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CHMIEL PAULINA, SłOWIKOWSKA ALEKSANDRA, BANASZEK ŁUKASZ, SZUMERA-CIEćKIEWICZ ANNA, SZOSTAKOWSKI BART, SPAłEK MATEUSZJ, ŚWITAJ TOMASZ, RUTKOWSKI PIOTR, CZARNECKA ANNAM. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor from molecular diagnostics to current treatment. Oncol Res 2024; 32:1141-1162. [PMID: 38948020 PMCID: PMC11209743 DOI: 10.32604/or.2024.050350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare neoplasm with intermediate malignancy characterized by a propensity for recurrence but a low metastatic rate. Diagnostic challenges arise from the diverse pathological presentation, variable symptomatology, and lack of different imaging features. However, IMT is identified by the fusion of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene, which is present in approximately 70% of cases, with various fusion partners, including ran-binding protein 2 (RANBP2), which allows confirmation of the diagnosis. While surgery is the preferred approach for localized tumors, the optimal long-term treatment for advanced or metastatic disease is difficult to define. Targeted therapies are crucial for achieving sustained response to treatment within the context of genetic alteration in IMT. Crizotinib, an ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), was officially approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2020 to treat IMT with ALK rearrangement. However, most patients face resistance and disease progression, requiring consideration of sequential treatments. Combining radiotherapy with targeted therapy appears to be beneficial in this indication. Early promising results have also been achieved with immunotherapy, indicating potential for combined therapy approaches. However, defined recommendations are still lacking. This review analyzes the available research on IMT, including genetic disorders and their impact on the course of the disease, data on the latest targeted therapy regimens and the possibility of developing immunotherapy in this indication, as well as summarizing general knowledge about prognostic and predictive factors, also in terms of resistance to systemic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- PAULINA CHMIEL
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, 02-781, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-091, Poland
| | - ALEKSANDRA SłOWIKOWSKA
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, 02-781, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-091, Poland
| | - ŁUKASZ BANASZEK
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, 02-781, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-091, Poland
| | - ANNA SZUMERA-CIEćKIEWICZ
- Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, 02-781, Poland
| | - BARTłOMIEJ SZOSTAKOWSKI
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, 02-781, Poland
| | - MATEUSZ J. SPAłEK
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, 02-781, Poland
- Department of Radiotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, 02-781, Poland
| | - TOMASZ ŚWITAJ
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, 02-781, Poland
| | - PIOTR RUTKOWSKI
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, 02-781, Poland
| | - ANNA M. CZARNECKA
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, 02-781, Poland
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Billingsley BC, Chaudhary R, Morris MW, Cox JA, Camacho-Gomez SM, Varshney N. Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Esophagus and Stomach Successfully Treated With ALK Inhibitor in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report and Concise Review of Literature. Int J Surg Pathol 2024:10668969241246470. [PMID: 38656257 DOI: 10.1177/10668969241246470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
An inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm of borderline malignant potential. Nearly half of all IMTs have rearrangement of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) locus on chromosome 2p23 which can be treated with targeted therapy. Herein, we describe an unusual presentation of IMT involving an anatomical region rarely implicated in this disease process. A 15-year-old male patient came to the ER with dysphagia and coffee ground emesis. On esophagogastroscopy, a nodular luminal obstructing 30 × 50 mm mass in the lower esophagus was found, which was continuous with a large, partially circumferential gastric mass extending from the mid-body to the proximal antrum. Biopsies from esophageal and gastric masses revealed submucosal lesions composed of cytologically bland spindle and epithelioid cells, intermingled with inflammatory infiltrate, for which several immunohistochemical (IHC) stains were performed. The molecular study demonstrated ATIC::ALK fusion. Based on morphological, IHC, and molecular study findings, the diagnosis of ALK-positive IMT was rendered. Because surgical excision was deemed infeasible, the patient was started on ALK-inhibiting therapy with crizotinib. The patient responded well with no evidence of residual or recurrent disease on follow-up imaging or surveillance esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Crizotinib was ultimately discontinued after 10 months of therapy, and the patient continues to undergo surveillance imaging for monitoring of disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Billingsley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Ritica Chaudhary
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Michael W Morris
- Division of Pediatric, Department of Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jennifer A Cox
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Sandra M Camacho-Gomez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Neha Varshney
