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Morley V, Dolt KS, Alcaide-Corral CJ, Walton T, Lucatelli C, Mashimo T, Tavares AAS, Kunath T. In vivo18F-DOPA PET imaging identifies a dopaminergic deficit in a rat model with a G51D α-synuclein mutation. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1095761. [PMID: 37292159 PMCID: PMC10244711 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1095761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition with several major hallmarks, including loss of substantia nigra neurons, reduction in striatal dopaminergic function, and formation of α-synuclein-rich Lewy bodies. Mutations in SNCA, encoding for α-synuclein, are a known cause of familial PD, and the G51D mutation causes a particularly aggressive form of the condition. CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to introduce the G51D mutation into the endogenous rat SNCA gene. SNCAG51D/+ and SNCAG51D/G51D rats were born in Mendelian ratios and did not exhibit any severe behavourial defects. L-3,4-dihydroxy-6-18F-fluorophenylalanine (18F-DOPA) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was used to investigate this novel rat model. Wild-type (WT), SNCAG51D/+ and SNCAG51D/G51D rats were characterized over the course of ageing (5, 11, and 16 months old) using 18F-DOPA PET imaging and kinetic modelling. We measured the influx rate constant (Ki) and effective distribution volume ratio (EDVR) of 18F-DOPA in the striatum relative to the cerebellum in WT, SNCAG51D/+ and SNCAG51D/G51D rats. A significant reduction in EDVR was observed in SNCAG51D/G51D rats at 16 months of age indicative of increased dopamine turnover. Furthermore, we observed a significant asymmetry in EDVR between the left and right striatum in aged SNCAG51D/G51D rats. The increased and asymmetric dopamine turnover observed in the striatum of aged SNCAG51D/G51D rats reflects one aspect of prodromal PD, and suggests the presence of compensatory mechanisms. SNCAG51D rats represent a novel genetic model of PD, and kinetic modelling of 18F-DOPA PET data has identified a highly relevant early disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Morley
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karamjit Singh Dolt
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos J. Alcaide-Corral
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tashfeen Walton
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Lucatelli
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Division of Animal Genetics, Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Adriana A. S. Tavares
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tilo Kunath
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Alizadeh R, Hassanzadeh G, Soleimani M, Joghataei MT, Siavashi V, Khorgami Z, Hadjighassem M. Gender and age related changes in number of dopaminergic neurons in adult human olfactory bulb. J Chem Neuroanat 2015. [PMID: 26212581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafieh Alizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Soleimani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Siavashi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhinoos Khorgami
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem
- Brain and Spinal cord Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran.
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In-vivo measurement of LDOPA uptake, dopamine reserve and turnover in the rat brain using [18F]FDOPA PET. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:59-66. [PMID: 22929441 PMCID: PMC3597374 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal measurements of dopamine (DA) uptake and turnover in transgenic rodents may be critical when developing disease-modifying therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD). We demonstrate methodology for such measurements using [(18)F]fluoro-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine ([(18)F]FDOPA) positron emission tomography (PET). The method was applied to 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats, providing the first PET-derived estimates of DA turnover for this species. Control (n=4) and unilaterally lesioned (n=11) rats were imaged multiple times. Kinetic modeling was performed using extended Patlak, incorporating a k(loss) term for metabolite washout, and modified Logan methods. Dopaminergic terminal loss was measured via [(11)C]-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) PET. Clear striatal [(18)F]FDOPA uptake was observed. In the lesioned striatum the effective DA turnover increased, shown by a reduced effective distribution volume ratio (EDVR) for [(18)F]FDOPA. Effective distribution volume ratio correlated (r>0.9) with the [(11)C]DTBZ binding potential (BP(ND)). The uptake and trapping rate (k(ref)) decreased after lesioning, but relatively less so than [(11)C]DTBZ BP(ND). For normal controls, striatal estimates were k(ref)=0.037±0.005 per minute, EDVR=1.07±0.22 and k(loss)=0.024±0.003 per minute (30 minutes turnover half-time), with repeatability (coefficient of variation) ≤11%. [(18)F]fluoro-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine PET enables measurements of DA turnover in the rat, which is useful for developing novel therapies for PD.
