene
- UMR Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS 7208), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université de Caen Normandie, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD207), Université des AntillesParis, France
| | - Aude Andouche
- UMR Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS 7208), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université de Caen Normandie, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD207), Université des AntillesParis, France
| | - Yann Bassaglia
- UMR Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS 7208), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université de Caen Normandie, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD207), Université des AntillesParis, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil-Val de MarneParis, France
| | - Pascal-Jean Lopez
- UMR Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS 7208), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université de Caen Normandie, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD207), Université des AntillesParis, France
| | - Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli
- UMR Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS 7208), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université de Caen Normandie, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD207), Université des AntillesParis, France
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Koenig KM, Sun P, Meyer E, Gross JM. Eye development and photoreceptor differentiation in the cephalopod Doryteuthis pealeii. Development 2016; 143:3168-81. [PMID: 27510978 DOI: 10.1242/dev.134254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photoreception is a ubiquitous sensory ability found across the Metazoa, and photoreceptive organs are intricate and diverse in their structure. Although the morphology of the compound eye in Drosophila and the single-chambered eye in vertebrates have elaborated independently, the amount of conservation within the 'eye' gene regulatory network remains controversial, with few taxa studied. To better understand the evolution of photoreceptive organs, we established the cephalopod Doryteuthis pealeii as a lophotrochozoan model for eye development. Utilizing histological, transcriptomic and molecular assays, we characterize eye formation in Doryteuthis pealeii Through lineage tracing and gene expression analyses, we demonstrate that cells expressing Pax and Six genes incorporate into the lens, cornea and iris, and the eye placode is the sole source of retinal tissue. Functional assays demonstrate that Notch signaling is required for photoreceptor cell differentiation and retinal organization. This comparative approach places the canon of eye research in traditional models into perspective, highlighting complexity as a result of both conserved and convergent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Koenig
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Peter Sun
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Eli Meyer
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gross
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Wild E, Wollesen T, Haszprunar G, Heß M. Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-014-0184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Romagny S, Darmaillacq AS, Guibé M, Bellanger C, Dickel L. Feel, smell and see in an egg: emergence of perception and learning in an immature invertebrate, the cuttlefish embryo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 215:4125-30. [PMID: 23136152 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.078295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that prenatal sensory experience affects development itself and has long-term consequences in terms of postnatal behavior. This study focused on the functionality of the sensory system in cuttlefish in ovo. Embryos of stage 23, 25 and 30 received a tactile, chemical or visual stimulus. An increase of mantle contraction rhythm was taken to indicate a behavioral response to the stimulus. We clearly demonstrated that tactile and chemical systems are functional from stage 23, whereas the visual system is functional only from stage 25. At stage 25 and 30, embryos were also exposed to a repeated light stimulus. Stage 30 embryos were capable of habituation, showing a progressive decrease in contractions across stimulations. This process was not due to fatigue as we observed response recovery after a dishabituation tactile stimulus. This study is the first to show that cuttlefish embryos behaviorally respond to stimuli of different modalities and that the visual system is the last to become functional during embryonic development, as in vertebrate embryos. It also provides new evidence that the memory system develops in ovo in cuttlefish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Romagny
- Equipe d'Ethologie et de Psychobiologie Sensorielle, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS/Université de Bourgogne/INRA, F-21000 Dijon, France
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Shigeno S, Tsuchiya K, Segawa S. Embryonic and paralarval development of the central nervous system of the loliginid squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana. J Comp Neurol 2001; 437:449-75. [PMID: 11503146 DOI: 10.1002/cne.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The embryonic development of the central nervous system (CNS) in the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana is described. It has three distinct phases: (1) The ganglionic accumulation phase: Ganglionic cell clusters develop by ingression, migration, and accumulation of neuroblasts. (2) The lobe differentiation phase: Ganglia differentiate into lobes. The phase is identified by the beginning of an axogenesis. During this phase, neuropils are first formed in the suboesophageal mass, then in the basal lobe system, and finally in the inferior frontal lobes and the superior frontal-vertical lobe systems. (3) The neuropil increment phase: After the shape of the lobes reached its typical form, neuropil growth occurs, specifically in the vertical lobe. The paralarval central nervous system (CNS) is characterized by neuronal gigantism of the giant fibers and some suboesophageal commissures and connectives. The neuropil formation in the CNS of S. lessoniana occurs somewhat earlier than in Octopus vulgaris, although the principal developmental plan is quite conservative among the other coleoids investigated. Some phylogenetic aspects are discussed based on the similarities in the morphologic organization of their brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shigeno
- Ushimado Marine Laboratory, Okayama University, Ushimado, Oku, Okayama 701-4303, Japan
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Shigeno S, Kidokoro H, Tsuchiya K, Segawa S, Yamamoto M. Development of the Brain in the Oegopsid Squid, Todarodes pacificus: An Atlas Up to the Hatching Stage. Zoolog Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.18.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yamamoto M, Takasu N, Uragami I. Ontogeny of the visual system in the cuttlefish, Sepiella japonica. II. Intramembrane particles, histofluorescence, and electrical responses in the developing retina. J Comp Neurol 1985; 232:362-71. [PMID: 2857735 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902320308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To study molecular and functional differentiation of photoreceptive membranes, the development of the retina in embryos of the cuttlefish, Sepiella japonica, was examined by the freeze-fracture technique, by histo-fluorescence of retinal-related protein, and by electrical responses to photic stimulation. P-face particles in the microvillar plasma membrane of the receptor cell increased in density from about 2,000/micron2 to about 6,000/micron2 during the early stages of rhabdomere formation (from stage 31 to stage 36). The size distribution of P-face particles in the microvillar and the cell body plasma membranes showed a similar monomodal pattern with a peak at 8 nm in diameter from stage 31 to 33. In the cell body plasma membrane, the size distribution pattern hardly changed throughout later stages, but in the microvillar membrane, the peak shifted progressively to 9 nm (stages 35 and 36) and then to 10 nm (stage 37). The histofluorescence of reduced rhodopsin was first visible at stage 36 in the layer of growing apical processes. The fluorescence of reduced retinochrome first appeared faintly at stage 40 on both sides of the basal lamina. Electroretinograms (ERGs) were first obtained at stage 34 when many microvilli appeared from the apical processes, increasing rapidly in amplitude with increase in regularity of the microvillar arrangement from stage 35 to 36. Early receptor potentials (ERPs) elicited by a bright light flash were first recorded at the earliest stage of the apical process formation (stage 30), increasing gradually in amplitude during development. The increase was correlated with an increase in the total number of P-face particles in the microvillar membrane within the retina. These findings suggest that the P-face particles in the microvillar membrane are associated with rhodopsin, that the receptor cells have a small amount of rhodopsin before rhabdomere formation, and that differentiation of the apical plasma membrane of the receptor cells into the functional photoreceptive membrane occurs in conjunction with its morphological differentiation into rhabdomeres.
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