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Vernemmen AIP, Samarska IV, Speel EJM, Riedl RG, Goudkade D, de Bruïne AP, Wouda S, van Marion AM, Verlinden IV, van Lijnschoten I, Friederich P, Winnepenninckx VJL, Zur Hausen A, Sciot RME, van den Hout MFCM. Abdominal inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour: Clinicopathological and molecular analysis of 20 cases, highlighting potential therapeutic targets. Histopathology 2024; 84:794-809. [PMID: 38155480 DOI: 10.1111/his.15122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT) is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm of intermediate malignant potential, occurring at any age and at multiple sites. Epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma (EIMS) is an aggressive subtype of IMT, typically involving the abdomen. Most IMTs harbour kinase gene fusions, especially involving ALK and ROS1, but 20-30% of IMTs show no detectable translocations. The aim of this study is to further delineate clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of abdominal IMT and discover potential new therapeutic targets. METHODS AND RESULTS In 20 IMTs, including four EIMS, RNA fusion analysis was performed, followed by multiplex DNA analysis if no ALK or ROS1 fusion was detected. Fourteen IMTs (70.0%) had an ALK translocation and the fusion partner was identified in 11, including a RRBP1::ALK fusion, not previously described in classical (non-EIMS) IMT. RANBP2::ALK fusion was demonstrated in all EIMS. One IMT had a ROS1 fusion. In all ALK/ROS1 translocation-negative IMTs mutations or fusions - as yet unreported in primary IMT - were found in genes related to the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/PI3K/AKT pathway. Three of four patients with EIMS died of disease [mean survival 8 months (4-15 months)], whereas only one of 14 classical IMT patients succumbed to disease [mean follow-up time 52 months (2-204 months); P < 0.01]. CONCLUSION This study shows the wide clinical spectrum of abdominal IMTs and affirms the poor prognosis of EIMS, raising discussion about its status as IMT subtype. Furthermore, the newly detected alterations of the RTK/PI3K/AKT pathway expand the molecular landscape of IMTs and provide potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid I P Vernemmen
- Department of Pathology, School for Oncology and Reproduction (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Iryna V Samarska
- Department of Pathology, School for Oncology and Reproduction (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst-Jan M Speel
- Department of Pathology, School for Oncology and Reproduction (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert G Riedl
- Department of Pathology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Goudkade
- Department of Pathology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Siep Wouda
- Department of Pathology, VieCuri Medical Center, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ivana V Verlinden
- Department of Pathology, Laurentius Hospital, Roermond, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke van Lijnschoten
- Department of Pathology, PAMM Laboratory for Pathology and Medical Microbiology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Friederich
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Véronique J L Winnepenninckx
- Department of Pathology, School for Oncology and Reproduction (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Axel Zur Hausen
- Department of Pathology, School for Oncology and Reproduction (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Raf M E Sciot
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mari F C M van den Hout
- Department of Pathology, School for Oncology and Reproduction (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Wang QA, Chen HW, Wu RC, Wu CE. Update of Diagnosis and Targeted Therapy for ALK + Inflammation Myofibroblastic Tumor. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2023; 24:1683-1702. [PMID: 37938503 PMCID: PMC10781869 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-023-01144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT), characterized by intermediate malignancy and a propensity for recurrence, has presented a formidable clinical challenge in diagnosis and treatment. Its pathological characteristics may resemble other neoplasms or reactive lesions, and the treatment was limited, taking chemotherapies as the only option for those inoperable. However, discovering anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein expression in approximately 50% of IMT cases has shed light on a new diagnostic approach and application of targeted therapies. With the previous success of combating ALK+ non-small-cell lung cancers with ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), crizotinib, a first-generation ALK-TKI, was officially approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2020, to treat unresectable ALK+ IMT. After the approval of crizotinib, other ALK-TKIs, such as ceritinib, alectinib, brigatinib, and lorlatinib, have proven their efficacy on ALK+ IMT with sporadic case reports. The sequential treatments of targeted therapies in may provide the insight into the choice of ALK-TKIs in different lines of treatment for unresectable ALK+ IMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-An Wang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Wu Chen
- Division of Emergency and Critical Care Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Chin Wu
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-En Wu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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