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May PJ, Vidal PP, Baker H, Baker R. Physiological and anatomical evidence for an inhibitory trigemino-oculomotor pathway in the cat. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:2218-40. [PMID: 22237697 PMCID: PMC3885353 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During blink down-phase, the levator palpebrae superioris (levator) muscle is inactivated, allowing the orbicularis oculi muscle to act. For trigeminal reflex blinks, the excitatory connections from trigeminal sensory nuclei to the facial nucleus have been described, but the pathway whereby the levator is turned off have not. We examined this question by use of both physiological and anatomical approaches in the cat. Intracellular records from antidromically activated levator motoneurons revealed that periorbital electrical stimulation produced bilateral, long latency inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Central electrical stimulation of the principal trigeminal nucleus produced shorter latency IPSPs. Intracellular staining revealed that these motoneurons reside in the caudal central subdivision and have 10 or more poorly branched dendrites, which extend bilaterally into the surrounding supraoculomotor area. Axons penetrated in this region could be activated from periorbital and central electrodes. Neurons labeled from tracer injections into the caudal oculomotor complex were distributed in a crescent-shaped band that lined the ventral and rostral aspects of the pontine trigeminal sensory nucleus. Double-label immunohistochemical procedures demonstrated that these cells were not tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the Kölliker-Fuse area. Instead, supraorbital nerve afferents displayed a similar crescent-shaped distribution, suggesting they drive these trigemino-oculomotor neurons. Anterograde labeling of the trigemino-oculomotor projection indicates that it terminates bilaterally, in and above the caudal central subdivision. These results characterize a trigemino-oculomotor pathway that inhibits levator palpebrae motoneurons in response to blink-producing periorbital stimuli. The bilateral distributions of trigemino-oculomotor afferents, levator motoneurons, and their dendrites supply a morphological basis for conjugate lid movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J May
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
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Abstract
A recent study proposed that differentiation of dopaminergic neurons requires a conserved "dopamine motif" (DA-motif) that functions as a binding site for ETS DNA binding domain transcription factors. In the mammalian olfactory bulb (OB), the expression of a set of five genes [including tyrosine hydroxylase (Th)] that are necessary for differentiation of dopaminergic neurons was suggested to be regulated by the ETS-domain transcription factor ER81 via the DA-motif. To investigate this putative regulatory role of ER81, expression levels of these five genes were compared in both olfactory bulbs of adult wild-type mice subjected to unilateral naris closure and the olfactory bulbs of neonatal Er81 wild-type and mutant mice. These studies found that ER81 was necessary only for Th expression and not the other cassette genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) experiments showed that ER81 bound directly to a consensus binding site/DA-motif in the rodent Th proximal promoter. However, the ER81 binding site/DA-motif in the Th proximal promoter is poorly conserved in other mammals. Both ChIP assays with canine OB tissue and EMSA experiments with the human Th proximal promoter did not detect ER81 binding to the Th DA-motif from these species. These results suggest that regulation of Th expression by the direct binding of ER81 to the Th promoter is a species-specific mechanism. These findings indicate that ER81 is not necessary for expression of the OB dopaminergic gene cassette and that the DA-motif is not involved in differentiation of the mammalian OB dopaminergic phenotype.
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Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase expression profiling and isoform detection in the developing porcine brain. Brain Res 2010; 1308:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Cave JW, Baker H. Dopamine Systems in the Forebrain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 651:15-35. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0322-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kajihara S, Sakamoto T, Kachi T. A qualitative and quantitative electron microscopic study of differences in adrenomedullary adrenaline cells between golden hamsters and rats, with special reference to the Golgi apparatus. ARCHIVES OF HISTOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY 2007; 70:147-61. [PMID: 18079584 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.70.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ultrastructural features of adrenomedullary adrenaline (A) cells in golden hamsters and rats were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively with special reference to the Golgi apparatus. The A cells displayed a characteristic follicular arrangement, with each cell showing structural polarity in hamsters, but not apparently in rats. In hamsters, the Golgi apparatus of A cells was larger (t-test: P<0.001) and more frequently showed large and complexly organized structures (chi(2)-test: P<0.005) compared with that of rats. Quantitative analysis of the Golgi apparatus revealed differences in the size and numerical density of Golgi vesicles in relation to the animal species and region. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed species difference in the size of coated vesicles (P<0.005) and interaction between species and region concerning the size of smooth-clear vesicles (P<0.01) and numerical density of granular vesicles (P<0.05). One-way ANOVA revealed regional differences in the size and numerical density of smooth-clear vesicles in rats and hamsters (P<0.01 approximately 0.001), and in the numerical density of coated vesicles in hamsters (P<0.05). Data were further analyzed by Tukey-Kramer's method. These and other reported results suggest that, in hamster A cells, the Golgi apparatus has different structural, molecular, and functional mechanisms which are at least partly related to the distinct cellular polarity and higher concentration of peptide hormones in secretory vesicles, and that in rat A cells, in contrast, loading secretory vesicles with A during the post-Golgi stage is predominant. In conclusion, the Golgi apparatus in hamster A cells shows markedly different ultrastructural features compared with that in rat A cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kajihara
- Department of Anatomical Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
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Saino-Saito S, Cave JW, Akiba Y, Sasaki H, Goto K, Kobayashi K, Berlin R, Baker H. ER81 and CaMKIV identify anatomically and phenotypically defined subsets of mouse olfactory bulb interneurons. J Comp Neurol 2007; 502:485-96. [PMID: 17394138 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying dopamine (DA) phenotypic differentiation in the olfactory bulb (OB) have not yet been fully elucidated and are the subject of some controversy. OB DA interneurons destined for the glomerular layer were shown to originate in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and in the rostral migratory stream (RMS). The current study investigated whether calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) either alone or together with the Ets transcription factor ER81 was necessary for phenotypic determination during migration of progenitors. In most brain areas, including the OB, CaMKIV and ER81 displayed a reciprocal distribution. In the SVZ, only ER81 could be demonstrated. In the RMS, a subpopulation of progenitors contained ER81, but few, if any, contained CaMKIV. In OB, CaMKIV expression, restricted to deep granule cells, showed limited overlap with ER81. ER81 expression was weak in deep granule cells. Strong labeling occurred in the mitral and glomerular layers, where ER81 colabeled dopaminergic periglomerular cells that expressed either tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or green fluorescent protein, the latter reporter gene under control of 9-kb of 5' TH promoter. Odor deprivation resulted in a significant 5.2-fold decline in TH immunoreactivity, but ER81 exhibited a relatively small 1.7-fold decline in immunoreactivity. TH expression as well as brain and bulb size were unchanged in CaMKIV knockout mice. These data suggest that ER81 may be required but is not sufficient for DA neuron differentiation and that CaMKIV is not directly involved in TH gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Saino-Saito
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan 990-9585
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Porteros A, Gómez C, Valero J, Calvo-Baltanás F, Alonso JR. Chemical organization of the macaque monkey olfactory bulb: III. Distribution of cholinergic markers. J Comp Neurol 2007; 501:854-65. [PMID: 17311313 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The distribution patterns of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were studied in the olfactory bulb (OB) of three species of macaque. AChE was detected by a histochemical method and ChAT immunoreactivity by immunocytochemistry. Similar results were observed in all species analyzed. With the exception of the olfactory nerve layer, all layers of the macaque monkey OB demonstrated a dense innervation of AChE- and ChAT-positive fibers. The distribution patterns of AChE- and ChAT-labeled fibers were similar for both cholinergic markers, although the number of AChE-labeled fibers was clearly higher than the number of ChAT-immunoreactive fibers. The highest density of AChE and ChAT-stained fibers was observed in the interface between the glomerular layer and the external plexiform layer and in the internal plexiform layer. Dense bundles of labeled fibers were observed in the caudal OB, coursing from the olfactory peduncle. All ChAT-immunopositive elements were identified as centrifugal fibers, derived from neurons caudal to the OB. Neither olfactory fibers nor intrinsic neurons were observed after ChAT immunocytochemistry. However, a few AChE-positive cells were observed in the glomerular layer and in both external and internal plexiform layers. These neurons were presumably identified as periglomerular cells, superficial short-axon cells, and/or external tufted cells and deep short-axon cells. Contrary to other neurotransmitters and neuroactive substances, the distribution patterns of ChAT and AChE activities in the macaque monkey OB closely resembled the patterns described in macrosmatic mammals and showed laminar differences with the distribution pattern observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Porteros
- Dpto. Biología Celular y Patología, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Waldvogel H, Baer K, Gai WP, Gilbert R, Rees M, Mohler H, Faull R. Differential localization of GABAA receptor subunits within the substantia nigra of the human brain: An immunohistochemical study. J Comp Neurol 2007; 506:912-29. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Davidoff MS, Ungefroren H, Middendorff R, Koeva Y, Bakalska M, Atanassova N, Holstein AF, Jezek D, Pusch W, Müller D. Catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes in the adult and prenatal human testis. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 124:313-23. [PMID: 16052322 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-005-0024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamines play functional roles in the mature and developing mammalian testis but the cell types responsible for their local synthesis are still controversially discussed. Here, we demonstrate that four enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of catecholamines, namely, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine- N-methyltransferase (PNMT), are expressed in Leydig cells of the human testis. Tyrosine hydroxylase, the key enzyme of the biosynthesis of catecholamines, was localized to Leydig cells both at the transcript level (by RT-PCR analyses and by in situ hybridization assays) and at the protein level (by immunoblotting and by immunohistochemistry). The other enzymes were also demonstrated in Leydig cells by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses. The presence of TH, AADC, DBH, and PNMT in human Leydig cells was found, in addition, by immunohistochemical approaches carried out on sections from prenatal human testes. Thus, the present study identifies the Leydig cells as the presumed sites of catecholamine production in both the mature and fetal human testes and further supports the previously recognized neuroendocrine characteristics of this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail S Davidoff
- Institute of Anatomy, University Hospital Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Alonso JR, Briñón JG, Crespo C, Bravo IG, Arévalo R, Aijón J. Chemical organization of the macaque monkey olfactory bulb: II. Calretinin, calbindin D-28k, parvalbumin, and neurocalcin immunoreactivity. J Comp Neurol 2001; 432:389-407. [PMID: 11246215 DOI: 10.1002/cne.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The distribution and morphologic features of calcium-binding protein- (calbindin D-28k, calretinin, neurocalcin, and parvalbumin) immunoreactive elements were studied in the macaque monkey olfactory bulb by using specific antibodies and the avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase method. A characteristic laminar pattern of stained elements was observed for each marker. Scarce superficial short-axon cells and superficial stellate cells demonstrated calbindin D-28k immunoreactivity in the outer layers, whereas a moderate number of calbindin D-28k-immunoreactive granule cells and scarce deep short-axon cells were observed in the inner layers. Calretinin-staining demonstrated abundant periglomerular cells and granule cells and a scarce number of other interneuronal populations. Most neurocalcin-immunopositive elements were external and medial tufted cells and periglomerular cells, although other scarcer interneuronal populations were also immunostained. A few superficial and deep short-axon cells as well as small interneurons in the external plexiform layer were the only elements immunoreactive to parvalbumin. The distribution of the immunoreactive elements in the olfactory bulb of the macaque monkey showed a high similarity to that reported in the human, whereas it demonstrated a different and simpler pattern to what has been reported in the olfactory bulb of macrosmatic animals. It suggests more homogeneous calcium-mediated cell responses after stimulation that could be correlated to the lower capability to modulate olfactory signals in microsmatic animals. In addition, these results indicate that experimental models in rodents do not provide an accurate estimation of calcium-binding protein-immunoreactive neuronal populations in the primate olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Alonso
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Patología, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca E-37007, Spain.
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Smeets WJ, González A. Catecholamine systems in the brain of vertebrates: new perspectives through a comparative approach. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2000; 33:308-79. [PMID: 11011071 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(00)00034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of catecholaminergic systems in the brain and spinal cord of vertebrates forces to reconsider several aspects of the organization of catecholamine systems. Evidence has been provided for the existence of extensive, putatively catecholaminergic cell groups in the spinal cord, the pretectum, the habenular region, and cortical and subcortical telencephalic areas. Moreover, putatively dopamine- and noradrenaline-accumulating cells have been demonstrated in the hypothalamic periventricular organ of almost every non-mammalian vertebrate studied. In contrast with the classical idea that the evolution of catecholamine systems is marked by an increase in complexity going from anamniotes to amniotes, it is now evident that the brains of anamniotes contain catecholaminergic cell groups, of which the counterparts in amniotes have lost the capacity to produce catecholamines. Moreover, a segmental approach in studying the organization of catecholaminergic systems is advocated. Such an approach has recently led to the conclusion that the chemoarchitecture and connections of the basal ganglia of anamniote and amniote tetrapods are largely comparable. This review has also brought together data about the distribution of receptors and catecholaminergic fibers as well as data about developmental aspects. From these data it has become clear that there is a good match between catecholaminergic fibers and receptors, but, at many places, volume transmission seems to play an important role. Finally, although the available data are still limited, striking differences are observed in the spatiotemporal sequence of appearance of catecholaminergic cell groups, in particular those in the retina and olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Smeets
- Graduate School of Neurosciences of Amsterdam, Research Institute of Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Shoghi-Jadid K, Huang SC, Stout DB, Yee RE, Yeh EL, Farahani KF, Satyamurthy N, Phelps ME, Barrio JR. Striatal kinetic modeling of FDOPA with a cerebellar-derived constraint on the distribution of volume of 30MFD: a PET investigation using non-human primates. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000; 20:1134-48. [PMID: 10908046 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200007000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The peripherally born metabolite of FDOPA, 3-O-Methyl-FDOPA (3OMFD), crosses the blood-brain barrier, thus complicating positron emission tomography-FDOPA (PET-FDOPA) data analysis. In previous reports the distribution volume (DV) of 3OMFD was constrained to unity. We have recently shown that the forward transport rate-constant of FDOPA (K(S1)) and the cerebellum-to-plasma ratio (C(b)/C(p)), a measure for the DV of 3OMFD, are functions of plasma large neutral amino acid (LNAA) concentration. Given large interstudy and intersubject differences in plasma LNAA levels, variations in the DV of 3OMFD are significant. In this report, the authors propose a constraint on the DV of 3OMFD that accounts for these variations. Dynamic PET-FDOPA scans were performed on 12 squirrel monkeys and 12 vervet monkeys. Two sets of constraints were employed on the compartmental model--M1 or M2. In M1, the striatal DV of 3OMFD was constrained to unity; in M2, the striatal DV of 3OMFD was constrained to an estimate derived from the cerebellum. Striatal and cerebellar time-activity curves were fitted using FDOPA and 3OMFD plasma input functions. The estimate of K(S1) and that of the compartmental FDOPA uptake-constant (K(i)), both obtained using M2, were adjusted to values corresponding to average LNAA levels. Finally, K(i) was compared with the graphical uptake-constant (PK(j)). With the use of constraint M2, intersubject variability of squirrel monkey k(S3) and K(i) was reduced by 45% and 53%, respectively; and for vervet monkeys, by 54% and 44%, respectively. Intersubject variability of K(1) and K(i) was further reduced after correction for variations in intersubject plasma LNAA levels (for squirrel monkeys, by 67% and 41%; for vervet monkeys, by 40% and 36%, respectively). K(i) correlation to PK(i) was enhanced to identity. Finally, average cerebellar k(C2) estimates were more than 2.5-fold higher than striatal k(S2) estimates (P < 0.0001). In modeling of PET-FDOPA data, it cannot be assumed that the DV of 3OMFD is unity. The cerebellar-derived constraint furnishes a reliable estimate for the DV of 3OMFD. Invoking the constraint and correcting for variations in plasma LNAA significantly reduced interstudy and intersubject variations in parameter estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shoghi-Jadid
- Department of Biomathematics, UCLA School of Medicine, Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Calretinin-, neurocalcin-, and parvalbumin-immunoreactive elements in the olfactory bulb of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). J Comp Neurol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-9861(20010122)429:4<554::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Beltramo M, Pairault C, Krieger M, Thibault J, Tillet Y, Clairambault P. Immunolocalization of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine, and serotonin in the forebrain ofAmbystoma mexicanum. J Comp Neurol 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980209)391:2<227::aid-cne6>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Barrio JR, Huang SC, Yu DC, Melega WP, Quintana J, Cherry SR, Jacobson A, Namavari M, Satyamurthy N, Phelps ME. Radiofluorinated L-m-tyrosines: new in-vivo probes for central dopamine biochemistry. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16:667-78. [PMID: 8964807 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199607000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce 6-[18F]fluoro-L-m-tyrosine (6-FMT) and compare its in-vivo kinetic and bio-chemical behaviors in monkeys and rodents with those of 4-FMT and 6-[18F]fluoro-L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) (FDOPA). These radiofluorinated m-tyrosine presynaptic dopaminergic probes, resistant to peripheral 3-O-methylation, offer a nonpharmacological alternative to the use of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors. Like FDOPA, 4-FMT and 6-FMT are analogs that essentially follow the L-DOPA pathway of central metabolism. After i.v. administration in nonhuman primates and rodents, these new radiofluorinated m-tyrosine analogs accumulate selectively in striatal structures and allow for the detection of additional innervation sites (e.g., brain stem) rich in aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. Bio-chemical analyses in rodents and monkeys revealed the specificity of their central and peripheral metabolism. Molecular and enzymatic mechanisms involved in their retention in central brain structures are consistent with involvement of dopaminergic neurons. The high signal-to-noise ratios observed make these radiofluorinated m-tyrosine analogs outstanding candidates for probing the integrity of central dopaminergic mechanisms in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Barrio
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine 90095, USA
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Zhu MY, Juorio AV. Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase: biological characterization and functional role. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1995; 26:681-96. [PMID: 7635243 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(94)00223-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
1. Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase is the enzyme responsible for the decarboxylation step in both the catecholamine and the indolamine synthetic pathways. Immunological and molecular biological studies suggest that it is a single enzyme with one catalytic site but with different locations for attachment of the substrates. The enzyme is widely distributed in the brain and in peripheral tissues. 2. Recent investigations have shown that the enzyme is regulated by short term mechanisms that may involve activation of adenyl cyclase or protein kinase C. In addition, a long-term mechanism of activation by altered gene expression has also been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Zhu
- Neuropsychiatric Research Unit, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Beltramo M, Krieger M, Calas A, Franzoni MF, Thibault J. Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) immunohistochemistry in vertebrate brainstem with an antiserum raised against AADC made in E. coli. Brain Res Bull 1993; 32:123-32. [PMID: 8348337 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(93)90066-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) is involved in the biosynthesis of catecholamines and indolamines. AADC is present in the nervous system, in the chromaffin cells, and in non-neuronal tissues. We tested the capacity of a new polyclonal antibody, obtained by immunization of rabbits with a recombinant protein beta-galactosidase-AADC, to detect monoaminergic neurons in the brainstem as well as monoaminergic paraneurons in the adrenal medulla from goldfish, frog, skink, quail, and mouse. In the adrenal gland we found an immunoreactivity that was consistent with the distributions of the chromaffin cells previously reported. In the brainstem, groups of immunoreactive neurons and several labelled fibers were observed in the five species studied. The raphe region showed cell bodies and processes similar to those previously identified as monoaminergic by other authors. In addition, in medulla oblongata and isthmic tegmentum we found, in goldfish, skink, and quail, neuronal groups similar to mammalian D groups which contain AADC but are devoided of serotonin and catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Beltramo
- Laboratoire de Cytologie, Institut des Neurosciences, URA CNRS 1488, Université Paris VI, France
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Brunjes PC, Jazaeri A, Sutherland MJ. Olfactory bulb organization and development in Monodelphis domestica (grey short-tailed opossum). J Comp Neurol 1992; 320:544-54. [PMID: 1378458 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903200411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory bulbs of adult and developing Monodelphis domestica were examined with a number of techniques. Golgi, Nissl, and Timm stains as well as acetylcholinesterase histochemistry revealed a high degree of order within the adult bulb. All major cell classes characteristic of most mammalian species were observed. Tufted cells appeared to be restricted to the superficial portion of the external plexiform layer. Developing Monodelphis pups were examined with Nissl-stained semithin sections and with immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase, microtubule-associated protein 2, vimentin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Newborn pups are extremely immature, with few postmitotic cells present in the forebrain. Considerable maturation occurs over the first four postnatal weeks, and by postnatal day 30, the bulb assumes an adult-like organization. The extreme immaturity of the bulb at birth, coupled with its strict organization, suggest that Monodelphis is a particularly appropriate species for experimental examinations of olfactory system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Brunjes
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903
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